Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) has great potential for developing ultrafine grain structure consisting of homogeneous and equiaxed grains dominated by high angle grain boundaries. In addition, the ECAE-processed specimens retain their original cross-section, providing capabilities of multi-passing. However, the process is discontinuous as the length of the billet is limited due to potential buckling of the extruding ram. This problem provides an opportunity of making the process continuous. The objectives of this study were to examine the feasibility of a process obtained by combining ECAE and Equal Channel Angular Drawing (ECAD), evaluate the potential of the combined process for continuous processing of sheet metal, and to analyze the mechanical response of sheet metal subjected to the ECAE and ECAD techniques using numerical study. Numerical analyses of ECAE and ECAD were performed using the commercial FE analysis package ABAQUS/explicit. Experimental data and analytical models available in literature were used to validate the numerical results. Parametric studies on the effects of drawing angle, and sheet thickness to die radius ratio (t/r), on reduction in thickness, strain uniformity and resulting microstructure are presented. Numerical results indicate that ECAD through a closed channel should be preferred over conventional drawing (open channel) operation as reduction in thickness is decreased by 2-3% after a single pass. In the experimental study, it was observed that during ECAD, the reduction in thickness increases by 2.5-3.5% per pass. Also, a higher reduction is observed in route C compared to route A. Use of sharper die corners (higher t/r ratios) and smaller channel intersection angles tend to increase this thickness reduction, and results in an increase in hardness i.e., results in strengthening. ECAD most likely results in a non-uniform microstructure with low fraction of high angle grain boundaries. In addition, for a given pass, the average hardness of the ECADprocessed samples is approximately half that of ECAE-processed samples. This suggests that ECAD alone may not be commercially viable. However, a significant improvement in minimizing reduction in thickness is achieved by providing a little gap between the sheet metal and support plates. From the numerical analyses, the proposed continuous process appears to be effective in retaining continuity of the drawing operation, minimizing the percent reduction in thickness and imparting higher plastic strains. It is believed that an experimental study of the process will reveal some more promising information.

No description available.

Enclosure design is the process of creating a package that will support and protect enclosed circuitry. Electronic enclosures are used in almost all industries, such as aerospace, automotive, naval, computer, toy, etc. Many designers use computer aided design (CAD) packages to aid them in creating these enclosures. Enclosure creation involves a working knowledge of the physics behind electrical and mechanical systems. Each of these engineering disciplines has separate CAD packages with their own set of rules, programming language, and interfaces. This creates a barrier for communication flow between electrical CAD (ECAD) and mechanical CAD (MCAD). The purpose of this thesis is to overcome the communication barrier by effectively transferring the knowledge contained in the ECAD package to the MCAD package, and use this information to aid in the electronic enclosure design process.

In cancer research, studies on cells are often done in 2D, grown on plates which are not realistic. Therefore, a specialized system is being designed to build 3D cell structures. This system requires a fitting amplifier that is of low cost and changeable gain. The aim of this project was to design, simulate and build a custom amplifier circuit card, PCB, to be used in creating such an amplifier. At the end of the project the custom amplifier PCB should be connected with components such as power supply and should be able to take the place of the current one. The amplifier circuit was designed, and the simulations were tested, a finished design was created. Due to shortage of electronic components, the main IC component could not be acquired and hence a finished circuit could not be built. / Inom cancerforskning görs studier ofta på celler i 2D strukturer, plattor och detta är inte realistiskt. Därför utvecklas det ett nytt sätt att bygga cellstrukturer i 3D. Detta system kräver en anpassad förstärkare av låg kostnad och anpassningsbar förstärkning. Syftet med detta projekt var att bygga ett förstärkarkretskort. Inom metoden gjordes simulering, tester och utveckling av en krets samt bygge av ett förstärkarkretskort. Detta kort skulle kopplas till andra komponenter som nätaggregat och moderkort för att ersätta den nuvarande förstärkare. Simulering och design av krets gjordes men ett färdigt kort kunde inte testas på grund av leveransproblem av elektriska komponenter.

This dissertation presents a problem that has sparked discussions about the reform of Law No. 9.610/98, the Copyright Act, namely, the possibility of state supervision in the operation of collective management of copyright and related rights of musical works in Brazil, ECAD and conducted by associations of authors. The conflict exist once the 1988 Constitution in art. 5, paragraph XXVII guarantees the author and, by consequence, the management bodies, the exclusive economic use of their works, and seals in the art. 5, XVIII, state interference in the functioning of associations. On the other hand, the collective management organizations must meet functions to ensure Copyright in harmony with the fundamental rights of cultural diffusion, as well as users the right of access to works. This work was based on bibliographic reading of the main aspects of the Copyright Law and of the exercise of their collective management since the aegis of Law No. 5.988/73, aiming to demonstrate how the agency specifically created to manage the Brazilian collective management of copyright and related matters concerning the implementation of public works in the music field, the Central Bureau of Collection and Distribution (ECAD), has been developing its activities. Furthermore, we analyzed the structure of the Office, the criteria for collection and distribution, verifying the controversial aspects of management. The results show that the authors and users have little participation in the collective management of system operation, once there is unilateral imposition of rules by managers, which creates conflicts between the parties involved. This makes it difficult to effectuation of fundamental rights of the authors, artists and access to culture. The proposal is thus based on the theories of the constitutionalization of the Copyright Law and its social function, the need for state supervision in the process, starting to act as limiting tool of the actions of ECAD and associations that compose it, placing the author in focus of collective management, and protecting users from possible arbitrary criteria concerning charges for the uses of the works. Government intervention can ensure transparency in administration management, creating a balance between the fundamental rights involved. / Esta dissertação apresenta um problema que vem gerando discussões acerca da reforma da Lei nº 9.610/98, a Lei dos Direitos Autorais, qual seja, a possibilidade de supervisão estatal no funcionamento da gestão coletiva de direitos autorais e conexos das obras musicais no Brasil, realizado pelo ECAD e associações de autores. O conflito existe na medida em que a Constituição Federal de 1988 garante ao autor e, por via de consequência, aos organismos de gestão, no art. 5º, inciso XXVII, a exclusividade no aproveitamento econômico de suas obras, e veda, no art. 5º, inciso XVIII, a interferência estatal no funcionamento das associações. Por outro lado, as organizações de gestão coletiva devem atender às funções de garantir o Direito de Autor em harmonia com os direitos fundamentais de difusão cultural, bem como aos usuários o direito de acesso às obras. Para a realização do trabalho, realizou-se levantamento bibliográfico dos principais aspectos do Direito Autoral e o exercício de sua gestão coletiva, desde a égide da Lei nº 5.988/73, objetivando demonstrar como o órgão especificamente criado para administrar a gestão coletiva brasileira de direitos autorais e conexos relativa à execução pública de obras no campo musical, o Escritório Central de Arrecadação e Distribuição (ECAD), vem desenvolvendo suas atividades. Ademais, analisou-se a estrutura do Escritório, os critérios de arrecadação e distribuição, verificando-se os aspectos controversos da gestão. Os resultados mostram que os autores e usuários da gestão coletiva pouco participam do funcionamento do sistema, havendo imposição unilateral das regras pelos gestores, o que gera conflitos entre as partes envolvidas. Com isso, dificulta-se a efetivação dos direitos fundamentais dos autores, artistas e de acesso à cultura. Propõe-se, assim, com base nas teorias da constitucionalização do Direito Autoral e de sua função social, a necessidade de supervisão do Estado nesse processo, passando a atuar como limitador das ações do ECAD e das associações que o compõem, recolocando o autor no foco da gestão coletiva, além de proteger os usuários de possíveis critérios arbitrários na cobrança da retribuição pelos usos das obras. A intervenção estatal poderá garantir transparência na administração da gestão, criando um ponto de equilíbrio entre os direitos fundamentais nela envolvidos.

To evolve and develop your skills as a driver, it is worthwhile to review and reflect on your last drive at a professional as well as beginners level. The purpose of the project is to create such a system that can be used to record a drive by filming from the dashboard of the car and logging data from the vehicle. The summarized log is then used to evaluate a run.  The system consists of two major parts: 1) an OBD-II reading-unit (hardware) that can be plugged in the OBD-II port in the vehicle to read data, and 2) an Android application run on an Android device. The application records the drive as well as a heads-up display (HUD) showing acceleration, GPS-location and some data gathered from the vehicle continuously. The OBD-II port is connected to engine control units in the vehicle. The reading unit follows the commands given by the application, reads the data and then sends them to the smartphone via Bluetooth.  The reading unit consists of a STN-1170 microcontroller which supports a large roster of diagnostics protocols, and a HC-06 Bluetooth module. The unit is plugged in the OBD-II port to get the measurement data and transmits the data to the smartphone.  To validate the system, a CAN simulation unit (CAN simulator) was created that acts as the OBD-II port (or socket) in a vehicle based on OBD standard diagnostics protocol. The simulator was designed as a shield for an Arduino UNO. The Arduino was programmed to act as an OBD-II port in a vehicle supporting the CAN protocol. Utilizing two components: MCP2515, which translates between SPI and CAN, and MCP2551, which prepares the CAN signal for transmission on the physical bus, allows the Arduino to communicate the simulated data through SPI which, in turn, was translated into and transmitted on the physical bus using CAN. The parameters: vehicle speed, vehicle RPM and throttle-position, could be controlled using a set of potentiometers, these parameters were used to validate the system. The system was tested using the testbench with the simulator. The test results have shown that both the system and the simulator work well. The Android application requested parameters such as RPM, speed and throttle positioning while also updating the GPS-location of the vehicle and reading the acceleration using the smartphone’s accelerometer. The OBD-II reading unit received the request from the application through Bluetooth, transferred it to the microcontroller via UART, translated the request into a command in the CAN protocol and sent it to the simulator. At the next command transmitted to the simulator, the reading unit would collect the previous command’s result, which was transferred back to the phone in the reverse order. The information collected from the vehicle was tagged using a timestamp and subsequently logged in a .txt-file.

No description available.

This report is the result of a conducted Minor Field Study (MFS), to the greatestextent funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency(SIDA), in an attempt to design a system for evaluating smaller solar power systems indeveloping countries. The study was to the greater part conducted in Nairobi, Kenyain close collaboration with the University of Nairobi. The aim was to develop asystem that would use easily available components and keep the costs to a minimum,yet deliver adequate performance. The system would measure certain parameters of asolar power system and also relevant environmental data in order to evaluate theperformance of the system. Due to the specific competence of the collaboratinggroup at the University of Nairobi, a Kinetis Freescale K64-microcontroller with anARM-Cortex processor was selected as the core of the design. Components wereselected, schematics were drawn, a circuit board was designed and manufactured andsoftware was written. After 12 weeks a somewhat satisfying proof-of-concept wasreached at the end of the field study in Kenya. The project however proved howdifficult it is to go from first idea to a functional proof-of-concept during a limitedtimeframe, and also in an East-African country. The final proof-of-concept was testedat Mpala Research Centre in Kenya and despite containing some flaws proved that itwould indeed be possible to design a working system on the principles discussed inthis report. The system is open-source, so anyone may use and modify it.