För att testa en befintlig anodiseringsutrustning behövde Prevas Development AB en elektronisk last som kunde simulera en resistans, med en loggfil som utgångspunkt. Detta åstadkoms genom en återkopplad regulator som styr en MOSFET. Dessutom används optisk isolering för att isolera styrelektronik från den höga spänningen från anodiseringsutrustningen. I rapporten redovisas de viktigaste valen och resultatet av test och utvärdering, samt områden för framtida förrbä ttring.

The telecom industry is today categorized by being able to wirelessly transmit large amounts of data between systems in a short time. A precondition for this is that the PCBs (printed circuit board) being developed and manufactured can handle and distribute large amounts of data internally. Often presented as multiple high-speed links up to 10-28 Gbit/s. The PCBs of today contains electric conductors, which all lead from one point to another, with no possibility of branching or flexibility without being rebuilt. A significant problem with all these electric conductors in the PCBs and all the PCBs close contact with each other is the interference building up between them. EMI is a general explanation for this, Electro Magnetic Interference. To avoid this problem and instead meet the constraints of EMC, Electro Magnetic Compatibility, these electric conductors can be replaced with optical conductors. This new concept with optical conductors is not initially going to replace all electric conductors but replace most of the existing high speed links and the traditional point to point communication with optical high speed multidrop. Not just fulfilling the need of EMC, these conductors are also able send one single signal to several different receivers. The optical conduction is happening inside a plate of PC-plastic, allowing the signal to travel throughout the whole PCB if needed. While this is happening, all receivers in need of data can pick up the sent-out signal. / Telekombranschen karaktäriseras av att stora mängder data för över trådlöst mellan system på kort tid. En förutsättning för detta är också att de kretskort som utvecklas och tillverkas måste kunna hantera och distribuera stora mängder data internt på kortet. Detta sker ofta i multipla höghastighetslänkar på upp till 10–28 Gbit/s. Dagens kretskort bygger på elektriska ledare, som har en början och ett slut. Det vill säga ingen möjlighet till förgrening eller förändring utan ombyggnad. Ett problem med alla dessa ledare i kretskorten och kretskortens nära kontakt med varandra är att interferens sker mellan dem. EMI är en känd beteckning för detta, Elektromagnetisk interferens. För att undgå detta problem och istället uppfylla EMC, Elektromagnetisk kompatibilitet, kan dessa elektriska ledare ersättas med optiska. Detta nya koncept med optiska ledare ska till en början inte ersätta alla elektriska ledare utan målet är att ersätta merparten av de på korten befintliga höghastighetslänkar och att ersätta de traditionella höghastighetslänkarnas point to point med en optisk multidroplösning. Utöver att dessa ledare uppfyller EMC så bidrar de även till att en signal kan skickas från samma sändare till flera olika mottagare. Då den optiska ledningen sker genom en skiva i PC-plast har signalen inget förbestämt mål, utan alla mottagare i behov kan plocka upp signalen.

Ställverk 85 som används av Trafikverket idag är ett signaldistributionssystem och börjar komma till slutet av sin livslängd vilket har resulterat i brist på reservdelar. Målet med det här arbetet är att identifiera de mest kritiska komponenterna i centralenheten och utdelssystemet i ställverk 85 samt utreda varför dessa komponenter felar. För att uppnå målet används det metoder som litteraturstudie, insamling av dokumentation från Trafikverket, workshop hos leverantörerna av ställverk 85 Alstom samt FMEA för att modellera fram resultat. Resultat från arbetet visar att åska är en bakomliggande orsak till att kretskorten i ställverk 85 felar för båda kretskorten som har studerats under arbetet, MDM- och TRE-kort. Utöver överspänningar vid blixtnedslag visar arbetet att transistorerna i TRE-kortet är en komponent som felar i en hög grad. För MDM-kortet finns det inte en specifik komponent som felar mer än någon annan. / Interlocking system 85, which is used by the Swedish Transport Administration today, is a signal distribution system and is coming to the end of its useful life, which has resulted in a lack of spare parts. The goal of this work is to identify the most critical components in the central unit and distribution system in interlocking system 85 and to investigate why these components fail. To achieve this goal, methods such as literature study, collection of documentation from the Swedish Transport Administration, workshop at interlocking system 85 supplier Alstom and FMEA are used to model results. Results from the work show that lightning is a major reason why the circuit boards in switchgear 85 fail for both circuit boards that have been studied during the work, MDM, and TRE boards. In addition to the lightning, the work shows that the transistors in the TRE-board are a component that fails to a great degree. For the MDM-board there is not a specific component that fails more than the other.

This report includes a project in which a circuit board has been designed to be used as an dummy load for pulse generators. The aim of the circuit board is to replace a resistive fabric woven from kanthal wire that ScandiNova uses as a load element at present. The circuit boards have been designed so that a large number of circuit boards can be combined with serial and parallel connection in a modular frame so it can be adapted to all different types of pulse modulators that ScandiNova manufactures. The circuit boards have been designed so that the circuit board can handle an average power of one kilowatt, the inductance has been reduced in comparison with the current resistive fabric and the circuit boards can easily be connected with other circuit boards. To achieve these goals, simulations and calculations have been performed in Matlab and LTspice to investigate whether the components on the circuit board can meet the requirements of the pulse generators. In addition, physical tests have been performed to ensure that these simulations and calculations are correct.

The testing of printed circuit boards (PCBs) is a common quality control process mandatory for any of the circuit board factories to guarantee the quality and functionality of the PCBs. The manual operation of the testing process by an operator will be too difficult for a large volume of PCBs. Therefore, the automation of PCB testing becomes necessary. The purpose of this project is to develop an automated unit for pressing a PCB down onto a test platform, which is a part of the automated PCB testing system. The unit consists of two linear actuators, two motor drivers, two micro switches, three buttons, and an Arduino UNO micro-controller board. The actuators driven by the motor drivers move the PCB and press it with force needed. The micro switches were placed at the start and stop positions of the movement. The buttons were used to control the actuators' movements separately for the sake of of calibrating the unit. The Arduino was programmed to control the unit. It took in the values from the buttons and switches and drove the actuators accordingly. A mechnical construction of the unit was created. It is shown to be stable and able to allow the actuators to transfer the force evenly onto the PCB. The electrical part of the unit was tested first in order to verify the programming of the Arduino and make sure everything work as it should. The final system was tested to see that the specifications are met. The results showed that the unit worked with the fulfilment of the specifications. Future work would be aimed towards improving the unit created and continuing work on the rest of the automation system.

Syftet är att konstruera en sensor för att identifiera objekt på bilden från en videokamera. Sensorn består av en mikroprocessor som programmeras i assembler samt en enkel CMOS-videokamera och tillhörande analag elektronik. Sensorn är främst tänkt att användas för övervakning inom tillverkningsindustrin.

In early January 2010 the authors participated in a meeting with the chief engineer for a company in which a central part is manufacturing of printed circuit boards (PCB). At this meeting it emerged that the machinery and production methods have changed substantially since the early 1990's. The spreadsheet for preliminary production time calculations by the company is today based on conditions from almost 20 years ago. The company has over the years been trying to adjust the spreadsheet template. The result of these adjustments has filled it with historical residue, something which makes the template difficult and time consuming when the primary user tries to handle it. The purpose of this study was to help the company increase its accuracy in the representation of the production times for the different PCB-based products by developing a new costing model based on an already existing but inadequate spreadsheet template. The company also expressed the wish that the new costing model would be less time consuming to work with. The methods used to achieve the goal are interviewing, participatory observations and meetings with relevant persons. The data obtained were analyzed using the theory on PCB production and visualization of data. Many questions have also been clarified through additional interviews and some meetings. This has made it possible to analyze the total production time of most work stations. Studies of Mathematical Statistics show that the total time variance is made up of the different work stations variance. This insight has influenced us in our analysis of the various work stations. After the analysis and discussion between us and the company's technical director together with production engineers concerning the time parameters for each workstation a pilot template and user guide were designed. The pilot template and user guide has been developed in accordance with the theory of visualization and has been evaluated by the company's production and marketing departments. This generated a final proposal on the spreadsheet template and user guide. This proposal is an Excel-based spreadsheet template consisting of six tabs: Presentation marknad, Presentation teknik, Variabler, Konstanter, Formler and a user's guide which highlights the use of the tabs. "Presentation marknad” shows what marketers need for their work and the "Variabler" for the engineers. Tabs and User Manual has been designed with visualization in mind, for example, have different font sizes and colored text been used. Tabs "Konstanter" and "Formler" is the basic data and information on how core data can be changed when the need arises. The reason for the last two tabs characteristics is that through our identification and analysis of workstations and own studies performed by the company, the company is allowed to increase the templates accuracy compared to reality.

This report describes the development of a sample loader for my diploma work at Q-linea AB in Uppsala. The sample loader will replace the process of loading fluid samples into Q-linea’s instrument for biomolecule analysis. The earlier process was done by hand and was a time consuming and inefficient task. The work was initiated with a design phase where an overview of the system was created. The sample loader will be receiving text commands from a PC that coordinates all the subsystems like pumps and lasers on the analysis instrument. The commands will be translated by a microcontroller into the correct movement of the samples needed to load them. Most of the work was put down into developing the software responsible for handling communications and actuation of a couple of stepper motors. Lastly a circuit board was designed and manufactured, ready to be mounted into the existing instrument. The result was a working prototype which now is used in the daily work at Q-linea. It is subject for further development and in the future it will be shipped as a part of the finished biomolecular analysis instrument from Q-linea.

<p>Syftet är att konstruera en sensor för att identifiera objekt på bilden från en videokamera. Sensorn består av en mikroprocessor som programmeras i assembler samt en enkel CMOS-videokamera och tillhörande analag elektronik. Sensorn är främst tänkt att användas för övervakning inom tillverkningsindustrin.</p>

Testing to ensure the function of PCB:s is a key process that ismandatory for factory constructed boards. Given a large number oftest object shows that manual processing is inefficient. Byautomating the process companies will have the possibility to dothis process more efficient, but how can the process be automatedfor a flexible flow and different PCB designs?This report describes the work done when designing a prototype unit that is part of an automated PCB-test line. The prototype has the task to sort PCB-cards, approved or non-approved, after thetest has been completed. The system consist of an elevated slider with a trolley whose position is controlled by a stepper motor and timing belt. On thetrolley a construction with a linear actuator and robot gripper is placed. The trolley moves to a position were the PCB is picked up,the signal from a terminal informs the system whether the test isok or not. The card is then placed in a rack. The status of the rack is controlled by a distance measurement, which gives the distance to nearest empty slot. Two Arduinos are used as controllers. The system was tested in two parts, first each component andprogram by itself and later the assemble. The result was a prototype that worked but had room for improvement with some parts in need of replacement. Future work would include error signal management, stabilizing the construction and increasing theflexibility.