O Brasil apresenta elevado déficit de acesso a serviços de saneamento básico. Devido aos impactos positivos desses serviços sobre o desenvolvimento econômico, é de fundamental importância que a universalização do acesso seja alcançada. No entanto, um conjunto de fatores restringe a expansão dos investimentos no setor: ausência de uma política clara, fragmentação de competências, ausência de uma regulação específica, ineficiência de grande parte dos prestadores, forte presença pública no setor, fazendo com que os investimentos sejam inviabilizados pelos limites de endividamento, pelas metas de superávit e pelos contingenciamentos de crédito ao setor público. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho buscou identificar e avaliar os fatores que restringem a expansão dos investimentos no saneamento básico brasileiro. Inicialmente, foram discutidos os principais problemas institucionais existentes. Após isso, o déficit de acesso domiciliar foi caracterizado, por meio de análises descritivas e de estimações econométricas - método Probit. Constatou-se que esse déficit está intimamente relacionado ao perfil de renda dos consumidores e à existência de economias de escala e de densidade no setor, o que acaba sendo uma forte restrição à expansão dos investimentos. Por último, foi comparado o desempenho dos diferentes tipos de prestadores existentes em relação a diversos aspectos. Os dados sinalizaram que uma maior descentralização e uma maior desestatização poderiam gerar ganhos de eficiência e elevar a cobertura dos serviços. / Brazil presents elevated access deficit to basic sanitation services. Due to the positive impact of these services on economic development, it is fundamentally important that generalized access be achieved. However, a number of factors restrict investment expansion in this area: absence of clear politics, competency fragmentation, absence of specific regulations, inefficiency in great part of services offered, strong public presence in the area, all of which make it unviable because of indebtedness limits, superavit goals and credit contingency to the public sector. Then, within this context, the principal aim of this paper is to identify and evaluate the factors which restrict investment expansion in Brazilian basic sanitation. At first, principal institutional problems were discussed; afterwards domestic deficit access was distinguished by descriptive analyses and econometrics estimates - Probit method. It was verified that this deficit is closely related to the consumers\' income profile - economical scale and density in the sector, which leads to strong restriction in investment expansion. Finally, the performance of the different types of services offered was compared in several aspects. The data indicate that more decentralization and non-state conditions could bring benefits to the efficiency and improve service coverage.

Submitted by Guilherme Leão (guilherme89leao@gmail.com) on 2013-08-08T20:52:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação guilherme_final_.pdf: 1058270 bytes, checksum: 4c6f6359e94a68739ede38306bf6ab14 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2013-08-13T16:25:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação guilherme_final_.pdf: 1058270 bytes, checksum: 4c6f6359e94a68739ede38306bf6ab14 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-08-15T13:08:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação guilherme_final_.pdf: 1058270 bytes, checksum: 4c6f6359e94a68739ede38306bf6ab14 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-15T13:08:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação guilherme_final_.pdf: 1058270 bytes, checksum: 4c6f6359e94a68739ede38306bf6ab14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-29 / Several models and neoclassical economic theories are based on the principles of rationality of individuals. However, many studies have shown how these principles can be flawed in numerous contexts. This research aimed to contribute to this literature by developing an experiment conducted with undergraduate students , testing applications of rationality biases, known as Decoy Effect and Anchor Effect . We analyzed 142 questionnaires that apparently sought to profile the students by asking questions about their preferences for job opportunities by analyzing various aspects (remuneration, stability, workload and chances of professional growth ). Throughout the issues, however, decoys and anchors were inserted . As a result, we found that when looking for a job , most students predominantly valued the chances of professional growth and the remuneration offered by the job , while the workload was the attribute less weight ed in their decisions. While the rest of their responses were quite consistent with the outlined profile, the bias of rationality proved influential. The decoys used led to changes in responses 7 - 8%, while the use of anchors have been shown to influence the minimum amount by which the re spondents would accept a paid service, violating the principles of rationality. / Diversos modelos e teorias econômicas neoclássicas se baseiam nos princípios de racionalidade dos indivíduos. No entanto, muitos estudos vêm mostrando como tais princípios podem ser falhos em diversos contextos. Esta pesquisa buscou contribuir com tal literatura através do desenvolvimento de um experimento realizado com alunos de graduação no qual foram testadas aplicações dos vieses de racionalidade conhecidos como Efeito Chamariz e Efeito Âncora. Foram analisados 142 questionários que aparentemente visavam traçar o perfil dos estudantes através de perguntas sobre suas preferências quanto a oportunidades de emprego considerando múltiplos aspectos (remuneração, estabilidade, carga horária e chances de crescimento profissional). Ao longo das questões, no entanto, foram inseridas âncoras e chamarizes. Como resultados, observamos que, ao procurar um emprego, a maioria dos estudantes valoriza principalmente as chances de crescimento profissional e a remuneração oferecida pelo trabalho, ao passo que a carga horária é o atributo de menor peso em suas decisões. Embora o restante de suas respostas fosse bastante coerente com o perfil traçado, os vieses de racionalidade se mostraram influentes. Os chamarizes usados levaram a alterações nas respostas de 7 a 8%, enquanto que o uso de âncoras se mostraram capazes de influenciar o valor mínimo pelo qual os respondentes aceitariam prestar um serviço, violando os princípios de racionalidade.

L’insertion économique des migrantes brésiliennes en Guyane française s’inscrit dans le processus global de la féminisation des migrations et du marché du travail, initiant les déplacements d’une main-d’œuvre peu qualifiée des pays des Suds, notamment des États du Pará et de l’Amapá (nord du Brésil) vers les pays des Nords, la Guyane, département d’outre-mer. Cette insertion économique est intrinsèquement liée à des déterminants migratoires, familiaux et professionnels. Cette thèse analyse les formes d’autonomies économiques acquises par les femmes migrantes, à partir de trois générations, et compte tenu des possibilités offertes par le marché du travail de la société guyanaise, ethnostratifié. La complémentarité entre des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives a permis de dégager des trajectoires (a)typiques reliant morale familiale et esprit d’entreprise. / The economica insertion of Brazilian female migrants in French Guiana lies within the framework of the global process of the migration and labour market feminisation, initiating the movements of a less skilled South countries workforce, mainly from Pará and Amapá States (Northern Brazil) toward North countries, French Guiana, overseas department. This economic insertion is intrinsically tied to migration, family and professional determinants. This doctoral thesis analyzes the forms of economic autonomies acquired by the female migrants, since three generations and taking into account the possibilities offered by the French Guianese ethnostratified society's labour market. The complementarity between qualitative and quantitative methods allowed to unveil the (a)typical trajectories connecting family morality and entrepreneurship.

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is known to be the most powerful radio telescope of its type. In support of its high observational power, it is estimated that thousands of antenna unit equipped with millions of LNA (low noise amplifier) will be deployed over a large area (radius>3000km). The stringent requirements for high performance and low cost LNA design bring about many challenges in terms of material growth, device fabrication and low noise circuit designs. For the past decade, the Manchester group has been wholeheartedly committed to the research and development of high performance, low cost Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) LNA with high breakdown (15V) and low noise characteristics (1.2dB to 1.5dB) for the SKA mid-frequency application (0.4GHz to 1.4GHz). The on-going optimisation of current design is hindered by the restriction of standard i-line 1µm gate lithography. The primary focus of this work is on the design and fabrication of new, submicron gate InGaAs/InAlAs/InP pHEMTs for high frequency applications and future SKA high frequency bands. The study starts with the design and fabrication of InGaAs-InAlAs pHEMT sub-100nm gate structure using E-Beam lithography. To address the problems of short channel effect and parasitic components, devices with 128nm T-gate structure, and with optimised device geometries and enhanced material growth, having fT of 162GHz and fmax of 183GHz are demonstrated, outlining the importance of device scaling for high speed operation. In addition, a gate-sinking technique using Pd/Ti/Au metallisation scheme was investigated to meet the requirement for single voltage supply in circuit design. Device with Pd-buried gate exhibits enhanced DC and RF characteristics and showed no degradation over 5 hours’ annealing at 230˚C. The implementation of this highly thermal stable Pd Schottky gate is key to improving the device’s long-term reliability at high-temperature operation. To solve the problem of low productivity in E-Beam lithography, a simple, low cost, technique termed soft reflow was introduced by utilising the principle of solvent vaporisation in a closed chamber. It provides a hybrid solution for the fabrication of submicron device using low cost i-line lithography. The integration of this new soft reflow process with the Pd-gate sinking technique has enabled the large-scale fabrication of 250nm T-gate pHEMTs, with excellent fT of 108GHz and a fmax of 119GHz and with device yields exceeding 80%. This novel soft reflow technique provides a high yield, fast throughput, solution for the fabrication of submicron gate pHEMT and other ultra-high frequency nanoscale devices.

The economic situation of the company Prague International Marathon, s.r.o. is the main objective of this Diploma Thesis. To be more accurate, it particularly is the application of methods and tools of financial analysis together with analysis of revenue and costs of the company. When implementing previous methods and tools of economic analysis, we will be able to assess the economic health of the company. This analysis is primarily focused on horizontal and vertical analysis of assets and liabilities. It also focuses on ratio indicators. Following section of the Thesis deals with economic analysis of earnings and costs. The final task is to analyze the economical impact of organizing running actions in the Czech Republic. This economical impact will be compared with similar actions taking place in Germany, especially in Berlin.

The aim of the work is to introduce various ways of economical evaluation of investments and present their practical application for industry branch of electrical devices. The work is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical one. The introductory part presents framework of economical evaluation and describes basics of economical evaluation and terms such as NPV, discount rate, investment decision) The work focuses on the most favorite approach -- discounted cash flow method - of economical evaluation of investments in detail. However, practical experiences show that conventional approach does not take probability distributions of input variables into account. When the higher risk is implied to discount rate, promising project could be rejected. That is why DCF concept is complemented by Monte Carlo risk modeling application.

This thesis examines the current view of users of passenger transport in Prague on its customer quality. The motive of this work is to identify the actual company's image with the personal city and suburban transport. For interest Gross, that provide transport and transport services in Prague, implemented rapid changes in Prague public transport at, especially in order to make the whole system more efficient, more user pleasant and friendly and introduce direct connection, where demand requires. The aim of this work is to map changes in public transport on 1st of September 2012, describe their impact on the economic efficiency of the system and try to discover the view of public opinion on quality of PID system. To achieve the first two objectives were used research data that individual interest groups have issued, in order to maintain transparency in the field. The third objective was studied using with the method of questionnaire.

My diploma thesis is based on data from Survey on income and living conditions 2011 from ad hoc module on intergenerational disadvantages. The study investigates the transmission of social status from one generation to another. The diploma thesis includes descriptive statistics and data analysis. The main goal is to determine the dependency of socio-economic variables on social status transmission. To examine the strength of transmission of social status (education and occupation) logistic regression was used. In the analysis are respondents in the age 30 -- 60 years old, who lived at least with one of their parents. Due to a large number of respondents dataset enables detailed separation to groups by age groups, education level etc. followed by differences comparison between defined groups. Using the wage mechanism data are representative for population structure of Czech Republic.

The aim of this work is to define the investment and it’s efficiency. Especially it’s focused on determination if is the investment worth to do. The work is describing a reconstruction of a house, where the final stage is to split this house into two divided flats. Investment is based to make two rentable flats. The designed reconstruction is shown and all of it’s costs. There are shown operating costs and renting prices too. All of those information are summarized for following calculations. Also, the summary will be calculated according to indexes of economical efficiency. The result of this work is to determine if the investment is really effective.

This paper will examine the economic and geographical analysis of companies in the manufacturing industry, located in the South Bohemia region. The theoretical concept chosen to examine this paper will be the Global Production Networks (GPN). This is used for the comparison of states and firms in the world economy. A decision was made to select a quantitative approach of studying selected GPNs. The subject area is to, analyse the economic activity and their results of 11 groups of companies according to their position in the GPN in reference to their hierarchy, ownership, function and size. Three data indicators will be used to support this analysis, Returns on Assets (ROA), Wages to Turnover (WTT) and Capital Expenditures to Turnover (CTT). This paper will find out which company type produces the best results and which can positively affect local development. This paper will also explore if there is any pattern on location, company category and its economical results. Key words: global production networks, manufacturing industry, South Bohemia, economical structure