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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
441

Estados de presenças poéticas mapeadas pela técnica de Eletroencefalografia (EEG) e pela frequência cardíaca (BPM) e uma proposta de criação performativa por meio do sensoriamento neurofisiológico ao vivo / States of poetic presence mapped through Electroencephalography (EEG) and Oximeter (BPM) and a performative proposition by means of live neurophysiological sensing

Palma, Gustavo Garcia da 29 May 2017 (has links)
Existem padrões de estados neurofisiológicos que caracterizam diferentes genealogias performativas? Existem regras que condicionam as relações gramaticais entre tais estados e determinam a criação poética? Como as tecnologias de sensoriamento biométrico, especialmente o Eletroencefalograma (EEG) e o Oxímetro (batidas por minuto - BPM) podem ajudar a compreender as presenças poéticas e a criação no teatro de dramaturgia digital? Afinal o que são estados de presença e como eles se relacionam para criar performances poéticas? Este estudo apresenta um mapeamento de estados de presença poética por meio da tecnologia de Eletroencefalografia (EEG) e da captação de frequência cardíaca (BPM), e uma proposta de criação em que o EEG atua como interface cérebro-máquina (ICC) para o acionamento de fluxos poéticos audiovisuais através do biosensoriamento (emoções, expressões faciais e padrões neurais intencionais) durante a performance ao vivo (Performance Objeto Descontínuo). Uma leitura complementar aos estudos cognitivos no campo da performatividade é proposta discutindo princípios relevantes para o entendimento das relações entre emoções, decisões, regulagem sensorial, memória e percepção no trabalho do ator/intérprete/performer sob a perspectiva da neurocomputação afetiva e das tecnologias de biosensoriamento (EEG e BPM). Pistas encontradas de padrões neurofisiológicos ajudam a delimitar estados de presenças poéticas e caracterizam diferentes genealogias performativas, parametrizadas por meio de recortes históricos/procedimentais, neurofisiológicos, self-reportings e dramatúrgicos. Por meio da criação de uma Interface de Gravação e Identificação de Estados de Presença Poética, que implementa uma rede de neurônios artificiais, e de um mecanismo computacional denominado de Ator Virtual, que permite o computador se adaptar à condição de estresse da performance ao vivo (Dramaturgia Digital), ficaram demonstradas evidências de uma Gramática Operativa de Estados e foram revistos princípios importantes sobre o papel das emoções no trabalho do ator. / Are there patterns of neurophysiological states that characterize different performative genealogies? Are there rules conditioning grammatical relations between states which may determine poetic creations in the theater? How can biometric sensing technologies, especially Electroencephalography (EEG) and the Oximeter (BPM), help to understand poetic presences of the actor and thus assist in creating a theater of digital dramaturgy? This study presents a mapping of states of poetic presences through EEG and BPM technology, and describes the creation of the performance Discontinuous Object, in which EEG acts as a brain machine interface (BMI) for the activation of audiovisual poetic flows through biosensing processes (screening of emotions, expressions and intentional neural patterns). A complementary reading of cognitive studies in the field of performativity is proposed, discussing principles relevant to the understanding of the relationships between emotions, decisions, sensory regulations, memories and perceptions in the actor\'s work from the perspective of affective neurocomputing and biosensing. The neurophysiological patterns found help to delimit the concept of states of poetic presences and characterize different performative genealogies parameterized through historical, procedural, neurophysiological and dramaturgical accounts, which demonstrate evidences of an Operative Grammar of States in the performers\'s work. Important principles concerning the role of emotions for the actor were reviewed through the creation of an artificial neuron network (Interface of Capturing and Identifying States of Poetic Presence) and of a computational mechanism (Virtual Actor) that allow the computer to adapt to the stress condition of a live performance (Digital Dramaturgy).
442

Em busca da região epileptiforme em pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal: métodos alternativos baseados em fMRI e EEG-fMRI / Searching for epileptiform region in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: alternative methods based on fMRI and EEG-fMRI

Pastorello, Bruno Fraccini 25 August 2011 (has links)
A epilepsia do lobo temporal (ELT) é a forma mais comum de epilepsia e a mais resistente ao tratamento medicamentoso. Existem diversos tipos de drogas anti-epilépticas usadas no controle das crises. Entretanto, em alguns casos, esse tipo de tratamento não é eficaz e a cirurgia para remoção da zona epileptogênica (ZE) pode ser uma alternativa recomendada. A ZE é definida como aquela onde as crises são originadas. Trata-se de um conceito teórico e, atualmente, não existem técnicas capazes de delimitá-la precisamente. Na prática, exames de EEG, vídeo-EEG, MEG, SPECT, PET e diversas técnicas de MRI, em especial as funcionais, têm sido usados para mapear zonas relacionadas à ZE. Contudo, em alguns casos, os resultados permanecem não convergentes e a determinação da ZE inconclusiva. Desse modo, é evidente a importância do surgimento de novas metodologias para auxiliar a localização da ZE. Assim, pois, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver dois métodos para a avaliação da ZE, ambos baseados na imagem funcional por ressonância magnética. No primeiro, investigamos possíveis alterações da resposta hemodinâmica (HRF) quando da modulação da pressão parcial de CO2. Para tanto, fizemos um estudo sobre 22 pacientes com ELT e 10 voluntários assintomáticos modulando a pressão parcial de CO2 sanguíneo cerebral por um protocolo de manobra de pausa respiratória e outro de inalação passiva de CO2/ar. Os resultados mostram que o tempo de onset da HRF tende a ser maior e a amplitude da HRF tende a ser menor em áreas do lobo temporal de pacientes com ELT quando comparados com os dados de voluntários assintomáticos. Além disso, os resultados mostram mapas de onset individuais coincidentes com exames de SPECT ictal. O segundo estudo foi baseado em medidas de EEG-fMRI simultâneo. Neste, avaliamos a relação entres as potências dos ritmos cerebrais alfa e teta (EEG) e o contraste BOLD (fMRI) de 41 pacientes com ELT e 7 voluntários assintomáticos em estado de repouso. A análise da banda alfa mostrou correlações negativas nos lobos occipital, parietal e frontal tanto nos voluntários quanto nos pacientes com ELT. As correlações positivas nos voluntários foram dispersas e variáveis em ambos hemisférios cerebrais. Por outro lado, encontramos forte correlação positiva no tálamo e ínsula dos pacientes com ELT. Na análise da banda teta observamos correlações positivas bilaterais nos giros pré e pós central de voluntários. Ainda, foram observados clusters no cíngulo anterior, tálamo, ínsula, putamen, em regiões parietais superior, frontais e giros temporais. Também, utilizamos um cálculo de índice de lateralização (IL) no lobo temporal em confrontos entre pacientes com ELT à direita, pacientes com ELT à esquerda e voluntários assintomáticos. Verificamos que os ILs, utilizando os clusters obtidos nas análises em teta, foram coincidentes com o diagnóstico clínico prévio da localização da ZE em todas as análises dos grupos de pacientes com ELT à direita, e na maioria do grupo de pacientes com ELT à esquerda. De forma geral, verificamos que o método de hipercapnia se mostrou ferramenta interessante na localização da ZE comprovada pelos coincidentes achados pela avaliação de SPECT. Inferimos que o maior tempo de onset e menor amplitude da HRF observadas nos pacientes em relação a voluntários possam estar relacionados a um stress vascular devido à recorrência de crises. Já o método de ritmicidade alfa e teta proposto parece promissor para ser usado na determinação da lateralização da ZE em pacientes com ELT. / Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common and resistant form of epilepsy to anti-epileptic drug. There are several types of anti-epileptic drugs used in seizure control. However, in some cases drug treatment is not effective and surgery to remove the epileptogenic zone (EZ) is a recommended alternative. EZ is a theoretical concept and there are many techniques that have been applied to enclose it precisely. In practice, EEG, video-EEG, MEG, SPECT, PET and various MRI techniques, especially functional MRI (fMRI), have been used to map areas related to EZ. However, in some cases, the results remain non-convergent and the EZ, undefined. Therefore, the use of new methodologies to assist the location of EZ have been proposed. Herein, our goal was to develop two methods for assessing the EZ. The first one was designed to access changes in the hemodynamic response (HRF) of the EZ in response to hypercapnia. 22 patients with TLE and 10 normal volunteers were evaluated by modulating the partial pressure of CO2 during the acquisition of fMRI in a breathing holding and a passive inhalation CO2/air protocols. The results show increased onset times and decreased amplitude of the HRF in the temporal lobe of TLE patients compared with asymptomatic volunteers. Moreover, most patients had onset maps coincident with ictal SPECT localizations. The second proposed study was based on simultaneous EEG-fMRI acquisitions. The relationship between powers of alpha and theta bands (EEG) and BOLD contrast (fMRI) was investigated in 41 TLE patients and 7 healthy controls. Alpha band results show a consistent negative correlation in the occipital, parietal and frontal lobes both in controls and TLE patients. In addition, controls show disperse positive correlations in both hemispheres. On the other hand, TLE patients presented strong positive correlations in the thalamus and insula. Theta band analysis, in controls, primarily show positive correlations in bilateral pre-and post-central gyri. In patients, robust positive correlations were observed in the anterior cingulate gyrus, thalamus, insula, putamen, superior parietal, frontal and temporal gyri. Moreover, the lateralization index (LI) indicates a coincidence between the side of the EZ evaluated by clinical diagnosis and clusters detected in the theta band. In conclusion, the hipercapnia study showed to be an interesting tool in locating EZ and the results are similar to SPECT findings. The longer onset and lower amplitude of the HRF observed in patients may be related to a vascular stress due to the recurrence of seizures. Furthermore, alpha and theta rhythms may be a promising tool to be used in determining the lateralization of EZ in patients with TLE.
443

EEG-fMRI and dMRI data fusion in healthy subjects and temporal lobe epilepsy : towards a trimodal structure-function network characterization of the human brain / Fusion de données EEG-IRMf et IRMd chez des sujets sains et des patients atteints d'épilepsie du lobe temporal : vers une caractérisation trimodale du réseau structure-fonction du cerveau humain

Wirsich, Jonathan 02 November 2016 (has links)
La caractérisation de la structure du cerveau humain et les motifs fonctionnelles qu’il fait apparaitre est un défi central pour une meilleure compréhension des pathologies du réseau cérébral telle que l’épilepsie du lobe temporal. Cette caractérisation pourrait aider à améliorer la prédictibilité clinique des résultats d’une chirurgie visant à traiter l’épilepsie.Le fonctionnement du cerveau peut être étudié par l’électroencéphalographie (EEG) ou par l’imagerie de résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf), alors que la structure peut être caractérisé par l’IRM de diffusion (IRMd). Nous avons utilisé ces modalités pour mesurer le fonctionnement du cerveau pendant une tache de reconnaissance de visages et pendant le repos dans le but de faire le lien entre les modalités d’une façon optimale en termes de résolution temporale et spatiale. Avec cette approche on a mis en évidence une perturbation des relations structure-fonction chez les patients épileptiques.Ce travail a contribué à améliorer la compréhension de l’épilepsie comme une maladie de réseau qui affecte le cerveau à large échelle et non pas au niveau d’un foyer épileptique local. Dans le futur, ces résultats pourraient être utilisés pour guider des interventions chirurgicales mais ils fournissent également des approches nouvelles pour évaluer des traitements pharmacologiques selon ses implications fonctionnelles à l’échelle du cerveau entier. / The understanding human brain structure and the function patterns arising from it is a central challenge to better characterize brain network pathologies such as temporal lobe epilepsies, which could help to improve the clinical predictability of epileptic surgery outcome.Brain functioning can be accessed by both electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), while brain structure can be measured with diffusion MRI (dMRI). We use these modalities to measure brain functioning during a face recognition task and in rest in order to link the different modalities in an optimal temporal and spatial manner. We discovered disruption of the network processing famous faces as well a disruption of the structure-function relation during rest in epileptic patients.This work broadened the understanding of epilepsy as a network disease that changes the brain on a large scale not limited to a local epileptic focus. In the future these results could be used to guide clinical intervention during epilepsy surgery but also they provide new approaches to evaluate pharmacological treatment on its functional implications on a whole brain scale.
444

Caractérisation du rôle des oscillations à haute fréquence dans les réseaux épileptiques / Characterization of the role of high-frequency oscillations in epileptic networks

Roehri, Nicolas 16 January 2018 (has links)
Touchant plus de 50 millions de personnes dans le monde, l’épilepsie est un problème majeur de santé publique. Un tiers des patients souffrent d’épilepsie pharmaco-résistante. Une chirurgie visant à enlever la région cérébrale à l’origine des crises – la zone épileptogène – est considérée comme l’option de référence pour rendre libre de crises ces patients. Le taux d’échec chirurgical non négligeable a poussé la recherche d’autres marqueurs. Un marqueur potentiel est les oscillations à haute fréquence (HFOs). Une HFO est une brève oscillation entre 80-500 Hz qui dure au moins 4 périodes enregistrée en EEG intracérébrale. Par leur caractère très bref, le marquage visuel de ces petites oscillations est fastidieux et chronophage.. Il semble impératif de trouver un moyen de détecter automatiquement ces oscillations pour étudier les HFOs sur des cohortes de patients. Aucun détecteur automatique existant ne fait cependant l’unanimité. Durant cette thèse, nous avons développé un nouveau moyen de visualiser les HFOs grâce à une normalisation originale de la transformée en ondelettes pour ensuite mieux les détecter automatiquement. Puis, nous avons mise en place une stratégie pour caractériser et valider des détecteurs. Enfin, nous avons appliqué le nouveau détecteur à une cohorte de patients pour déterminer la fiabilité des HFOs et des pointes épileptiques - le marqueur standard - dans la prédiction de la zone épileptogène. La conclusion de cette thèse est que les HFOs ne sont pas meilleurs que les pointes épileptiques pour prédire la zone épileptogène mais que combiner ces deux marqueurs permettait d’obtenir un marqueur plus robuste. / Epilepsy is a major health problem as it affects 50 million people worldwide. One third of the patients are resistant to medication. Surgical removal of the brain areas generating the seizure – the epileptogenic zone – is considered as the standard option for these patients to be seizure free. The non-negligible rate of surgical failure has led to seek other electrophysiological criteria. One putative marker is the high-frequency oscillations (HFOs).An HFO is a brief oscillation between 80-500 Hz lasting at least 4 periods recorded in intracerebral EEG. Due to their short-lasting nature, visually marking of these small oscillations is tedious and time-consuming. Automatically detecting these oscillations seems an imperative stage to study HFOs on cohorts of patients. There is however no general agreement on existing detectors.In this thesis, we developed a new way of representing HFOs thanks to a novel normalisation of the wavelet transform and to use this representation as a base for detecting HFOs automatically. We secondly designed a strategy to properly characterise and validate automated detectors. Finally, we characterised, in a cohort of patients, the reliability of HFOs and epileptic spikes - the standard marker - as predictors of the epileptogenic zone using the validated detector. The conclusion of this thesis is that HFOs are not better than epileptic spikes in predicting the epileptogenic zone but combining the two leads to a more robust biomarker.
445

Kontinuierliche Bewertung psychischer Beanspruchung an informationsintensiven Arbeitsplätzen auf Basis des Elektroenzephalogramms

Radüntz, Thea 21 January 2016 (has links)
Die Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien haben die Arbeitswelt grundlegend verändert. Durch den Einsatz komplexer, hochautomatisierter Systeme werden an die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit und Belastbarkeit von Arbeitnehmern hohe Anforderungen gestellt. Über die Ermittlung der psychischen Beanspruchung des Menschen an Arbeitsplätzen mit hohen kognitiven Anforderungen wird es möglich, eine Über- oder Unterbeanspruchung zu vermeiden. Gegenstand der Dissertation ist deshalb die Entwicklung, Implementierung und der Test eines neuen Systems zur kontinuierlichen Bewertung psychischer Beanspruchung an informationsintensiven Arbeitsplätzen auf Basis des Elektroenzephalogramms. Im theoretischen Teil der Arbeit werden die Konzepte zur Definition der psychischen Beanspruchung und Modelle zur Beschreibung der menschlichen Informationsverarbeitung zusammengestellt. Die Auswertung einer Reihe von Experimenten ist die Basis für die Konzeption und den Test des neuen Systems zur Indexierung der psychischen Beanspruchung. Die Aufgabenbatterie, die Stichprobenbeschreibung, der Versuchsaufbau und -ablauf sind Bestandteil des experimentellen Teils der Arbeit. Während der Aufgabenlösung wird von den Probanden das Elektroenzephalogramm mit 25 Kanälen abgeleitet. Es folgt eine Artefakteliminierung, für die ein neues automatisch und in Echtzeit arbeitendes Verfahren entwickelt wurde. Die Klassifikation und damit die Indexierung von Segmenten des Elektroenzephalogramms in die Klassen niedriger, mittlerer oder hoher Beanspruchung erfolgt auf Basis einer ebenfalls neu entwickelten Methode, deren Grundlage Dual Frequency Head Maps sind. Damit ist ein vollständiges System entstanden, das die einzelnen Verfahrensschritte integriert und die Aufgabenstellung der Arbeit erfüllt: Es kann an informationsintensiven Arbeitsplätzen eingesetzt werden, um kontinuierlich die Bewertung der psychischen Beanspruchung auf Basis des Elektroenzephalogramms vorzunehmen. / Advanced information and communication technology has fundamentally changed the working environment. Complex and highly automated systems impose high demands on employees with respect to cognitive capacity and the ability to cope with workload. The registration of mental workload of employees on-site at workplaces with high cognitive demands enables preventing over- or underload. The subject of this dissertation is therefore the development, implementation and testing of a novel system for continuous assessment of mental workload at information intensive workplaces on the basis of the electroencephalogram. In the theoretical section of the thesis concepts for defining mental workload are given; furthermore, models for describing human information processing are introduced and the relevant terminology such as strain, workload, and performance is clarified. Evaluation of an array of experiments with cognitive tasks forms the basis for the conceptual design and testing of the novel system for indexing mental workload. Descriptions of these tasks, the sample, the experimental set-up and procedure are included in the experimental section. The electroencephalogram with 25 channels was recorded from the subjects while performing the tasks. Subsequently, an artifact elimination was carried out, for which a new, automated, and real-time capable procedure has been developed. Segments from the electroencephalogram are classified and thusly indexed into classes of low, medium, and high workload on the basis of a likewise newly developed method, whose central element are Dual Frequency Head Maps. Hence, a complete system emerges that integrates the single processing steps and satisfies the scope of this thesis: It can be applied on-site at information intensive workplaces for continuous assessment of mental workload on the basis of the electroencephalogram.
446

Crossing the scales

Telenczuk, Bartosz 14 November 2011 (has links)
Während seiner normalen Funktion generiert das Gehirn starke elektrische Signale, die technisch gemessen werden können. Das schon seit über einem Jahrhundert bekannte Phänomen ermöglicht es die Signalverarbeitung im Gehirn räumlich und zeitlich zu beobachten. Heute versteht man die zellulären Prozesse die zur Generierung der elektrischen Signale in einzelnen Neuronen führen. Jedoch rekrutieren die meisten neuronalen Ereignisse große Populationen von Zellen, dessen Aktivität zeitlich und räumlich koordiniert ist. Diese Koordinierung führt dazu, dass ihre elektrische Aktivität auch weit von den Quellen gemessen werden kann, sodass die Beobachtung des Gehirns auch nicht invasiv auf der Schädeloberfläche mittels dem sogenannten Elektroenzephalogramm (EEG) möglich ist. Der zeitliche Verlauf des Signals hängt nicht nur von den Eigenschaften einzelner Zellen ab sondern auch von ihrer Wechselwirkung mit anderen Neuronen, die oft komplex oder gar nicht bekannt ist. Diese Komplexität verhindert die Auswertung der gemessen Signale im Bezug auf die Anzahl von aktiven Neuronen, die Art der Antwort (Inhibition, Exzitation), die Synchronisationsstärke und den Einfluss anderer aktiver Prozesse (wie zum Beispiel: Lernen, Aufmerksamkeit usw.). In dieser Arbeit werden die Zusammenhänge zwischen diesen mikroskopischen Parametern (einzelne Neurone) und ihrer makroskopischen Wirkung (EEG) experimentell, datenanalytisch und theoretisch untersucht. / During its normal function the brain generates strong and measurable electric signals. This phenomenon, which has been known for more than a century, makes it possible to investigate the signal processing in the brain. Nowadays the cellular processes taking part in the generation of the electric signals are well understood. However, most of the neuronal events recruit large populations of cells, whose activities are coordinated spatially and temporally. This coordination allows for summation of activities generated by many neurons leading to extracellular electric signals that can be recorded non-invasively from the scalp by means of electroencephalography (EEG). The temporal structure of the EEG signal does not depend only on the properties of single neurons, but also on their interactions that may be very complex. The complexity hinders the evaluation of the recoded signal with respect to the number of active neurons, the type of response, the degree of synchronisation and the contribution of other processes (such as, learning and attention). In the thesis, the relations between the microscopic (single-neuron) and their macroscopic (EEG) properties will be investigated by means of experimental, data-analytic and theoretical approaches.
447

Processing of prior probability

Scheibe, Christina 21 July 2010 (has links)
Um eine Entscheidung zu treffen, muss Information interpretiert und in eine Handlung übersetzt werden. Dafür wird die a priori Wahrscheinlichkeit bezüglich der Entscheidungsalternativen in den Prozess der Entscheidungsfindung integriert und löst Mechanismen der Handlungsvorbereitung aus. In der vorliegenden Dissertation habe ich untersucht, welche Vorbereitungsprozesse aufgrund von wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierter Vorinformation stattfinden und welche Gehirnareale mit der Integration dieser Information assoziiert sind. Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, habe ich eine Verhaltensstudie, eine Studie mit Ableitung des Elektroenzephalogramms (EEG) und eine Studie mittels der funktionellen Magnetresonanztomographie (fMRT) mit simultaner Ableitung des EEGs durchgeführt. Die Versuchspersonen bearbeiteten währenddessen eine Zahlenvergleichsaufgabe mit einem Hinweisreiz, der Wahrscheinlichkeitsinformation bezüglich der erforderlichen Antwort enthielt. Die Reaktionszeit wurde durch die wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Vorinformation des Hinweisreizes parametrisch moduliert (Studie 1). Daraus lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass Vorbereitungsprozesse in Abhängigkeit der Wahrscheinlichkeitsinformation stattfinden. Die EEG Studie (Studie 2) ergab einen parametrischen Effekt von Wahrscheinlichkeitsinformation auf die Amplitude der Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), einer EEG-Komponente, die Vorbereitungsprozesse auf prämotorischer Ebene reflektiert. Darüber hinaus fand sich mittels einer Dipolquellenanalyse ein Dipol im anterioren Cingulum (ACC), dessen Aktivität ebenfalls durch die Wahrscheinlichkeitsinformation parametrisch moduliert war. Diese Ergebnisse lassen auf prämotorische Vorbereitungsprozesse aufgrund von Wahrscheinlichkeitsinformation schließen. In den fMRT-Ergebnissen zeigte sich eine parametrisch modulierte neuronale Aktivierung im posterioren Teil des medial-frontalen Kortex (pMFC), die auf eine Kontrollfunktion zur Handlungsanpassung dieses Areals zurückgeführt werden kann (Studie 3a). Um dynamische Fluktuationen der Wahrscheinlichkeitsverarbeitung zu untersuchen, wurde die CNV Amplitude der Einzeltrials in das Modell der fMRT-Analyse integriert (Studie 3b). Die CNV Amplitude korrelierte mit der neuronalen Aktivität in einem Netzwerk, bestehend aus frontalen, parietalen und striatalen Arealen, das mit allgemeiner wahrscheinlichkeitsunabhängiger Handlungsvorbereitung im Zusammenhang steht. Dagegen zeigten sich im dorsolateralen Präfrontalkortex (DLPFC), im inferioren frontalen Gyrus (IPG) und im inferioren Parietallappen (IPL) Aktivierungen, die sich auf die dynamische Integration von Wahrscheinlichkeitsinformation zurückführen lassen. / To prepare actions in advance, prior information about the probability of decision alternatives is integrated into the decision-making process. In the present dissertation, I investigated preparatory processes elicited by prior probability (PP) and the neural basis of PP processing. In three studies, I collected behavioral data and, furthermore, recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) data separately as well as simultaneously with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). While applying these methods, participants had to perform a number comparison task with a precue delivering PP about a subsequent response-demanding stimulus. The probability precue elicited the preparation of the response, as shown by the parametrical modulation of response time (RT) depending on PP (Study 1). The EEG study (Study 2) revealed a parametrical effect of PP on the contingent negative variation (CNV) during the foreperiod, which is an indicator for premotor response preparation. Furthermore, a dipole was located in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) with its activity parametrically modulated by PP. These EEG results suggest that PP influences premotor response preparation in a parametrical fashion. An analysis of fMRI data showed that neural activity in the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) increased with increasing PP (Study 3a), which is attributed to a monitoring function of this region with respect to behavioral adjustment and initiation of response preparation depending on the PP. By applying an EEG-informed fMRI analysis (Study 3b), I focused on trial-to-trial fluctuations in PP processing and general response preparation as represented by the single-trial CNV amplitude. I found that the CNV amplitude was correlated with neural activity in a network consisting of frontal, parietal, and striatal regions reflecting general preparatory processes independently of PP. Parts of the network, namely, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and the inferior parietal lobule (IPL), showed activations, which exclusively represented the contributions of PP to the CNV amplitude fluctuations. These results suggest that PP elicits premotor response preparation and activates the pMFC parametrically signaling the need for behavioral adjustment. In contrast, DLPFC, IFG, and IPL are involved in dynamically fluctuating PP processing mechanisms.
448

The sense of agency

Gentsch, Antje 05 September 2012 (has links)
Das Gefühl die eigenen Handlungen selbst zu verursachen und deren Konsequenzen zu kontrollieren, ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil unserer Selbstwahrnehmung und wird als Erleben von Urheberschaft oder Autorenschaft bezeichnet. Die zugrunde liegenden neurokognitiven Mechanismen sind bislang nur unzureichend verstanden. In zwei Experimenten zur Handlungswahrnehmung wurde bei gesunden Probanden mittels Elektroenzephalogramm (EEG) die Hirnaktivität auf visuelles Handlungsfeedback erfasst. Reduzierte neuronale Aktivität (sensorische Attenuierung) auf selbst versus extern generiertes Feedback wurde als implizites Maß für das Erleben von Urheberschaft verwendet. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass das Ausmaß der neuronalen Attenuierung stärker von der Präsenz einer Handlung sowie vorausgehenden Hinweisreizen abhing, als von präzisen Vorhersagen durch spezifische Kontingenzregeln. Die explizite Beurteilung der eigenen Urheberschaft dagegen beruhte primär auf hoher Kontingenz von Handlung und Feedback, während externe Hinweisreize nur in Kontexten herangezogen wurden, in denen Kontingenzinformationen nicht ausreichten. Eine dritte EEG Studie untersuchte Patienten mit Zwangsstörung, welche durch abweichendes Erleben der Vollendung und Urheberschaft für Handlungsergebnisse gekennzeichnet ist. Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine fehlende neuronale Attenuierung selbst generierter Handlungskonsequenzen bei Zwangspatienten. Verkörperte Signale wurden dabei weniger stark genutzt für Vorhersagen des Handlungsfeedbacks. Zusammenfassend trägt die vorliegende Arbeit zur Validierung der sensorischen Attenuierung als implizites Maß des Erlebens von Urheberschaft bei. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Erleben von Urheberschaft auf einer Integration multipler verkörperter und externer, kontextueller Hinweisreize beruht. Dieser Integrationsmechanismus scheint bei Zwangspatienten gestört zu sein und führt möglicherweise zu dem mangelnden Gefühl von Handlungsabschluss und Urheberschaft. / The experience of causing and controlling one s own actions and their consequences is a major aspect of our self-awareness, which has been termed sense of agency or experience of authorship. The underlying neural and cognitive mechanisms are still not well understood. In two consecutive experiments on action awareness, the electroencephalogram (EEG) of healthy participants was recorded to measure brain activity related to the perception of visual feedback. Reduced neuronal activity (sensory attenuation) in response to self- versus externally generated feedback was taken as an implicit measure for the sense of agency. The results showed that the amount of sensory attenuation was primarily determined by the mere presence of an action and external cues independent of highly precise predictions based on specific contingency rules. Explicit judgments of agency, in contrast, were mainly determined by high degrees of contingency between action and feedback, and external cues had an influence only in ambiguous contexts where contingency information was not reliable enough. A third EEG study investigated patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD is characterized by lacking a sense of completion and agency for action outcomes. The results of this study revealed that OCD patients fail to suppress the consequences of their own action. Embodied signals were used less by patients for making specific predictions of the action feedback. In conclusion, the present work offers validation of sensory attenuation as an implicit measure of non-conceptual agency experience, and provides evidence that the sense of agency is based on an optimal integration of multiple embodied and external, contextual cues. Moreover, the present research reveals for the first time, to our knowledge - reduced gating of extracorporeal sensory action consequences in patients suffering from OCD, which may explain aberrant feelings of action completion and agency in these patients.
449

Lokale Feldpotentiale im Elektrokortikogramm und Elektroenzehpalogramm des Menschen: Nachweis, Beschreibungskriterien,Anwendung

Krüger, Hartmut 26 November 1998 (has links)
Durch Kreuzkorrelation von ECoG- und EEG-Signalen hoher Bandbreite (10 - 400 Hz) mit dem Muster eines Amplituden - Zeit - Templates von 10 ms Dauer können Subpotentiale (SP) selektiert werden, die dem sogenannten ?local field potential? ähnlich sind.Diese Ähnlichkeit ergibt sich i. durch den Vergleich mit dem ermittelten Amplituden - Zeit - Template des SP. ii. durch den Vergleich mit der Lage der Quellstrukturen zur ableitenden Elektrode. Die SP - Modulanalyse liefert Potentialverteilung für jede untersuchte Elektrode. Diese ist stets in ein Nahfeld und Fernfelder organisiert, wobei die Polarität des Nahfeld der Polarität des Trigger- SP entspricht und das Fernfeld von entgegengesetzter Polarität ist. Diese Quellstrukturen sind um so kleiner, je geringer der Elektrodenabstand ist. iii. aus der Kohärenz von SP, die im Ableitfeld auftreten. Dafür wurde die SP- Zweikanalkopplungsanalyse entwickelt.Die einzelnen Schritte dieser SP - Methode, die sich aus der SP - event-, SP - Modul- und SP - Zweikanalkopplungsanalyse zusammensetzt, werden beschrieben und an einem Beispiel einer 30 kanaligen subduralen interiktalen ECoG - Ableitung eines Patienten mit fokaler Epilepsie unter drei verschiedenen Bedingungen (normales ECoG, ECoG mit spikes bzw. ECoG mit slow waves) sowie am Beispiel einer 30 kanaligen EEG-Ableitung eines Probanden unter drei verschiedenen kognitiven Anforderungen (relaxierte Wachheit, Kopfrechnen, beim Anhören eines Hörspiels) vergleichend demonstriert. Beide Beispiele sind repräsentativ für zwei größere Untersuchungsreihen. / We obtained subpotentials (SP), similar to so called ?local field potentials? by application of cross - correlation on ECoG- and EEG- Signals with large band width (10 - 400 Hz) with the pattern of an amplitude-time-template with a duration of 10ms. This similarity is given by i. the comparison with obtained amplitude-time-template of the SP ii. the comparison with the position of source- structures to the deriving electrode. The potential distribution is given by the SP - moduleanalysis for each investigated electrode. This SP - module - analysis is always organised in a near- and in a far-field. The polarity of the near-field corresponds to the trigger-SP and the far-field to the opposite. The smaller the source-structure, the lower the distance of the electrodes iii.the coherence of SP in the deriving array The SP - method, consisting of SP - event, SP - module and SP ?two-channel-coupling -analysis? is described. The comparison between an example of an 30 channel subdural interictal derived ECoG of a patient, who was suffering from focal epilepsy, under three conditions (normal ECoG, ECoG with spikes and ECoG with slow-waves) and one of an 30 channel derived EEG of a candidate under three different cognitive demands (relaxed vigilance, doing mental arithmetic, listening to a radio serial) is demonstrated an discussed. Both examples are representatives for two extensive serials.
450

Problèmes inverses contraints en EEG : applications aux potentiels absolus et à l'influence du signal de référence dans l'analyse de l'EEG / Constrained inverse problems in EEG : application to absolute potentials and to the reference signal influence in EEG analysis

Salido-Ruiz, Ricardo Antonio 22 June 2012 (has links)
Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du prétraitement des signaux EEG et s'intéresse plus particulièrement aux perturbations dues à la référence de mesure non nulle. Les perturbations induites par une fluctuation électrique de la référence peuvent engendrer des erreurs d'analyse comme on peut aisément le constater sur les mesures de synchronisation inter-signaux (par exemple la cohérence). Donc, la référence idéale serait une référence nulle. Au cours des travaux développés, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l'estimation des potentiels électriques dit absolus (référence nulle) à partir d'une reformulation du problème inverse. Deux cas sont traités, soit la référence est suffisamment éloignée des sources électrophysiologiques cérébrales et de fait elle peut être considérée comme indépendante, sinon, elle est modélisée comme une combinaison linéaire des autres sources. Grâce à cette modélisation, il a été montré explicitement que les meilleures estimations des potentiels absolus sans aucune information a priori sont les potentiels calculés par rapport à une référence moyenne. D'autre part, le problème inverse de la référence source-indépendante est résolu dans un contexte de type séparation de sources. Il a été démontré que la meilleure estimation des potentiels absolus sans aucune information a priori est équivalente à l'estimateur MPDR/MVDR (Minimum Power Distortionless Response/Minimum Variance Distortionless Response). Concernant le prétraitement de données EEG, on montre sur signaux simulés et réels que les potentiels mesurés transformés en référence moyenne améliorent certaines méthodes d'analyse utilisées en EEG telles que la séparation aveugle des sources (BSS) et la localisation de sources cérébrales. Au delà des problèmes de référence, la méthode peut être appliquée sous contraintes pour estimer de façon plus robuste des sources singulières telles que les artefacts ou une stimulation électrique exogène déterministe / This thesis concerns the issue of scalp EEG signals pre-processing and it is focused on signal's disturbances caused by non zero reference measurements. These signals perturbations induced by an electrical fluctuation of reference signal can lead to misinterpretation errors in certains analysis. This can be easily seen in inter-signal synchronization measurements such as in coherence studies. Thus, the ideal reference is a null reference. During this research work, we focused on the absolute (zero-reference) potentials estimation from a inverse problem reformulation. Here, two cases are treated, one deals with the case of a reference signal that is sufficiently distant from electrophysiological brain sources so, it is considered as independent signal ; otherwise, it is modeled as a linear combination of sources. Thanks to this modeling, it was shown explicitly that the best estimates of absolute potentials without any a priori information are the average reference potentials. On the other hand, the source-independent reference inverse problem is resolved in a source separation context. For this case, it has been shown that the best estimate of the absolute potentials without any a priori information is equivalent to Minimum Power Distortionless Response/Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR/MPDR) estimators. On the pretreatment of EEG data, we show on simulated and real signals that measured potentials transformed into average reference improve certain analytical methods used in EEG such as blind source separation (BSS) and localization of brain sources. Beyond the problems of reference, this method can be applied as a constrained source estimation algorithm in order to estimate in a more robust way, particular sources such as artifacts or deterministic exogenous electrical stimulation

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