La Sclérose Tubéreuse de Bourneville est une pathologie génétique rare qui se caractérise par la survenue de crises épileptiques précoces à l’origine du développement de nombreux troubles neurologiques tels que des symptômes autistiques ou des retards mentaux. Les épilepsies retrouvées dans la Sclérose Tubéreuse de Bourneville sont souvent résistantes aux traitements pharmacologiques disponibles soulevant la nécessité de trouver de nouvelles approches médicamenteuses plus efficaces pour traiter les patients. Dans cette étude nous avons mis en évidence que l’AppCH2ppA est une molécule efficace pour bloquer la survenue des crises épileptiques dans un modèle de souris pour la Sclérose Tubéreuse de Bourneville ainsi que sur des résections chirurgicales de tissu provenant de patients humains atteints par la Sclérose Tubéreuse de Bourneville. Nous avons montré que les propriétés antiépileptiques de l’AppCH2ppA s’appuient sur une libération autocrine d’adénosine par les neurones de la couche IV du cortex somatosensoriel et d’une activation consécutive des récepteurs à l’adénosine de type A1. Cette activation a lieu spécifiquement au niveau du compartiment postsynaptique et est responsable d’une activation de conductances potassiques et d’une diminution de l’excitabilité des neurones. L’administration d’AppCH2ppA n’est associé à aucun effet secondaire notables sur la santé des souris. Ainsi l’AppCH2ppA semble être un outil thérapeutique prometteur et peu risqué qui stimule des mécanismes antiépileptiques endogènes naturellement sollicités par le cerveau et efficaces pour stopper et limiter la survenue des crises épileptiques. / Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disease characterized by the presence of epilepsies that appear early and in the life of patients and are responsible for the development of several neurological disorders such as autistic symptoms or mental retardations.In TSC, epileptic seizures often resist to pharmacological approaches raising the importance to find new molecules to treat more efficiently the patients.In this study we showed that AppCH2ppA is an effective molecule to block the onset of epileptic seizures in a mouse model for Tuberous Sclerosis as well as on human patients tissues.We have shown that AppCH2ppA nduce an autocrine release of adenosine by the spiny stellate cells present in the layer IV of the somatosensory cortex. This release is responsible for a subsequent activation of adenosine A1 receptors that occur specifically in the postsynaptic compartment of neurons and is responsible for an activation of potassium channels and a decrease of the excitability of neurons. The administration of AppCH2ppA is not associated with any significant side effects on mouse health. Thus, AppCH2ppA appears to be a promising and low-risk therapeutic tool that stimulates an endogenous antiepileptic pathway that is naturally used in the brain and that is efficient to stop and limit the appearance of epileptic seizures.

La presente tesi utilizza la metodologia neuroscientifica per studiare la comunicazione dal punto di vista della embodied cognition, la quale vede la comunicazione come la condivisione dell’informazione tra organismi biologici. Lo scopo della tesi è quello di aggiungere conoscenza in aree della comunicazione in cui l’applicazione delle neuroscienze è carente, usando una metodologia integrata che prevede la coregistrazione EEG-Biofeedback. All’interno della tematica della comunicazione mediata, il primo studio compara le pubblicità commerciale e prosociale, poiché l’applicazione delle neuroscienze a quest’ultima risulta carente. Lo scopo è quello di investigare l’esperienza relativa a questi due tipi di comunicazione, all’interno di differenti categorie semantiche di prodotto, confrontando misure implicite ed esplicite. Un secondo studio vuole illustrare il coinvolgimento di cues comunicative sensoriali durante l’esperienza del consumatore, esplorando diverse condizioni di stimolazione sensoriale entro un negozio per studiarne, a livello cerebrale, la loro interazione. Se la comunicazione possiede diversi livelli di consapevolezza, è possibile studiarla anche all’interno di condizioni patologiche. Un terzo studio, quindi, vuole trovare risposte ad alcuni interrogativi circa le componenti inconsce della comunicazione. In particolare, lo studio vuole valutare i processi sensoriali e cognitivi residui relativi al tatto in pazienti in stato vegetativo. / The present thesis fits the neuroscientific method to the embodied communication perspective, which defines communication as an information sharing between biological bodies. The aim of this thesis is to increase knowledge into different research areas related to communication, in which the application of neurosciences is already lacking, using a multimethod approach that employs EEG-Biofeedback co-registration. Within the topic of mediated communication, the first study compares commercial and social-issue advertising, given the lack of studies that investigate the latter with a neuroscientific approach. The aim is to investigate the experience of watching these two types of advertising, through different product categories, comparing overt and covert measures. A second study has the aim to illustrate the involvement of sensory communication cues during consumer experience, exploring different conditions of sensory stimulation inside a store, in order to understand the interaction between senses in the consumer’s brain. If communication can be seen as a continuum with multiple degrees of awareness, it can be also studied in clinical and pathological conditions. A third study, thus, tries to find answers to open questions about unconscious components of communication. In particular, the study assesses residual sensory and cognitive processes related to touch in vegetative state patients.

Um dos modelos experimentais mais utilizados para estudar a epilepsia do lobo temporal (ELT) é o abrasamento (kindling) por estimulação elétrica diária da amígdala, o abrasamento elétrico convencional. Uma alternativa rápida e eficaz a esse modelo é o abrasamento elétrico rápido, também capaz de gerar crises límbicas, porém com 10 estímulos elétricos aplicados ao dia, por 2 dias. No 3º dia é aplicado um estímulo elétrico adicional, o 21º estímulo, quando podem ser testadas drogas antiepilépticas ou estudados mecanismos de plasticidade ou memória. Entre as principais áreas ativadas nas crises límbicas encontram-se o complexo amigdalóide, a formação hipocampal, o córtex piriforme e neocórtices adjacentes. O envolvimento de estruturas olfatórias na ELT é antigo e estudos indicam que a exposição a um estímulo olfatório é capaz de suprimir, inibir ou induzir a ocorrência de crises. Todas as evidências clínicas e experimentais dão suporte científico para a hipótese de que a estimulação olfatória com o 2,5-Dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (TMT), uma potente substância química, derivada das fezes de raposa e que biologicamente representa o cheiro de predador pode influenciar no processo de crises evocadas por estimulação elétrica da amígdala. O objetivo geral do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência da apresentação do estímulo olfatório com TMT nas crises epilépticas de ratos Wistar, submetidos ao abrasamento elétrico rápido da amígdala. Para tanto, os parâmetros químicos do TMT foram avaliados, bem como as respostas comportamentais de ratos Wistar machos naives submetidos ao estímulo olfatório com diferentes doses de TMT. Na sequência, um novo grupo de ratos Wistar machos naives foi submetido ao protocolo de abrasamento elétrico rápido da amígdala com a aquisição dos registros eletrencefalográficos (EEGráficos) do córtex piriforme, formação hipocampal além do complexo amigdalóide. Após abrasados os animais foram expostos ao TMT ou água destilada, previamente ao 21º estímulo elétrico. Posteriormente o tecido cerebral foi processado (perfundido, crioprotegido, congelado e cortado) e então foram feitas as técnicas histoquímicas de: Nissl e Fluoro-Jade C (FJC, marcador de neurodegeneração). As respostas comportamentais foram analisadas mediante o uso do Índice de Gravidade para Crises Límbicas e da neuroetologia. Adicionalmente foi avaliada a expressão EEGráfica do 1º, 20º e 21º estímulos e verificada a presença/ausência de neurodegeneração em regiões do sistema límbico. Os resultados da análise comportamental obtidos nesse estudo foram comparados com os obtidos no protocolo de estimulação olfatória com TMT nas crises audiogênicas agudas de ratos da cepa WAR. O TMT desencadeou reações de medo e modificou as sequências comportamentais, reduziu a atividade motora e os comportamentos de autolimpeza. Dados qualitativos da cromatografia gasosa e algoritmos matemáticos possibilitaram estabelecer as concentrações na câmara para as diferentes doses de TMT. Além disso, a cromatografia gasosa identificou que 30 minutos é o tempo necessário para saturação e dessaturação da câmara ao TMT, e indicou uma saturação homogênea do interior dessa câmara. O TMT puro no abrasamento elétrico rápido em ratos Wistar foi capaz de reduzir significativamente o Índice de Gravidade para Crises Límbicas comparado à água, corroborando os dados neuroetológicos que indicam o efeito supressor do TMT nas crises, tanto para o modelo de abrasamento elétrico rápido quanto para as crises audiogênicas agudas. Os resultados da duração da pós-descarga EEGráfica primária no 21º estímulo foram inconclusivos, sendo necessárias outras análises empregando diferentes métodos analíticos. Com a técnica de FJC não foi possível verificar morte celular por necrose em qualquer região cerebral avaliada. / One of the most widely used experimental models to study temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the kindling by electrical daily stimulation of the amygdala, the conventional kindling. A rapid and effective alternative to this model is rapid electrical kindling, also capable of generating limbic seizures, but with 10 electrical stimuli applied per day for 2 days. On the 3rd day an additional electrical stimulus is applied, the 21st stimulus, when antiepileptic drugs can be tested or mechanisms of plasticity and memory can be studied. Among the main areas activated in limbic seizures are the amygdaloid complex, the hippocampal formation, piriform cortex and adjacent neocortices. The involvement of the olfactory structures in TLE is old and studies indicate that exposure to an olfactory stimulus is capable to suppress or inhibit or induce the occurrence of seizures. All the clinical and experimental evidences provide scientific support for the hypothesis that the olfactory stimulation with 2,5-Dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (TMT), a powerful chemical substance derived from fox feces which biologically represents the \"predator smell can influence the seizures process evoked by electrical stimulation of the amygdala. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of olfactory stimulation with TMT in seizures of Wistar rats subjected to rapid electrical kindling of the amygdala. Therefore, the chemical parameters of TMT were evaluated, as well as behavioral responses of naive male Wistar rats exposed to the olfactory stimulus with different concentrations of TMT. Other group of rats was electrically stimulated in the amygdaloid complex, following the protocol of rapid electrical kindling and the electroencephalographic recordings (EEGraphic) obtained from the piriform cortex, hippocampal formation in addition to the amygdaloid complex. After scorched the animals were exposed to TMT or distilled water, prior to the 21st electrical stimulation. Subsequently the cerebral tissue was processed (perfused, cryoprotected, frozen and sliced) and then processed for Nissl and Fluoro-Jade C histochemistry (FJC, a marker of neurodegeneration). The behavioral responses were analyzed by using the Severity Index for Limbic Seizures and neuroethology. In addition to EEG, reviewed after the 1st, 20th and 21th stimuli we also examined the presence/absence of neurodegeneration in regions of the limbic system. The results obtained in this study were compared with those obtained in the protocol of olfactory stimulation with TMT on acute audiogenic seizures of rats from the WAR strain. The TMT triggered fear reactions and modified the behavioral sequences, reduced motor activity and grooming behavior. Qualitative data from gas chromatography and mathematical algorithms made possible to establish the concentrations in the camera for the different doses of TMT. In addition, the gas chromatography helped to identify that 30 minutes is the time required for saturation and desaturation of the camera to TMT and indicated a homogeneous saturation of the interior of such camera. The pure TMT in rapid electrical kindling in Wistar rats was able to significantly reduce the Severity Index for Limbic Seizures, compared to water, corroborating the data of the neuroethology method indicating the suppressive effect of TMT in seizures, in both, the model of rapid electrical kindling as well as the acute audiogenic seizures. However, the results of the duration of the EEGraphic primary after-discharge at the 21th stimulus were inconclusive, requiring further analysis using different analytical methods. With the technique of FJC it was not observed necrotic cell death in any studied brain region.

O processamento de sinais EEG permite interpretar, analisar, estudar, pesquisar e experimentar a atividade elétrica do cérebro como resposta para diferentes processos cognitivos, efeitos de drogas ou fármacos, estudo de doenças psiquiátricas ou neurológicas, entre outras. Esta dissertação é orientada ao reconhecimento de padrões cerebrais que permitam classificar estados cognitivos mediante os sinais de EEG registrados em sujeitos realizando tarefas programadas. Ademais espera-se obter a maior quantidade de padrões para cada estado cognitivo e procurar os parâmetros que oferecem maior informação, analisando as principais bandas cerebrais e todos os eletrodos disponíveis na base de dados. A metodologia usada compreende o registro de cinco tarefas cognitivas analisadas com três abordagens diferentes: análises de longe-range tenporal correlations com o algoritmo de Detrended Fluctuations Analysis (DFA), análise da potência dos sinais cerebrais utilizando a Transformada Ondeleta e finalmente o estudo da sincronia cerebral usando a Transformada de Hilbert. Conclui-se que as abordagens utilizadas nesta dissertação reportam alentadores resultados para diferenciar as tarefas cognitivas estudadas, demonstrando que a utilização da informação de todos os eletrodos e de suas principais bandas cerebrais contribuem de forma positiva. Também se consegue reconhecer e identificar quais parâmetros produzem maior informação para esta análise. / EEG signal processing allows interpreting, analyzing, studying, researching and experiencing the brain electrical activity in response to different cognitive processes, effects of drugs or drugs, the study of neurological or psychiatric diseases, among others. This thesis is oriented to the recognition of brain patterns to classify cognitive states using the EEG signals recorded from subjects performing mental tasks. Also, we expect to collect as many patterns as possible for each cognitive status and to seek parameters that provide more information, examine the major bands and all brain electrodes available in the database. The methodology used includes the registration of five cognitive tasks analyzed with three different approaches: analysis of long-range temporal-correlations with the Detrended Fluctuations Analysis (DFA) algorithm, the power analysis of brain signals using the Wavelet Transform and finally the study of phased looked brain using the Hilbert transform. The approaches used for this research report excellent results for differentiating the cognitive tasks studied, showing that the use of information from all the electrodes and their main brain bands contribute positively. Also, one can recognize and identify which parameters produce more information for this analysis.

Les interfaces cerveau-machine (ICM) permettent de contrôler un appareil électronique grâce aux signaux cérébraux. Plusieurs méthodes de mesure de ces signaux, invasives ou non, peuvent être utilisées. L'électro-encéphalographie (EEG) est la méthode non-invasive la plus étudiée car elle propose une bonne résolution temporelle et le matériel nécessaire est bien moins volumineux que les systèmes de mesure des champs magnétiques.L'EEG a cependant une faible résolution spatiale, ce qui limite les performances des ICM utilisant cette méthode de mesure. Ce souci de résolution spatiale peut être réglé en utilisant le problème inverse de l'EEG, qui permet de passer des potentiels mesurés en surface à une distribution volumique des sources de courant dans le cerveau. Le principal verrou de cette technique est le temps nécessaire (plusieurs heures) pour calculer avec une station de travail la matrice permettant de résoudre leproblème inverse. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons étudié les solutions actuelles pour accélérer matériellement la conception de cette matrice. Nous avons ainsi proposé, conçu et testé une architecture électronique dédiée à ces traitements pour ICM. Les premiers résultats démontrent que notre solution permet de passer de plusieurs heures de calcul sur une station de travail à quelques minutes sur circuit reconfigurable. Cette accélération des traitements d'imagerie par EEG facilitera grandement la recherche sur l'utilisation du problème inverse et ouvrira ainsi de nouvelles perspectives pour le domaine de l'ICM. / Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) are systems that use brain activity to control an external device. Various techniques can be used to collect the neural signals. The measurement can be invasive ornon-invasive. Electroencephalography (EEG) is the most studied non-invasive method. Indeed, EEG offers a fine temporal resolution and ease of use but its spatial resolution limits the performances of BCI based on EEG. The spatial resolution of EEG can be improved by solving the EEG inverse problem, which allows to determine the distribution of electrical sources in the brain from EEG. Currently, the main difficulty is the time needed(several hours) to compute the matrix which is used to solve the EEG inverse problem. This document describes the proposed solution to provide a hardware acceleration of the matrix computation. A dedicated electronic architecture has been implemented and tested. First results show that the proposed architecture divides the calculation time by a factor of 60 on a programmable circuit. This acceleration opens up new perspectives for EEG BCI.

Em Biomedicina, a detecção e a quanticação de anormalidades presentes num sinal são desejáveis. Uma estratégia de codicação baseada em extração de características, tais como picos ou frequências, pode não capturar todas as irregularidades. Assim, uma representação baseada em funções de base denidas com conhecimento a priori do sinal pode ser mais precisa para aplicações biomédicas. A escolha das funções base depende da natureza siológica do sinal e de suas peculiaridades. Sinais de eletrocardiograma (ECG) e eletroencefalograma (EEG) exibem características bem denidas. ECG, por exemplo, é um sinal elétrico composto de uma forma de onda especíca (P, QRS e T). Se as características de um sinal a ser sintetizado são bem compreendidas, é possível derivar uma assinatura para o sinal. Uma codicação apropriada permite a extração de parâmetros relevantes para sua análise, tais como anormalidades num ciclo cardíaco representadas por uma alteração no sinal de ECG, ou então uma excitação das ondas cerebrais representada por uma modicação no sinal de EEG. O objetivo deste projeto é introduzir uma nova técnica de codicação de sinais, que representa um sinal pela soma de funções sigmoides para aproximar iterativamente o sinal medido, com foco em aplicações biomédicas. Funções sigmoides tendem a reproduzir bem as grandes variações presentes em sinais biomédicos, daí a escolha de usá-las na codicação deste tipo de sinal. Serão explorados o nível de compressão dos dados, bem como a taxa de convergência. A técnica desenvolvida será comparada com técnicas convencionais de codicação e sua robustez será avaliada. Uma estratégia de codicação ótima pode trazer benefícios não só para a compressão, mas também na criação de assinaturas de sinais representando tanto condições siológicas normais como patológicas. / In Biomedicine, detection and quantication of abnormalities present in a signal are desired. An encoding strategy based on feature extraction, such as peaks or frequencies, may not capture all irregularities. Thus, a function-based representation, constructed using a priori knowledge of signal characteristics, may be more accurate for biomedical applications. The choice of the basis function depends on the physiological nature of the signal and its specic features. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals exhibit well-dened characteristics. ECG, for instance, is an electrical signal composed of specic waveform (P, QRS, and T). If the characteristics of a signal to be synthesized are well understood, its possible to derive a signal signature. An appropriate encoding allows the extraction of parameters relevant for its analysis, such as, abnormalities in a cardiac cycle represented by an alteration in the ECG signal, or an excitation of the brain waves represented by a modication of the EEG. The objective of this project is to introduce a novel signal encoding technique that represents a signal by a sum of sigmoidal functions to iteratively approximate the measured signal, targeted at biomedical applications. Sigmoidal functions tend to reproduce well large variations in biomedical signals, hence their use for coding this type of signal. We explore the data compression level as well as the convergence rate. We also compare it to conventional encoding techniques and assess the robustness of this model. An optimal encoding strategy may bring not only benets in compression, but also in the creation of signatures for signals representing both physiological and pathological conditions.

L'inhibition de réponse joue un rôle majeur dans le contrôle cognitif. Mais les relations entre activité cérébrale et comportement sont particulièrement difficiles à appréhender puisque la fonction est précisément destinée à prévenir tout comportement observable… Dans une première partie, nous proposons une revue de questions mettant en évidence la nécessité d'utiliser des méthodes psychophysiques adaptées. Nous proposons également une analyse systémique des travaux utilisant l'électroencéphalographie, méthode largement privilégiée pour sonder la dynamique des mécanismes inhibiteurs. Dans une seconde partie, nous mettons en œuvre ces propositions dans le cadre d'une étude combinée EEG/IRMf. Grâce à des méthodes avancées de traitement du signal EEG, nous suggérons la mise en jeu de mécanismes automatiques, non sélectifs, d'inhibition de réponse dès lors que le contexte événementiel est incertain. Il reposerait sur la pré-activation d'une circuiterie auto-inhibitrice dans le complexe moteur supplémentaire, implémenté par un large réseau médial frontopariétal. Dans les troisième et quatrième parties, nous montrons le rôle majeur de cette fonction dans d'autres processus cognitifs et illustrons les conséquences cliniques de son dysfonctionnement. Nous montrons en particulier que l'impulsivité n'est pas la seule expression des troubles du contrôle inhibiteur. La difficulté à initier une action constituerait, dans la maladie de Parkinson, une conséquence directe de ce dysfonctionnement. L'implication d'une dérégulation du système noradrénergique et de l'activité du noyau sous-thalamique dans l'occurrence du trouble est suggérée, et les perspectives thérapeutiques discutées / Response inhibition plays a major role in cognitive control. Understanding these mechanisms is essential because their dysfunctions may cause symptoms in many psychiatric and neurological diseases. The relationship between brain activity and behavior are particularly difficult to understand because the function of interest is specifically intended to prevent any observable behavior… In the first part, we propose a review of issues highlighting the need for a new theoretical model and adapted psychophysical methods. We also provide systematic analysis of studies using electroencephalography, widely preferred method for probing the dynamics of inhibitory mechanisms. Convergently, the review calls for revisiting both acquisition methods and processing methods of EEG signal used in conventional studies. In the second part, we implement these proposals by combining advanced treatment methods of EEG signal (blind source separation, analysis test by test, spectral analysis in the sources, location) and comparing these results with the fMRI data. We reveal the involvement of automatic and nonselective inhibitory mechanisms, when the context is uncertain. A large medial frontoparietal network would ensure the implementation. The involvement of an automatic behavior (when the environment becomes predictable) would require a top-down control that deactivates in advance the excitability of the self-inhibitory circuitry of the SMC. In the third and fourth sections, we show the key role of this function in other cognitive processes and illustrate the clinical consequences of its dysfunction. We show in particular that the difficulty in initiating an action (akinesia) would, in Parkinson’s disease, a direct consequence of this dysfunction. The involvement of the noradrenergic system and the activity of the subthalamic nucleus in the occurrence of the disorder are suggested, and therapeutic perspectives discussed

La lecture de phrases évoquant un contexte émotionnel engendre un modèle mental de situation émotionnel. Le but de cette thèse était d’étudier les conséquences électrophysiologiques et comportementales de la détection d’une expression faciale émotionnelle ne correspondant pas à l’attente créée par un modèle de situation émotionnel. Nous avons également étudié la manière dont l’empathie autoévaluée (à l’aide du questionnaire EQ ; Baron-Cohen et Wheelwright, 2004) pouvait affecter la manière dont cette incongruité pragmatique émotionnelle était traitée. Les résultats comportementaux ont montré, chez 32 participants, que l’incongruité pragmatique émotionnelle est plus difficile à détecter que la congruité pragmatique émotionnelle (plus d’erreurs de reconnaissance et des temps de réponses allongés). L’allongement des temps de réponses en condition incongrue était d’autant plus grand que les habiletés sociales (mesurées à l’aide du questionnaire EQ) des participants étaient faibles. Les potentiels évoqués neuroélectriques affectés par l’incongruité pragmatique émotionnelle étaient la N400, la LPN et, de manière marginale, la P300. L’activité neuroélectrique évoquée dans la fenêtre temporelle de la N400 n’était pas affectée de la même manière par l’incongruité émotionnelle, selon le score à la sous-échelle EQ d’empathie cognitive des participants. Enfin, nous avons testé si les patients schizophrènes pouvaient valider les prérequis nécessaires au traitement de l’incongruité pragmatique émotionnelle (effectuer une simulation émotionnelle et catégoriser une expression faciale émotionnelle). D’après nos résultats, ces prérequis peuvent être remplis, même s’ils semblent affectés par la pathologie, en particulier en ce qui concerne la catégorisation des visages neutres. En conclusion, cette thèse a permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de la détection de l’incongruité émotionnelle et de mettre en valeur son importance sociale. / Reading sentences setting up an emotional context generates a mental model of the emotional situation. The aim of this thesis was to study the electrophysiological and behavioral consequences of the detection of an emotional facial expression that does not match the expectancy created by an emotional situation model. We have also studied how self-reported empathy (measured with the EQ, Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright, 2004) could affect the way this pragmatic emotional incongruence was processed. Behavioral results among 32 participants evidenced that pragmatic emotional incongruence was harder to detect that pragmatic emotional congruence (more recognition errors, longer response times). Response times increased with decrease in the social skills (subscale score at the EQ questionnaire). The neuroelectrical event-related potentials affected by pragmatic emotional incongruence were the N400, the LPN and, marginally, the P300. The neuroelectrical evoked activity in the N400 time window was modulated by participants’ score at the cognitive empathy EQ scale. Finally, we checked if schizophrenic patients could validate prerequisites needed in order to process pragmatic emotional incongruence (perform an emotional simulation and categorize an emotional facial expression). According to our results, these prerequisites could be filled, even if they appear to be affected by the pathology, in particular as regards the categorization of neutral faces. To conclude, this thesis improved our current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of emotional incongruence detection and underlies its social importance.

Der Sprechakt teilt sich in zwei Vorgänge: Zunächst muss das richtige Wort aus dem mentalen Lexikon abgerufen werden und anschließend wird es in der Kommunikation verwendet. Zur Erforschung des ersteren Vorgangs werden oft Ein-Personen-Studien verwendet, in denen durch Beobachten der Reaktion auf Stimuli (z. B. Bilder) die Mikrostruktur des lexikalisch- semantischen Systems beleuchtet wird. Für die Anwendung von Sprache in der Kommunikation hingegen nutzt man Partnerexperimente, um die Koordination zwischen den Gesprächspartnern zu beobachten und zu ergründen, wie sich gegenseitiges Verstehen und biografisches Wissen darauf auswirken. Wenig erforscht ist aber, wie ein von einem Gesprächspartner eingebrachter Bedeutungskontext die traditionell in Ein-Personen-Studien untersuchten lexikalisch-semantischen Effekte beeinflusst. Im Rahmen meiner Dissertation möchte ich die Lücke zwischen den beiden Forschungsansätzen schließen, indem ich einen kommunikativen Kontext in etablierte Paradigmen der Bildbenennung integriere. Hierzu betrachte ich zunächst klassische semantische Kontexteffekte, die durch nähere oder entferntere kategorische Relationen zwischen Begriffen hervorgerufen werden (Studie 1), um anschließend lose thematische Beziehungen zu untersuchen, die mit alltäglichen Ereignissen verbunden sind (Studie 2 & Studie 3). Um die hochgradig verflochtenen Ebenen der lexikalischen und semantischen Verarbeitung voneinander zu trennen, habe ich ereigniskorrelierte Hirnpotentiale (ERPs) eingesetzt, um die elektrophysiologischen Signaturen des konzeptuellen Primings und der lexikalischen Auswahl zu verfolgen. Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert sowohl theoretische als auch praktische Beiträge. Erstens stützen unsere Ergebnisse die theoretischen Annahmen, dass sich semantisches Priming und lexikalische Interferenz vorübergehend überschneiden und gemeinsam das Benennungsverhalten in einem Trade-off beeinflussen. Auch die Gegenwart eines Kommunikationspartners kann Auswirkungen auf dieses Zusammenspiel haben. Zweitens ergänzen diese Ergebnisse die aktuelle Literatur zu verschiedenen Arten von semantischen Beziehungen, wie z. B. Nulleffekte für entfernte Beziehungen und Kontexteffekte, die systematisch mit der Stärke der Verwandtschaft zunehmen. Und schließlich bietet unser neuartiges Design eines kommunikativen Kontextes ein praktisches Instrument, um die Lücke zwischen Ein-Personen-Studien und Kommunikationsstudien zu schließen. Alles in allem tragen diese Ergebnisse zu einem besseren Verständnis der neuronalen Mechanismen unseres Sprachproduktionssystems bei, das in der Lage ist, sich flexibel sowohl an sprachliche als auch an soziale Kontexte anzupassen. / Speaking could be divided into two processes: first, the correct word must be retrieved from the mental lexicon, and then it is used in communication. To study the former process, single-person studies are often used, in which the microstructure of the lexical-semantic system is illuminated by observing reaction times to name stimuli (e.g., pictures). For the language use in communication, on the other hand, partner experiments are used to observe coordination between interlocutors and to explore how mutual understanding and biographical knowledge affect it. However, how a meaningful context brought by an interlocutor influences the established lexical-semantic effects from single-person studies remains underexplored. Within the scope of my dissertation, I aim to bridge the gap between these two research approaches by integrating a communicative context into well-established picture naming paradigms. To this end, I first investigate classic semantic context effects induced by close or distant categorical relations (Study 1), and then examine loose thematic relations associated with everyday events (Study 2 & Study 3). To separate the highly intertwined strata of lexical and semantic processing, I used event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to track the electrophysiological signatures of conceptual priming and lexical selection. The present work makes both theoretical and practical contributions. First, our results support the theoretical assumptions that semantic priming and lexical interference temporarily overlap, and jointly modulate naming behavior in a trade-off. Such interplay may be greatly influenced by the presence of a communicating partner. Second, these findings add to the current literature on different types of semantic relations, such as null effects for distant relations and context effects that systematically increase with the strength of relatedness. Finally, our novel design of a communicative context provides a practical tool to bridge the gap between single-person studies and communication studies. All in all, these findings advance our understanding of the neural mechanisms of our speech production system, which is capable of flexibly adapting to both linguistic and social contexts.

In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde ein arbeitspsychologisches Problem thematisiert, dass in Mensch-Maschine-Systemen auftritt. <br /> In Mensch-Maschine-Systemen werden Informationen in kodierter Form ausgetauscht. Diese inhaltlich verkürzte Informationsübertragung hat den Vorteil, keine lange Zustandsbeschreibung zu benötigen, so dass der Mensch auf die veränderten Zustände schnell und effizient reagieren kann. Dies wird aber nur dann ermöglicht, wenn der Mensch die kodierten Informationen (Kodes) vorher erlernten Bedeutungen zuordnen kann. Je nach Art der kodierten Informationen (visuelle, akustische oder alphanumerische Signale) wurden Gestaltungsempfehlungen für Kodealphabete entwickelt. <br /> Für Operateure resultiert die mentale Belastung durch Dekodierungsprozesse vor allem aus dem Umfang des Kodealphabetes (Anzahl von Kodezeichen), der wahrnehmungsmäßigen Gestaltung der Kodes und den Regeln über die Zuordnung von Bedeutungen zu Kodezeichen. <br /> <br /> Die Entscheidung über die Güte von Kodealphabeten geschieht in der Arbeitspsychologie in der Regel über Leistungsindikatoren. Dies sind üblicherweise die zur Dekodierung der Kodes benötigte Zeit und dabei auftretende Zuordnungsfehler. Psychophysiologische Daten werden oft nicht herangezogen.<br /> Fraglich ist allerdings, ob Zeiten und Fehler allein verlässliche Indikatoren für den kognitiven Aufwand bei Dekodierungsprozessen sind, da im hochgeübten Zustand bei gleichen Alphabetlängen, aber unterschiedlicher Kodezeichengestaltung sich häufig die mittleren Dekodierungszeiten zwischen Kodealphabeten nicht signifikant unterscheiden und Fehler überhaupt nicht auftreten. <br /> Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit postulierte Notwendigkeit der Ableitung von Biosignalen gründet sich auf die Annahme, dass mit ihrer Hilfe zusätzliche Informationen über die mentale Beanspruchung bei Dekodierungsprozessen gewonnen werden können, die mit der Erhebung von Leistungsdaten nicht erfasst werden. Denn gerade dann, wenn sich die Leistungsdaten zweier Kodealphabete nicht unterscheiden, können psychophysiologische Daten unterschiedliche Aspekte mentaler Beanspruchung erfassen, die mit Hilfe von Leistungsdaten nicht bestimmt werden können. <br /> Daher wird in Erweiterung des etablierten Untersuchungsansatzes vorgeschlagen, Biosignale als dritten Datenbereich, neben Leistungsdaten und subjektiven Daten mentaler Beanspruchung, abzuleiten, um zusätzliche Informationen über die mentale Beanspruchung bei Dekodierungsprozessen zu erhalten.<br /> Diese Annahme sollte mit Hilfe der Ableitung von Biosignalen überprüft werden. <br /> <br /> Der Begriff mentaler Beanspruchung wird in der bisherigen Literatur nur unzureichend definiert und differenziert. Daher wird zur Untersuchung dieses Konzepts, die wissenschaftliche Literatur berücksichtigend, ein erweitertes Modell mentaler Beanspruchung vorgestellt.<br /> Dabei wird die mentale Beanspruchung abgegrenzt von der emotionalen Beanspruchung. Mentale Beanspruchung wird weiterhin unterschieden in psychomotorische, perzeptive und kognitive Beanspruchung. Diese Aspekte mentaler Beanspruchung werden jeweils vom psychomotorischen, perzeptiven oder kognitiven Aufwand der zu bearbeitenden Aufgabe ausgelöst.<br /> <br /> In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden zwei zentrale Fragestellungen untersucht:<br /> Einerseits wurde die Analyse der anwendungsbezogenen Frage fokussiert, inwieweit psychophysiologische Indikatoren mentaler Beanspruchung über die Leistungsdaten (Dekodierungszeiten und Fehleranzahl) hinaus, zusätzliche Informationen zur Bestimmung der Güte von Kodealphabeten liefern. <br /> Andererseits wurde der Forschungsaspekt untersucht, inwieweit psychophysiologische Indikatoren mentaler Beanspruchung die zur Dekodierung notwendigen perzeptiven und kognitiven Aspekte mentaler Beanspruchung differenzieren können. Emotionale Beanspruchung war nicht Gegenstand der Analysen, weshalb in der Operationalisierung versucht wurde, sie weitgehend zu vermeiden. Psychomotorische Beanspruchung als dritter Aspekt mentaler Beanspruchung (neben perzeptiver und kognitiver Beanspruchung) wurde für beide Experimentalgruppen weitgehend konstant gehalten.<br /> <br /> In Lernexperimenten hatten zwei anhand eines Lern- und Gedächtnistests homogenisierte Stichproben jeweils die Bedeutung von 54 Kodes eines Kodealphabets zu erwerben. Dabei wurde jeder der zwei unahbhängigen Stichproben ein anderes Kodealphabet vorgelegt, wobei sich die Kodealphabete hinsichtlich Buchstabenanzahl (Kodelänge) und anzuwendender Zuordnungsregeln unterschieden. Damit differierten die Kodealphabete im perzeptiven und kognitiven Aspekt mentaler Beanspruchung.<br /> Die Kombination der Abkürzungen entsprach den in einer Feuerwehrleitzentrale verwendeten (Kurzbeschreibungen von Notfallsituationen). In der Lernphase wurden den Probanden zunächst die Kodealphabete geblockt mit ihren Bedeutungen präsentiert. <br /> Anschließend wurden die Kodes (ohne deren Bedeutung) in sechs aufeinanderfolgenden Prüfphasen randomisiert einzeln dargeboten, wobei die Probanden instruiert waren, die Bedeutung der jeweiligen Kodes in ein Mikrofon zu sprechen. <br /> Während des gesamten Experiments wurden, neben Leistungsdaten (Dekodierungszeiten und Fehleranzahl) und subjektiven Daten über die mentale Beanspruchung im Verlauf der Experimente, folgende zentralnervöse und peripherphysiologische Biosignale abgeleitet: Blutdruck, Herzrate, phasische und tonische elektrodermale Aktivität und Elektroenzephalogramm. Aus ihnen wurden zunächst 13 peripherphysiologische und 7 zentralnervöse Parameter berechnet, von denen 7 peripherphysiologische und 3 zentralnervöse Parameter die statistischen Voraussetzungen (Einschlusskriterien) soweit erfüllten, dass sie in die inferenzstatistische Datenanalyse einbezogen wurden.<br /> <br /> Leistungsdaten und subjektive Beanspruchungseinschätzungen der Versuchsdurchgänge wurden zu den psychophysiologischen Parametern in Beziehung gesetzt. Die Befunde zeigen, dass mittels der psychophysiologischen Daten zusätzliche Erkenntnisse über den kognitiven Aufwand gewonnen werden können.<br /> <br /> Als weitere Analyse wurden die Kodes post hoc in zwei neue Kodealphabete eingeteilt. Ziel dieser Analyse war es, die Unterschiede zwischen beiden Kodealphabeten zu erhöhen, um deutlichere reizbezogene psychophysiologische Unterschiede in den EEG-Daten zwischen den Kodealphabeten zu erhalten. Dazu wurde diejenigen, hinsichtlich ihrer Bedeutung, parallelen Kodes in beiden Kodealphabeten ausgewählt, die sich in der Dekodierungszeit maximal voneinander unterschieden. Eine erneute Analyse der EEG-Daten erbrachte jedoch keine Verbesserung der Ergebnisse.<br /> <br /> Drei Hauptergebnisse bezüglich der psychophysiologischen Parameter konnten festgestellt werden:<br /> Das erste Ergebnis ist für die psychophysiologische Methodik bedeutsam. Viele psychophysiologische Parameter unterschieden zwischen den Prüfphasen und zeigen damit eine hinreichende Sensitivität zur Untersuchung mentaler Beanspruchung bei Dekodierungsprozessen an. Dazu gehören die Anzahl der spontanen Hautleitwertsreaktionen, die Amplitude der Hautleitwertsreaktionen, das Hautleitwertsniveau, die Herzrate, die Herzratendifferenz und das Beta-2-Band des EEG. Diese Parameter zeigen einen ähnlichen Verlauf wie die Leistungsdaten. Dies zeigt, dass es möglich ist, die hier operationaliserte Art mentaler Beanspruchung in Form von Dekodierungsprozessen psychophysiologisch zu analysieren.<br /> <br /> Ein zweites Ergebnis betrifft die Möglichkeit, Unterschiede mentaler Beanspruchung zwischen beiden Gruppen psychophysiologisch abzubilden:<br /> Das Hautleitwertsniveau und das Theta-Frequenzband des Spontan-EEG zeigten Unterschiede zwischen beiden Stichproben von der ersten Prüfphase an. Diese Parameter indizieren unterschiedlichen kognitiven Aufwand in beiden Stichproben über alle Prüfphasen.<br /> <br /> Das wichtigste Ergebnis betrifft die Frage nach einem Informationsgewinn bei Einsatz psychophysiologischer Methoden zur Bewertung der Güte von Kodealphabeten: <br /> Einen tatsächlichen Informationsgewinn gegenüber den Leistungsdaten zeigte die Amplitude der elektrodermalen Aktivität und die Herzraten-Differenz an. Denn in den späteren Prüfphasen, wenn sich die Leistungsdaten beider Kodealphabete nicht mehr unterschieden, konnten unterschiedliche Ausprägungen dieser psychophysiologischen Parameter zwischen beiden Kodealphabeten verzeichnet werden. Damit konnten unterschiedliche Aspekte mentaler Beanspruchung in beiden Kodealphabeten in den späteren Prüfphasen erfasst werden, in denen sich die Leistungsdaten nicht mehr unterschieden. <br /> <br /> Alle drei Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es, trotz erheblichen technischen und methodischen Aufwands, sinnvoll erscheint, bei der Charakterisierung mentaler Belastungen und für die Gestaltung von Kodealphabeten auch psychophysiologische Daten heranzuziehen, da zusätzliche Informationen über den perzeptiven und kognitiven Dekodierungsaufwand gewonnen werden können. / In this study a problem from the work psychology was focussed, which appears in human-machine systems.<br /> In human-machine systems informations were exchanged as codes. Using this kind of shortened information transmission needs no long description of the system state, so that the operator can react to the changed system state in a quick and efficient way. This is possible only in this case, if the operator has learned the meaning of the codes before. For the different kinds of coded informations (visual, acoustic or alphanumeric signals) special recommendations for their design were developed.<br /> Mental workload caused by decoding processes resulting from the size of the code alphabet, the percepted design of the codes, and the rules about the allocation of code meanings.<br /> <br /> The decision about the validity of code alphabets in work psychology is normally made by indicators of performance, which are the decoding times and decoding mistakes. Nearly all studies do not refer to psychophysiological data. <br /> It is questioned, if times and mistakes alone are valid indicators for the cognitive cost, because in well learned state and for the same size of the code alphabet but different design of the codes, the decoding times between code alphabets are not significantly different, and mistakes do not appear.<br /> This study postulates a necessity for the registration of psychophysiological data, so that additionally informations, which are not included in the performance data, can be examined. If the performance data does not differ between two code alphabets, psychophysiological data measures different aspects of mental workload, which could not be detected by performance data. To enlarge the established approach, it is recommended to registrate biosignals as a third domain of data to get additional informations about decoding processes.<br /> These hypotheses should be verified by registration of biosignals.<br /> <br /> There are vague definitions and deficient differentiations of the concept of mental workload in the scientific publications. To examine mental workload an enlarged model of mental workload is presented. Mental workload is delimited from emotional strain. Furthermore mental workload is differentiated in psychomotoric, perceptive, and cognitive aspects. These aspects of mental workload are caused by the psychomotoric, perceptive, and cognitive cost, which are initiated by the assigned task.<br /> <br /> Two main questions were examined in this study. <br /> First question refers to applied research. Do psychophysiological indicators of mental workload provide more information about the validity of code alphabets than performance data?<br /> The second question refers to what extent psychophysiological indicators of mental workload necessary for the decoding process could differentiate the perceptive and cognitive aspects of mental workload. <br /> <br /> >The emotional strain was not the objective of this study, therefore it was excluded from the experimental design.<br /> Psychomotoric workload as the third aspect of mental workload was a constant value for both experimental samples.<br /> <br /> In two learning experiments two samples with identical habituational memory performance were instructed to learn the meaning of 54 codes of a code alphabet. Both samples was presented another code alphabet, which differed in the number of included letters and the allocation rules. Thus the two code alphabets differed in the perceptive and in the cognitive aspect of mental workload.<br /> The combination of abbreviations was comparable to those used in a fire station. In a learning phase the code alphabets were presented with their meanings. Afterwards the codes were presented without their meanings in six following tests phases. Subjects were instructed to answer in a microphone. <br /> During the whole experiment performance data, subjective data of perceived strain, and psychophysiological data were registrated. The psychophysiological data contained: blood pressure, heart rate, phasic and tonic electrodermal activity, and the EEG. Thirteen peripherphysiological and seven EEG parameters were extracted from these raw data. Seven peripherphysiological and three EEG parameters accomplished the statistical premises and were included to further statistical analysis.<br /> Performance data and subjective data were set in relation to the psychophysiological parameters. The outcomes showed that using psychophysiological data generate additional informations about the cognitive cost.<br /> <br /> For further analysis the code items were divided into two new code alphabets. The intention of this analysis was to maximize the difference between the two code alphabets to get more stimuli based psychophysiological differences in the EEG data. This analysis included those pairs of codes with identical meaning and maximum difference in their decoding time. This further analysis did not improve the outcomes. <br /> <br /> Three main outcomes in respect to the psychophysiological data were detected. <br /> The first one is an important outcome for psychophysiological methodology. Many psychophysiological parameters differ between the test phases and thus show a sufficient sensitivity to examine mental workload in decoding processes. The number of spontaneous electrodermal responses, the amplitude of electrodermal responses, the electrodermal level, the heart rate, the heart rate difference, and the beta-2 frequency band of the EEG belong to these parameters. These parameters show a similar distribution like performance data. This shows the possibility of the operationalized mental workload through decoding processes analysable with psychophysiological methods.<br /> A second outcome concerns the possibility to show differences in mental workload between both samples in psychophysiological parameters:<br /> The electrodermal level and the theta frequency band of the EEG showed differences between both samples beginning from the first test phase. These parameters indicate different cognitive cost in both samples in all test phases.<br /> <br /> The most important outcome regards to the profit of information by using psychophysiological methods to test the validity of code alphabets. The amplitude of the electrodermal responses and the heart rate difference shows a surplus of information compared to performance data. Thus in later test phases, in which the performance data did no longer differ, different characteristics of psychophysiological parameters between both code alphabets were registrated. Therefore different aspects of mental workload could be quantified.<br /> <br /> All three outcomes showed that, nevertheless of the considerable technical and methodological expenditure, it is reasonable to use psychophysiological data to design code alphabets, because it supplies additional information about the perceptional and cognitive cost of the decoding processes.