Yes / Within medical imaging variations in patient size can generate challenges, especially when selecting appropriate acquisition parameters. This experiment sought to evaluate the impact of increasing body part thickness on image quality (IQ) and effective dose (E) and identify optimum exposure parameters. Methods: An anthropomorphic pelvis phantom was imaged with additional layers (1e15 cm) of animal fat as a proxy for increasing body thickness. Acquisitions used the automatic exposure control (AEC), 100 cm source to image distance (SID) and a range of tube potentials (70e110 kVp). IQ was evaluated physically and perceptually. E was estimated using PCXMC software. Results: For all tube potentials, signal to noise ratio (SNR) and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) deceased as body part thickness increased. 70 kVp produced the highest SNR (46.6e22.6); CNR (42.8e17.6). Visual grading showed that the highest IQ scores were achieved using 70 and 75 kVp. As thickness increases, E increased exponentially (r ¼ 0.96; p < 0.001). Correlations were found between visual and physical IQ (SNR r ¼ 0.97, p < 0.001; CNR r ¼ 0.98, p < 0.001). Conclusion: To achieve an optimal IQ across the range of thicknesses, lower kVp settings were most effective. This is at variance with professional practice as there is a tendency for radiographers to increase kVp as thickness increases. Dose reductions were experienced at higher kVp settings and are a valid method for optimisation when imaging larger patients. / Hashemite University in Jordan, College of Radiographers Industry Partnership (CoRIPS)

Alumina-titanium diboride (Al2O3-TiB2) composites have high temperature, wear, and impact resistance that could be useful in high performance applications. Determining the effect of processing parameters on relative bond strength and effective plasticity may contribute to optimization and predictability of performance in the Al2O3-TiB2 system. Al2O3-TiB2 composites were obtained from a collection of samples that were created during a separate ongoing research program being conducted by Dr. Kathryn V. Logan. The Logan samples were initially formed by hot pressing powders produced using Self-Propagating High Temperature synthesis (SHS) of Al, TiO2, and B2O3 powders or manual mixing (MM) of Al2O3 and TiB2 powders. Samples were then fractured using standard single edge notched beam (SENB) fracture toughness testing. The obtained fractured surfaces were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Relative amounts of transgranular and intergranular fracture of Al2O3 and TiB2 grains were determined. Transgranular fracture was used as a measure of relative bond strength. Other samples were obtained from the Logan collection to conduct nano-indentation measurements on polished sample surfaces in Al2O3 grains and in TiB2 grains. Indent locations were verified using SEM. Reduced modulus, final displacements, and fracture toughness for indents in Al2O3 grains and in TiB2 grains were determined from nano-indentation curves. Reduced modulus was used as a measure of relative bond strength. Final displacement and fracture toughness were used as measures of relative effective plasticity. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using Taguchi arrays was conducted using the powder processing factor (SHS vs. MM) and the predominant microstructure factor (TiB2 grains surrounding Al2O3 grains vs. TiB2 grains distributed amongst Al2O3 grains) when examining the effect of processing parameters on relative bond strength as measured by amount of transgranular fracture. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using Taguchi arrays was conducted using the powder processing factor (SHS vs. MM), the predominant microstructure factor (TiB2 grains surrounding Al2O3 grains vs. TiB2 grains distributed amongst Al2O3 grains), and the indented phase factor (Al2O3 vs. TiB2) when examining the effect of processing parameters on relative bond strength as measured by nano-indentation reduced modulus and both measures of relative effective plasticity. Powder processing was significant for the relative bond strength measures, but was not significant for the relative effective plasticity measures. Predominant microstructure was significant for all measures except relative effective plasticity as measured by fracture toughness, for which none of the factors and interactions were significant. The interaction between powder processing and predominant microstructure was significant for most of the relative bond strength measures and for relative effective plasticity as measured by final displacements. Indented phase was significant for the nano-indentation measures except nano-indentation fracture toughness, although the significance for nano-indentation fracture toughness was just below the critical level. The interaction between powder processing and indented phase and the interaction between predominant microstructure and indented phase were only significant for the relative bond strength measure using nano-indentation reduced modulus. The interaction between powder processing, predominant microstructure, and indented phase was significant for the nano-indentation measures except nano-indentation fracture toughness. The optimum level for powder processing was predominantly manual mixing. The optimum level for predominant microstructure was predominantly TiB2 grains surrounding Al2O3 grains. The optimum level for indented phase was predominantly TiB2. / Master of Science

No / Pricing is a critically important management activity with major strategic and operational implications. However, pricing is a much-neglected and ineptly administered marketing responsibility, and numerous errors are made. A prime reason for this is that firms are preoccupied with the use of convenient, often singularly cost-based, pricing methods that fail to assimilate the impact of the full range of effective pricing determinants. This article introduces the concept of the pricing wheel that is a multistage process for effective price management. It provides a systematic means for analyzing and incorporating into decision making the strategic role of price, pricing objectives, the plethora of internal and external pricing determinants, pricing strategy, the pricing technique, and the necessary implementation and control procedures. As a key element of the pricing process, the article advocates utilization of an integrative pricing technique, and it proposes a logical sequence in which it can be applied.

Effective field theories can be used to describe measurements at e⁺e⁻ colliders over a wide kinematic range while allowing reliable error predictions and systematic extensions. We show this in two physical situations. First, we give a factorization formula for the e⁺e⁻ thrust distribution dσ/dτ with thrust T and τ = 1 − T based on soft collinear effective theory. The result is applicable for all τ, i.e. in the peak, tail, and far-tail regions. We present a global analysis of all available thrust distribution data measured at center-of-mass energies Q = 35 to 207 GeV in the tail region, where a two parameter fit to the strong coupling constant α(s)(m(Z)) and the leading power correction parameter Ω₁ suffices. We find α(s)(m(Z)) = 0.1135 ± (0.0002)expt ± (0.0005)hadr ± (0.0009)pert, with x²/dof = 0.91, where the displayed 1-sigma errors are the total experimental error, the hadronization uncertainty, and the perturbative theory uncertainty, respectively. In addition, we consider cumulants of the thrust distribution using predictions of the full spectrum for thrust. From a global fit to the first thrust moment we extract α(s)(m(Z)) and Ω₁. We obtain α(s)(m(Z)) = 0.1140 ± (0.0004)exp ± (0.0013)hadr ± (0.0007)pert which is compatible with the value from our tail region fit. The n-th thrust cumulants for n ≥ 2 are completely insensitive to Ω₁, and therefore a good instrument for extracting information on higher order power corrections, Ω'(n)/Qⁿ, from moment data. We find (˜Ω₂)^1/2 = 0.74 ± (0.11)exp ± (0.09)pert GeV. Second, we study the differential cross section dσ/dx of e⁺e⁻-collisions producing a heavy hadron with energy fraction x of the beam energy in the center-of-mass frame. Using a sequence of effective field theories we give a definition of the heavy quark fragmentation function in the endpoint region x → 1. From the perspective of our effective field theory approach we revisit the heavy quark fragmentation function away from the endpoint and outline how to develop a description of the heavy quark fragmentation function valid for all x. Our analysis is focused on Z-boson decays producing one B-meson. Finally, we will give a short outlook of how we want to apply our approach to determine the leading nonperturbative power corrections of the b-quark fragmentation function from LEP experiments.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / In this thesis, SiN films grown on Si substrates were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The stress in SiN films can be used to enhance of mobility of electrons and holes which increases the performance of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistors. The samples used in this study were prepared by Applied Materials using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique with different growth parameters. The stress of the samples varied from 1.3 GPa compressive to 1 GPa tensile depending on the growth conditions employed. The FTIR measurement showed three distinct absorption peaks associated with Si-N, Si-H and N-H vibrational modes. The hydrogen was unintentionally incorporated into the SiN film during the CVD process due to its use as the carrier gas for the precursors. It was found from the FTIR data that the area under Si-H and N-H peaks (amount of bonds) varies in opposite directions when the film stress changes from compressive to tensile. In addition, the peak position of the Si-H absorption shifted to higher energy while the opposite was true for N-H as the stress changes from compressive to tensile. The strength and the position of the Si-N absorption peak were found to be relatively insensitive to the stress of the film. This indicates that the amount of Si-H and N-H bonds in the film is responsible for controlling the stress of the film. The use of quantum calculation of SiN molecules with different amount of Si-H and N-H bonds was used toward understanding the experimental absorption spectra. / Lieutenant, Mexican Navy

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de la dynamique et de la rhéologie des fluides complexes. Nous utilisons une méthode de simulation numérique à trois dimensions. Les systèmes que nous étudions ici sont des suspensions de micro-nageurs actifs, des suspensions de particules sphériques rigides en présence d'un champ externe auquel elles sont sensibles et de la dynamique de suspensions de particules sphériques et confinées en cisaillement. Les Micro-nageurs sont les objets microscopiques qui se propulsent dans un fluide et ils sont omniprésents dans la nature. Un exemple commun de micro-nageurs est la micro-algue textit{Chlamydomonas} . Un des buts principaux de cette thèse est de comprendre l'effet de la motilité de ces micro-organismes sur les propriétés macroscopiques globales de la suspension, telles que la viscosité effective pour expliquer les observations expérimentales. Nous avons élaboré différents modèles de suspensions de textit{Chlamydomonas} et effectué des simulations numériques utilisant la version 3D de la dynamique des particules fluides (FPD) (méthode expliquée dans cette thèse). Les résultats de nos simulations numériques ont été présentés et discutés à la lumière des observations expérimentales. Un des modèles proposés intègre tous les phénomènes observés expérimentalement et sont applicables à d'autres types de suspensions de micro-nageurs. Cette thèse consacre également un chapitre sur les effets du confinement sur la dynamique de cisaillement des suspensions diluées de particules sphériques. Nous avons constaté que dans la géométrie confinée, la vitesse angulaire des particules diminue par rapport à celle imposée par l'écoulement de cisaillement. La vitesse angulaire des particules diminue également lorsque la particule est proche d'une paroi unique et la vitesse de translation de la particule par rapport à la vitesse de la paroi diminue. Un autre objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les suspensions à viscosité effective ajustable. Nous avons mené une étude numérique sur des suspensions de particules sphériques en présence d'un couple externe. Nous avons montré que le changement de vitesse angulaire des particules due à l'application d'un couple externe est suffisante pour modifier fortement la viscosité de la suspension. Basée sur des simulations numériques, une formule semi-empirique a été proposée pour la viscosité des suspensions de particules sphériques valables jusqu'à 40% de concentration. Nous avons également montré que la 2ème loi de Faxén peut être étendue par une expression empirique pour de grandes concentrations. / This work is dedicated to the study of dynamics and rheology of the complex fluids. We use three dimensional numerical simulations. The systems we study here are: suspensions of biological active micro-swimmers, suspensions of rigid spherical particles in presence of an external field and the dynamics of sheared confined spherical particles. Micro-swimmers are the microscopic objects that propel themselves through a fluid and they are ubiquitous in nature. A common example of micro-swimmers is the textit{Chlamydomonas} . One of the main goal of this thesis is to understand the effect of self-motility of these micro-organisms on the global macroscopic properties of the fluid, such as the effective viscosity to explain experimental observations. We elaborated different models for textit{Chlamydomonas} suspensions and conducted numerical simulations using the 3D version of the Fluid Particle Dynamics method (explained in this thesis). The results of our numerical simulations has been shown and discussed in light of the experimental observations. One of the proposed models incorporates all experimentally observed phenomena and is expendable for other types of micro-swimmer suspensions. This thesis is also dealing with the effects of confinement on the dynamics of sheared spherical particles. We found that in confined geometry, angular velocity of sheared particles decreases compared to the one imposed by the shear flow. The angular velocity of the particles decreases also when the particle are close to a single wall and the translational velocity of the particles changes so that the difference between velocity of the particle and the velocity of the wall decreases. Another objective of this work is to study suspensions with tunable effective viscosity. We conducted a numerical investigation of sheared spherical particle suspensions in presence of an external torque. We showed that the change of particle angular velocity with an external torque is sufficient to strongly change the effective viscosity of the suspension. Based on numerical simulations, a semi-empirical formula has been proposed for the effective viscosity of spherical particles suspensions valid up to 40% concentration. We also showed that a modified second Faxén law can be equivalently established for large concentrations.

La thèse invite à s’intéresser à l’aptitude à consentir du salarié. En tant qu’elle constitue l’aptitude du sujet à prendre part au gouvernement de sa situation juridique par l’accord, elle participe de l’expression d’un choix de celui reconnu comme partie faible au rapport asymétrique qui le lie à l’employeur. En pareil contexte, la question du consentement apparaît centrale. Le contrat, acte juridique censément conclu par des sujets égaux, requiert l’accord de celui mis dans une situation d’inégalité et consistant dans la subordination, qu’elle émane de l’acte juridique auquel il consent ou qu’il soit déjà salarié.L’aptitude à consentir invite à s’intéresser aux règles qui reconnaissent au salarié une aptitude à décider, eu égard aux contrats que le droit du travail admet et qui peuvent s’insérer dans sa situation juridique. Cette aptitude est assurément juridique (Partie 1) et ne se trouve pas limitée aux règles qui, classiquement, peuvent être mobilisées pour la caractériser. L’aptitude juridique ne procède pas seulement du droit de la capacité ou de la personnalité, mais prospère à travers des mécanismes que le droit du travail promeut pour permettre non seulement au travailleur de faire valoir un choix, mais de le protéger à cette occasion. Elle rayonne encore lorsque la décision elle-même, c’est-à-dire le consentement, est envisagée : sans information et sans égard à la prise de décision, l’aptitude serait nettement diminuée. Les règles qui forgent l’aptitude juridique à consentir, doivent encore être rapportées à d’autres, qui conditionnent ou orientent les choix que le salarié peut avoir à opérer. C’est ainsi que l’aptitude juridique pose également la question de son effectivité (Partie 2), dans la mesure où elle n’est pas seulement l’objet de règles protectrices. Alors, il s’agit de tenir sérieusement en considération le rapport du sujet à l’emploi, qu’il s’agisse pour lui de le choisir ou même simplement d’y accéder. Et de ne pas négliger, enfin, le rapport de l’aptitude à consentir aux normes juridiques elles-mêmes. Qu’il s’agisse du contrat ou des normes environnantes, patronales et conventionnelles, le sujet connait des limites à l’épanouissement de sa volonté qui participent parfois de sa protection et, d’autres fois, d’une limite à l’emprise qu’il a sur sa situation. / The thesis invites to be interested in the aptitude to consent of the employee. In so far as it constitutes the subject's ability to take part in the government's legal position through the agreement, it participates in the expression of a choice of the one recognized as weak party to the asymmetrical relationship which links him to the employer. In such a context, the issue of consent appears central. The contract, legal act supposedly concluded by equal subjects, requires the agreement of the one placed in a situation of inequality and consisting in the subordination, that it emanates from the legal act to which it consents or that it is already salaried.The ability to consent invites attention to the rules that recognize the employee's ability to decide, with regard to the contracts that labor law contains and that may fit into his legal situation. This aptitude is undoubtedly legal and is not limited to the rules which, classically, can be mobilized to characterize it. Legal ability does not come only from the rights of capacity or personality, but thrives through mechanisms that labor law promotes to allow not only the worker to assert a choice, but to protect him on this occasion. It still shines when the decision itself, that is to say, consent, is considered: without information and without taking into account the decision-making, the aptitude would be clearly diminished.The rules that form the legal capacity to consent must still be reported to others, which condition or direct the choices that the employee may have to make. Thus legal capacity also raises the question of its effectiveness, insofar as it is not only the object of protective rules. So, it is a question of seriously considering the relation of the subject to the job, whether it is for him to choose it or even simply to access it. And not to neglect, finally, the report of the ability to consent to the legal norms themselves. Whether it is the contract or surrounding norms, employers and conventional, the subject knows limits to the fulfillment of his will that sometimes participate in its protection and other times, a limit to the influence he has on his situation.

Unethical behaviour is a concern in the workplace, because of the possible consequences for all stakeholders. This issue is particularly salient in the financial services sector, a highly regulated environment, where breaches of the regulations can result in large fines and reputational damage to the organisation concerned. Unethical behaviour can also have severe effects on customers, such as when inappropriate advice leads to customers losing all or a large part of their savings. Empirical studies have tended to focus mostly on organisational antecedents of unethical intentions and behaviour, with individual factors not being given that much attention. Research on the antecedents of unethical intentions and behaviour has produced inconsistent findings, suggesting that context might play a role. Consequently, my research has attempted to study the individual antecedents of unethical intentions and behaviour in the financial services industry, a specific context where it is salient. Malta presents a particularly pertinent context for this study, as its profile on Hofstede's cultural dimensions scale has been empirically linked to a higher potential for engaging in unethical behaviour.

A set S of vertices in a graph G=(V,E) is a dominating set if every vertex in V\S is adjacent to at least one vertex in S, and the minimum cardinality of a dominating set of G is the domination number of G. A vertex v in a dominating set S is said to be very cost effective if it is adjacent to more vertices in V\S than to vertices in S. A dominating set S is very cost effective if every vertex in S is very cost effective. The minimum cardinality of a very cost effective dominating set of G is the very cost effective domination number of G. We first give necessary conditions for a graph to have equal domination and very cost effective domination numbers. Then we determine an upper bound on the very cost effective domination number for trees in terms of their domination number, and characterize the trees which attain this bound. lastly, we show that no such bound exists for graphs in general, even when restricted to bipartite graphs.

Ce travail s'inscrit dans le contexte général des métamatériaux. Les métamatériaux sont des structures artificielles qui peuvent être décrites comme des milieux moyens en raison de leurs dimensions propres, très inférieures à la longueur d'onde de travail. Les résultats présentés portent plus précisément sur les métamatériaux à indice de réfraction négatif obtenu par le recouvrement de plages fréquentielles de permittivité et de perméabilité effectives négatives. Le fil conducteur de cette étude est l'augmentation des fréquences de fonctionnement : des micro-ondes vers le spectre térahertz. Sur la base d'une représentation en termes de permittivité et de perméabilité, le premier chapitre propose un inventaire des milieux naturels et artificiels existants, en mettant l'accent sur leurs propriétés de dispersion. Par ailleurs, il fait état des différentes solutions disponibles pour synthétiser un métamatériau à permittivité et à perméabilité négatives. Enfin, il dégage les différentes applications possibles, comptes tenus des technologies mises en œuvre et du domaine de fréquence envisagé. Le second chapitre concerne les structures unidimensionnelles. La première partie porte sur l'analyse d'un milieu synthétisé à partir de la superposition d'un réseau de fils métalliques et de boucles de courant insérées dans un guide d'ondes rectangulaire. La seconde partie aborde le concept de ligne de propagation duale par l'étude d'un déphaseur gaucher accordable. Enfin, la troisième partie traite des réseaux de particules Ω interconnectées qui constituent une approche hybride permettant de tirer partie des atouts de la ligne duale sans les contraintes propres au support de propagation. Ces atouts sont les caractères large bande, faibles pertes et la possibilité de travailler en régime composite équilibré, autrement dit avec une contiguïté des bandes gauchère et droitière. Le dernier chapitre est consacré aux métamatériaux pour la propagation en espace libre. Un régime de propagation gaucher, présentant de faibles pertes d'insertion dans la bande de fréquence 75-110 GHz, a pu être démontré à l'aide d'un premier prototype basé sur un réseau de lettres Ω. Un second prototype, conçu pour les bandes X (8-12 GHz) et Ku (12-18 GHz), a permis l'observation de régimes de réfraction positive, négative ou nulle avec une contiguïté des domaines de fréquence. Enfin, la dernière partie de ce chapitre est consacrée à l'analyse expérimentale, aux fréquences térahertz, d'une structure gauchère conçue pour l'incidence perpendiculaire aux plans des motifs. Cette structure est constituée par l'empilement de réseaux métalliques percés par des ouvertures sous-longueur d'onde.