Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:21:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Jacqueline (final).pdf: 503234 bytes, checksum: cbbe7d056e9c71e1218bf7062ca9a262 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Tibouchina papyrus is a Melastomataceae endemic to the Cerrado. It has a disjunct distribution, restricted to campos rupestres . Therefore, it can be considered a model species, helping guide Cerrado endemic plant studies. Thus, this study aimed to characterize genetic variability in microsatellite regions of T. papyrus genome and use spatial statistical analysis methods to assess genetic diversity and structure in disjunct populations. Individuals were georeferenced and leaf samples were taken from the localities of Serra dos Pirineus (216), Serra Dourada (66) and Serra de Natividade (192). In order to obtain the genotypes, we used ten microsatellite loci that were developed for T. papyrus. The locus showed a mean of 3,4 alleles and a large number of private alleles was detected (19 in total) at the populations studied. Values (f) significant were observed for two populations, indicating that populations not are following the proportions expected by Hardy-Weinberg. The global  value is significant and equal to 0.712, showing a high differentiation among the three populations studied. Thus, the three populations of T. papyrus can be treated as three different ESUs. Spatial genetic structure was weak for two populations, with low levels of SP. The low SGS corroborates the hypothesis that wind-dispersed species present no SGS due to long distance gene flow because of seed dispersal. This is plausible for T. papyrus, which is a wind-dispersed species. Despite the low intra-population SGS found in two populations, based on the relationship between kinship and distance, significant positive values were observed for the some distance class, indicating higher values for the relationship between these individuals. The intercept of the correlogram for each population may indicate the minimum distance where it is more likely that sampled individuals are less similar, which is an information applicable for the management of T. papyrus populations. Based on genetic data, it was evident that the three T. papyrus populations must be preserved, because each one contains a number of unique genetic variability that is not shared between them. Thus, theoretically it is possible to maintain the evolutionary potential of this species and to avoid local extinction in only three regions where it occurs. / Tibouchina papyrus é uma Melastomataceae endêmica do Cerrado que possui distribuição disjunta e restrita aos campos rupestres, com essas características peculiares ela pode ser considerada modelo de espécie, auxiliando em estudos de outras plantas do Cerrado que exibem o mesmo conjunto de características. Neste sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar a variabilidade genética existente em regiões microssatélites do genoma de T. papyrus e utilizar metodologias de análise estatística espacial para avaliar a diversidade e a estrutura genética nas três subpopulações disjuntas da espécie. Foram amostradas folhas e georreferenciados indivíduos nas Serras dos Pirineus (216) Serra Dourada (66) e Serra de Natividade (192). Para a obtenção dos genótipos foram utilizados dez locos microssatélites desenvolvidos para a espécie. Os dez locos produziram uma média de 3,4 alelos e foi detectado um grande número de alelos privados (19 no total) nas três subpopulações avaliadas. Foi observados valores de (f) significativos em duas subpopulações, indicando que estas subpopulações não estão seguindo as proporções esperadas para o equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. O valor global de θ foi significativo e igual a 0,712, apresentando uma altíssima divergência genética entre as subpopulações. Sendo assim, as três subpopulações de T. papyrus podem ser tratadas como três diferentes ESUs. A estrutura genética espacial intrapopulacional apresentou-se fraca em duas subpopulações, com baixos níveis de SP. A existência de autocorrelação espacial pouco intensa corrobora com a hipótese de que espécies com dispersão pelo vento não exiba esta estrutura, em função do fluxo gênico causado pela dispersão de sementes em longas distâncias. Isso é plausível para T. papyrus, que apresenta dispersão por anemocoria. Apesar da fraca EGE intrapopulacional encontrada em duas subpopulações, baseado nos correlogramas de parentesco, foram observados valores positivos e significativos nas primeiras classes de distância, indicando um maior grau de parentesco entre esses indivíduos. O intercepto do correlograma para cada uma das subpopulações pode indicar o distanciamento mínimo onde é mais provável amostrar indivíduos menos semelhantes, que é uma informação relevante para o manejo das subpopulações da espécie T. papyrus. Com base nos dados genéticos obtidos ficou evidente que as três subpopulações da espécie T. papyrus devem ser conservadas, pois cada uma contém uma quantidade de variabilidade genética única que não é compartilhada entre elas. Sendo assim, teoricamente torna-se possível a manutenção do potencial evolutivo da espécie e evita a extinção local nas três únicas regiões de ocorrência natural da espécie.

Namban screens are a well-known Japanese art form that was produced between the end of the 16th century and throughout the 17th century. More than 90 of these screens survive today. They possess substantial historical value because they display scenes of the first European activities in Japan. Among the subjects depicted on Namban screens, some of the most intriguing are ships: the European ships of the Age of Discovery. Namban screens were created by skillful Japanese traditional painters who had the utmost respect for detail, and yet the European ships they depicted are often anachronistic and strangely. On maps of the Age of Discovery, the author discovered representations of ships that are remarkably similar to the ships represented on the Namban screens. Considering the hypothesis that ships of some of the Namban screens are copies of ships represented on contemporary European cartography, the author realized that one particular historical event connecting Europe and Japan may be the source of these representations. This was the first visit of the Japanese Christian embassy, the Tensho Embassy, to Rome, in 1582. Its journey to Europe and its following visit to the Taiko, or first effective leader of Japan, Hideyoshi Toyotomi, may have been a trigger for the production of one of the most well-known Japanese artworks, the Namban screens.

Otto Ege cut apart hundreds of medieval manuscripts during the first half of the twentieth century, claiming to do so to provide wider access to them. His destruction resulted in the loss of provenance, material history, and context of these manuscripts. Moreover, he made mistakes when identifying and dating the manuscript leaves he cut, and the loss of the bindings and front matter of the manuscripts makes it difficult to correct these. Much of the research concerning Ege focuses on his identity as a biblioclast, yet even scholars who denounce his book-cutting admit he allowed for places and people to have access to these manuscripts that otherwise would not. In this thesis, I examine how place impacted not only Ege’s motivations to distribute medieval manuscript leaves, but how place further impacts the accessibility of these leaves to people of lower socio-economic status. By mapping the locations of Ege’s Fifty Original Leaves of Medieval Manuscripts portfolios against the percentage of the population with college degrees, I make the argument that Ege’s portfolios are not as accessible to underrepresented populations as they could be, because most of these portfolios are located at university special collections and archives. I draw on social and geographic theory to show that non-college educated people are less likely to visit a college campus than those who attended college. I then explore current scholarship in archives and special collections to show the importance of public outreach programs and how bridging the gap between university archives and special collections and public libraries or other community institutions can make Ege’s portfolios more accessible to a broader audience. I conclude that while Ege did irreparable damage to the historical value of these medieval manuscript leaves, they do indeed still have value in their ability to allow more people to learn from and appreciate them. Ege’s vision of democratizing medieval book history may not have been perfect, but with the damage done, we can move in a more positive direction so as not to waste the potential benefits of these portfolios.

Cette étude comporte deux parties, la première concerne l'analyse des arômes et des flavonoïdes sur deux fruits insulaires et la deuxième est consacrée à l'étude du risque encouru par le personnel intervenant lors d'un feu de forêt. Ces deux thèmes correspondent à une attente au niveau des différents protagonistes et s'inscrivent dans le cadre de différents projets auquel le laboratoire est associé. La première partie concerne l'analyse des composés volatils et des flavonoïdes d'un hybride du genre Citrus ainsi que des baies du myrte commun. En Corse, la production annuelle des clémentines est importante, elle constitue le premier produit d'exportation ; les baies du myrte sont utilisées dans l'élaboration des liqueurs et des vins. Ces deux fruits constituent une dynamique économique importante dans l'île. Les arômes sont des substances responsables des propriétés organoleptiques d'une denrée alimentaire. Nous avons identifiés 44 composés volatils dans les jus de clémentine, de mandarine et des hybrides. Les molécules les plus abondantes sont les monoterpènes hydrocarbonés dont principalement le limonène et le -terpinène. Les flavonoïdes sont des substances à fort potentiel antioxydant, nous avons déterminé deux flavones polyméthoxylées et trois flavanones glycosides. Les baies du myrte sont caractérisées par 36 composés volatils avec majoritairement de l'-pinène, de l'eucalyptol, du cis hex-3-èn-1-ol et par 14 composés phénoliques parmi lesquels, la myricétine et ses dérivés glycosides sont les plus abondants. La deuxième partie présente une autre préoccupation de l'île durant la saison estivale, il s'agit des feux de forêt. Chaque année, des milliers d'hectares de forêt brûlent en Europe et plus précisément dans le bassin méditerranéen. L'observation des phénomènes d'embrasement généralisé a été reportée mais le mécanisme reste mal défini. Le but de ce travail est de connaître les molécules terpéniques émises par cinq végétaux représentatifs du couvert végétal Corse à savoir le pin laricio et le pin maritime, le ciste de Montpellier, la bruyère arborescente et l'arbousier. Il s'agit dans un premier de temps de valider la possibilité d'une inflammation subite d'une poche de gaz de composés organiques volatils biogéniques (COVb). Les analyses réalisées montrent que l'-pinène est le composé majoritaire dans les pins, ce sont les diterpènes qui sont les plus émis par le ciste de Montpellier. Ensuite, nous nous sommes intéressés aux émissions de polluants dues aux feux de végétation et à leur pouvoir toxique sur le personnel intervenant. Pour cela, nous analysons les molécules présentes dans les fumées et nous dosons les BTEX (benzène, toluène, éthylbenzène et xylènes) puis nous les comparons aux valeurs limites d'exposition (VLE). Nous avons démontré que la concentration en benzène est supérieure à la VLE, les pompiers seraient donc exposés à un environnement toxique.

Les pompiers méditerranéens sont confrontés à des embrasements soudains de la végétation (AFF) dont les mécanismes ne sont pas encore bien compris. La végétation étant l'unique combustible, nous nous sommes penchés sur les gaz qui en proviennent. Nous avons d’abord étudié la dégradation thermique de quatre Composés Organiques Volatils biogéniques (COVb) à l'aide d'une pyrolyse flash et d'un four tubulaire. À partir de cette étude et de la littérature, nous avons choisi un mélange d'étude afin expérimenter ses propriétés de combustion. Nous avons ainsi déterminé l'Énergie Minimale d’Inflammation (EMI) et la vitesse fondamentale de flamme de mélanges d'α-pinène/benzène qui sont respectivement les principaux COV détectés dans les plantes et dans les fumées de feux de forêt. Le dernier chapitre concerne l'étude stationnaire de l'accumulation de gaz dans des vallées à partir d'une maquette de forêt 1/400ème disposée dans une soufflerie. / Mediterranean firefighters cope with powerful accelerations of forest fires (AFF) whose mechanisms are not very well understood. Vegetation is the only fuel of forest fire, then we studied the gases coming from them. First, we studied the thermal degradation of four Biogenic Volatil Organic Compounds (BVOCs) thanks to a flash pyrolysis and a tubular oven. From this study and literature, we chose a representative VOC mixture to study its combustion properties. We determined Minimal Ignition Energy (MIE) and its laminar burning speed of mixtures of α-pinene/benzene that are respectively the main VOC detected in vegetation and forest fire smoke. The last chapter experiment the steady-state gas accumulation above a 1/400 V-shaped forest model.