Submitted by Ubirajara Cruz (ubirajara.cruz@gmail.com) on 2017-05-12T16:34:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Raulene_Lobo.pdf: 1126014 bytes, checksum: 21add1be01d589b0f84ebea48c02f60d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-05-12T21:23:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Raulene_Lobo.pdf: 1126014 bytes, checksum: 21add1be01d589b0f84ebea48c02f60d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T21:23:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Raulene_Lobo.pdf: 1126014 bytes, checksum: 21add1be01d589b0f84ebea48c02f60d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Os ovos embrionados de codorna podem ser utilizados para inoculação de diversos tipos de vírus, por diferentes vias, assim como técnicas já conhecidas e aplicadas em ovos embrionados de galinha (Gallus domesticus) com algumas adequações. Podem ser atribuídas vantagens a esse processo, tais como: custo menor de produção, redução do tempo de incubação, necessidade de menor espaço físico e, talvez a mais importante, ser de uma espécie diferente do Gallus domesticus e desta forma não ser portadora de antígenos e anticorpos de interesse na avicultura comercial moderna, não interferindo no diagnóstico e na replicação viral. Para avaliar o potencial de replicação viral, foram utilizados 351 ovos embrionados de codorna de casca branca (Coturnix coturnix japonica) da linhagem NISSEI e amostras dos vírus que acometem aves (vírus da doença de Newcastle, vírus da varíola aviária e vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas) e também em outras espécies como vírus da influenza equina. Nos ovos inoculados com o vírus de Newcastle foi coletado o liquido alantoíde para a realização do teste de HA, que apresentou melhor resultado no tempo de 72 horas com o volume de 100μl. Na inoculação do vírus da varíola aviária foram coletadas as membranas corioalantoídes para analisar as les es po e an lise histopatol gica, sendo que todos os volumes utilizados (20, 40, 80 e 100μl) apresentaram lesões características desta enfermidade. Nos vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas, de todos os volumes utilizados, somente o de 40μl produziu lesões no embrião, como nanismo e enrolamento. A replicação do vírus influenza equina, assim como aconteceu com o VDN, foi dependente da concentração e o tempo de incubação, sendo o melhor tempo o intervalo de 48 horas, utilizando o volume de 40μl. Os ovos embrionados de codornas de casca branca também foram utilizados para testar a viabilidade de uso em cultivo primário de fibroblastos, sendo que os mesmos permaneceram viáveis após quatro passagens in vitro. Este modelo biológico foi eficiente para replicação do vírus da doença de Newcastle, vírus da varíola aviária, vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas e vírus da influenza equina. Estes embriões se mostraram aptos também para serem utilizados em cultivo primário de fibroblastos. / Quail embryonated eggs may be used for inoculation of several viruses by different ways, like the well-known techniques used in embryonated chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs with some light adjustments. Some advantages may be assigned to this process like: lower production costs, reduction in incubation time, no need for large spaces and, maybe the most important one, for being a different species of Gallus domesticus and so, not carrying antigens and antibodies of interest for modern commercial poultry, it does not interfere in the diagnose or in the viral replication. To assess the viral replication potential, we used a total of 351 embryonated quail eggs of white eggshell type (Coturnix coturnix japonica) NISSEI lineage and samples of virus that affect birds (Newcastle disease virus, avipoxvirus and infectious bronchitis chickens and also, some other species like the equine influenza virus.From the eggs inoculated with Newcastle virus it was collected the allantois fluid to perform HA test which presented the better result for 72 hours period and a volume of 100μl. From the inoculation with Fowl pox we collected the chorioallantoic membrane o analyze both pox lesions and for histopathological analysis, all considered volumes (20, 40, 80 e 100μl) presented the disease characteristic lesions. For the Chicken Infectious Bronchitis Virus, from all considered volumes used only the 40μl volume produced embryo lesion like dwarfism and winding. The Equine Influenza Virus replication similar to what was observed with NDV was concentration and incubation time dependent, being the best result achieved for a 48 hours interval using a 40μl volume. White Shell quail embryonated eggs were also used to test its viability for primary cultures of fibroblasts and it was verified that they remain viable after four passages in vitro. This biological model demonstrated efficient for virus replication of Newcastle Disease, Fowl Pox, infectious bronchitis chickens and for equine influenza virus. These embryos also proved suitable for use in primary fibroblasts culture.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2015-02-04T11:56:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Janaina da Silva Moreira - 2014.pdf: 1793543 bytes, checksum: 37e407681b75dd53d1426f289a184ab9 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-02-05T14:23:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Janaina da Silva Moreira - 2014.pdf: 1793543 bytes, checksum: 37e407681b75dd53d1426f289a184ab9 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-05T14:23:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Janaina da Silva Moreira - 2014.pdf: 1793543 bytes, checksum: 37e407681b75dd53d1426f289a184ab9 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / We conducted this study in order to analyze the supplementation of standardized plant extracts of Stryphnodendron and Pacari in the diet of laying hens over performance, internal and external egg quality and nutrients metabolizing in the feed. The experiment was conducted in the experimental aviary of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science School - UFG. The plant extracts of Stryphnodendron and Pacari were processed in the Laboratory of Natural Products Research of the Pharmacy School of the Federal University of Goiás and presented respectively 5,95% and 4,52% of total tannins. The experimental design was completely randomized with six treatments and seven replications. The treatments were prepared diets with inclusion of performance enhancing antibiotic Halquinol, prebiotic Mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) and three supplements of Stryphnodendron and Pacari extracts – 1.000 mg/kg, 2.000 mg/kg and 3.000 mg/kg diet.168 Isa Brown hens at 24 weeks of age were used. The experiment lasted for four periods of 28 days each. At the end of each period, the performance and internal and external egg quality were evaluated, and at the end of the last period, the metabolic assay was held. The crude extract of Stryphnodendron did not alter growth performance, although it improved the percentage of shell and egg specific gravity. The metabolizable ether extract was maximized when included 2.000 mg/kg and 3.000 mg/kg. Diets added of 1.000 and 2.000 mg/kg of Pacari extract reduced production and egg mass. The egg mass and specific gravity showed better results at all levels of inclusion of this extract. The metabolizability of the diet nutrients did not change. The inclusion of Pacari extract supplementation on 1.000 mg/kg was effective in replacing antibiotics in diets for laying hens. Supplementation with plant extract of Stryphnodendron did not alter the productive performance, but improved the percentage of shell in all levels of supplementation, and egg specific gravity, in supplementing 2.000 mg/kg diet. The coefficient of metabolizable ether extract improved in the supplementation levels of 2.000 and 3.000 mg/kg of extract Stryphnodendron. Supplementation with 2.000 and 3.000 mg/kg of Stryphnodendron extract levels of 2000 and 3000 mg/kg is an alternative to the use of performance enhancing antibiotic. The extract supplement Pacari reduced egg weight, although all used levels have increased eggshell percentage and egg specific gravity. All levels supplementation of Pacari extract promoted metabolization coefficient of ether extract similar to the diets supplemented with MOS and halquinol. Supplementation with Pacari extract level 1.000 mg/kg was satisfactory in replacing antibiotics in diets of laying hens. / Realizou-se o presente trabalho com o intuito de analisar a suplementação de extratos vegetais padronizados de barbatimão e pacari na ração de poedeiras comerciais sobre o desempenho, a qualidade interna e externa de ovos e a metabolização dos nutrientes da ração. O experimento foi realizado no aviário experimental da Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UFG. Os extratos vegetais de barbatimão e pacari foram processados no Laboratório de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Goiás e apresentaram respectivamente 5,95% e 4,52% de taninos totais. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e sete repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram rações elaboradas com inclusão de antibiótico melhorador de desempenho Halquinol, prebiótico Mananoligossacarídeo (MOS) e três suplementações de extratos de barbatimão e pacari – 1.000 mg/kg, 2.000 mg/kg e 3.000 mg/kg de ração. Foram utilizadas 168 poedeiras da linhagem Isa Brown com 24 semanas de idade. O experimento teve duração de quatro períodos de 28 dias cada. Ao final de cada período avaliou-se o desempenho e a qualidade interna e externa de ovos, e ao final do último período realizou-se o ensaio metabólico. O extrato bruto de barbatimão não alterou o desempenho produtivo, embora tenha melhorado a porcentagem de casca e a gravidade específica dos ovos. A metabolizabilidade do extrato etéreo foi maximizada quando incluído 2.000 mg/kg e 3.000 mg/kg. As dietas adicionadas de 1.000 e 2.000 mg/kg de extrato de pacari reduziram a produção e a massa de ovos. A massa de ovos, bem como a gravidade específica apresentou melhores resultados em todos os níveis de inclusão desse extrato. A metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes da dieta não sofreu alteração. A inclusão do extrato de pacari na suplementação 1.000 mg/kg foi eficaz na substituição ao antibiótico em rações de poedeiras. A suplementação com extrato vegetal de barbatimão não alterou o desempenho produtivo das aves, mas melhorou a porcentagem de casca, em todos os níveis de suplementação, e a gravidade específica dos ovos, na suplementação 2.000 mg/kg de ração. O coeficiente de metabolizabilidade do extrato etéreo melhorou nos níveis de suplementação de 2.000 e 3.000 mg/kg de extrato de barbatimão. A suplementação com 2.000 e 3.000 mg/kg do extrato de barbatimão nos níveis 2.000 e 3.000 mg/kg é uma alternativa à utilização de antibiótico melhorador de desempenho. A suplementação com extrato de pacari reduziu o peso do ovo, embora, todos os níveis utilizados tenham aumentado a porcentagem de casca e a gravidade específica dos ovos. Todos os níveis de suplementação do extrato de pacari promoveram coeficiente de metabolizabilidade do extrato etéreo semelhante às dietas suplementadas com halquinol e MOS. A suplementação com o extrato de pacari no nível 1.000 mg/kg foi satisfatória na substituição ao antibiótico em rações de poedeiras comerciais.

Entre as biotécnicas da reprodução, a inseminação artificial (IA) é a que proporciona maior amplitude de resultados nos programas de melhoramento genético animal. A adequada seleção dos atributos produtivos e reprodutivos de fêmeas e principalmente dos machos é a base essencial para a maximização do potencial dessa técnica. O sêmen para IA pode ser fresco, fresco diluído, refrigerado e congelado. Os diluidores têm papel fundamental na expansão do volume seminal, permitindo seu fracionamento na preservação do sêmen no processo de refrigeração, eles devem ser atóxicos, ter pH e pressão osmótica compatíveis com a sobrevivência espermática, de baixo custo e fácil preparo. Sendo assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a conservação de sêmen ovino resfriado com diluente de Kenney (K) ou diluente de Kenney mais gema de ovo (KG) por até 48 horas. Foram utilizados quatro carneiros, sendo feitas 40 colheitas. Logo após o sêmen era dividido em duas alíquotas uma com o diluente de K e outra alíquota com diluente de KG. As amostras foram resfriadas à 10ºC. As análises subjetivas usuais foram feitas nos tempos 0, 24 e 48 horas. Estas análises incluíram turbilhonamento, motilidade e vigor. Foram feitas também análises de testes funcionais como a avaliação da integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal através das colorações de eosina-nigrosina e técnica da coloração Fast Green / Rosa Bengala (POPE, 1991) respectivamente, avaliação da atividade citoquímica mitocondrial através da coloração de diaminobenzidina (DAB) e avaliação da susceptibilidade do espermatozóide ao estresse oxidativo através da avaliação dos níveis de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico após a incubação com sistema gerador constituído de sulfato de ferro e ascorbato. Neste trabalho o tempo afetou significativamente a motilidade e o vigor espermático, caindo de 79,16±1,41 para 40,25±2,55 após 48hs e de 3,92±0,06, para 2,57±0,10 após 48hs respectivamente. O tempo influenciou também a integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal, fazendo com que houvesse uma queda gradativa nas integridades (0hs=95,75±0,36, 24hs=90,69±0,99, 48hs=86,11±1,45) e (0hs=90,34±0,80, 24hs=84,33±1,30, 48hs=76.67±1,69) respectivamente. Foi possível observar também que ao longo do tempo houve uma diminuição da atividade mitocondrial e um aumento nas espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), que diferiu do tempo 0hs para o tempo 48hs (807,42±39.22 e 937,76 ± 41,87). Verificou-se ainda que o meio K apresentou maiores valores de vigor do que o meio KG (p=0,0144), e que o meio K foi capaz de preservar melhor a atividade mitocondrial P=0,0005. A concentração de TBARS no diluente K correlacionou-se negativamente com as variáveis motilidade, vigor, integridade de membrana plasmática e acrossomal. No diluente KG as correlações do TBARS e DAB III foram positiva (r=0,35), demonstrando que quanto maior a quantidade de células com baixa atividade mitocondrial, maior a concentração de TBARS. Foi também encontrada uma correlação negativa entre a variável integridade de acrossomo (ACRO) e TBARS (r=-0,40; P=0,0001), mostrando que quanto menor a porcentagem de células com acrossomo integro, maior a concentração de substancias reativas ao acido tiobarbitúrico. Concluindo que o diluente K foi eficaz em preservar as características seminais de ovino por até 48 horas e que a adição da gema de ovo ao diluente de Kenney não foi capaz de melhorar estas características. / Among the reproductive biotechniques routinely used in animal production, the artificial insemination (AI) is known to provide a greater gain in genetic improvement programs. The adequate selection of female and especially male productive and reproductive traits is the keystone to maximize the potential of this technique. Semen used for AI can be used fresh diluted or not, chilled and frozen. An essential role is played by semen extenders on volume expansion, allowing not only the fractioning in multiple insemination doses, but also the maintenance of sperm fertilizing potential. Therefore, for semen fractioning, chilling or cryopreservation, extenders are required to be atoxic, must maintain pH and osmolarity compatible to the sperm survival, and should be preferably inexpensive and easy to prepare. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate chilled ram semen using the Kenney extender (K) of the Kenney extender with egg yolk (KG) for 48 h. Forty ejaculates of four rams were (n=40) were used. Samples were equally divided into two aliquots and extended in K extender and KG extender. Samples were chilled at 10ºC and evaluated immediately after chilling (0h), 24 and 48 h later. These analyses included gross motility (swirl pattern), individual motility and vigor. Functional test analyses such as evaluation of plasma membrane integrity using the eosin-nigrosin staining technique, acrosome integrity using the fast green / bengal rose staining method (POPE, 1991), mitochondrial cytochemical activity evaluation utilizing diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining and assessment of sperm susceptibility to the oxidative stress based the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances after the incubation with ferrous sulphate and ascorbate (TBARS) were performed. In this study, a significant influence of chilling period was found for spermatic motility and vigor dropping from 79.16±1.41 to 40.25±2.55 after 48 hours and from 3.92±0.06 to 2.57±0.10 after 48 hours, respectively. Time also negatively influenced the integrity of plasma and acrosomal membrane (0hr=95.75±0.36, 24hrs=90.69±0.99, 48hrs=86.11±1.45; and 0hr=90.34±0.80, 24hrs=84.33±1.30, 48hrs=76.67±1.69, respectively). Also, during the course of time there was a decrease in mitochondrial activity and an increase in TBARS, with an increase from moment 0 to 48 hrs (807.42 ± 39.22 and 937.76 ± 41.87). It was also found that the medium K had greater values of vigor than the medium KG (p=0.0144), and that the medium K was capable of better preserve mitochondrial activity (P=0.0005). A negative correlation was found between the TBARS concentration with motility and vigor and plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity when samples were stored with the extender K. In the KG extender, the TBARS and DAB III correlations were positive (r=0, 35) indicating that showing that the greater the number of cells with low mitochondrial activity, the higher the TBARS concentration. Also, a negative correlation between the acrosomal integrity variable (ACRO) and TBARS (r=-0, 40; P=0,0001) was found, which demonstrates that the lower the percentage of cells with intact acrosomal, the higher the susceptibility to the oxidative stress. Therefore, results indicated that the K extender was effective in preserve the seminal characteristics of ovine for 48 hours and the addition of egg yolk to kenney extender was not capable of improving such characteristics.

A grande demanda por proteína animal e a importância que a criação bovina exerce sobre a economia nacional, vêm exigindo eficientes sistemas de produção. A preservação e disseminação da genética do rebanho bovino dependem de biotecnologias como a criopreservação espermática, inseminação artificial e fertilização in vitro. No entanto, atualmente muito tem sido discutido sobre o uso da gema de ovo nos diluidores seminais. Pois apresentam variabilidade em sua composição e risco de contaminação microbiológica. Em contrapartida, apesar dos diluidores sintetizados com lecitina de soja não fornecerem esses riscos, seus resultados não são muito satisfatórios na criopreservação espermática bovina. Com base na hipótese de que a suplementação do diluidor seminal à base de lecitina de soja com antioxidantes, preserve as características das células espermáticas de maneira tão eficiente quanto à gema de ovo, o objetivo do presente experimento foi comparar o efeito do diluidor à base de gema de ovo com o diluidor à base de lecitina de soja (com e sem antioxidantes), sobre a manutenção da funcionalidade e fertilidade de amostras espermáticas bovinas criopreservadas. Para tal, foram utilizadas amostras seminais de 20 touros Brangus, cujas colheitas foram realizadas pelo método de eletroejaculação e as amostras foram diluídas em 4 grupos de diluidores: LElecitina de soja (sem a adição de antioxidantes); LAlecitina de soja suplementada com ácido ascórbico (AA, 4,5mM); LS lecitina de soja suplementada com superóxido dismutase (SOD, 60UI/mL) e GOgema de ovo (sem adição de antioxidantes). O sêmen foi então, criopreservado de maneira automatizada. As amostras foram descongeladas e analisadas quanto aos testes laboratoriais de motilidade computadorizada do espermatozóide (CASA); integridade de membrana plasmática (eosina/nigrosina); integridade de membrana acrossomal (fast Green/ rosa bengala); atividade citoquímica mitocondrial (DAB); susceptibilidade do DNA à desnaturação (SCSA); índice de estresse oxidativo induzido (TBARS). Além disso, foram realizados testes para verificar o potencial de fertilidade das amostras espermáticas criopreservadas. A fertilidade in vivo foi realizada pela técnica de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF), utilizando 450 fêmeas bovinas, seguido de exame ultrassonográfico para avaliação de prenhez. Teste de fertilidade in vitro, foi realizado pela técnica de produção in vitro de embriões (PIV) com o uso de ovários de frigoríficos, a classificação do desenvolvimento embrionário e a avaliação da motilidade espermática foram promovidas no decorrer do processo. Os resultados demonstraram que o diluidor LE apresentou efeito na proteção espermática de maneira semelhante ao diluidor GO. No entanto a suplementação desse primeiro com antioxidantes é uma alternativa para melhorar ainda mais esse processo, já que a taxa de prenhez obtida nos grupos LA e LS é satisfatória em um programa de IATF. Ainda o grupo LS foi o que apresentou melhores resultados no processo de PIV. Concluindo que o diluidor à base de lecitina de soja suplementado com o antioxidante superóxido dismutase seria uma opção para a substituição definitiva dos diluidores sintetizados com gema de ovo. / Due to the great demand for animal protein and the importance that bovine breeding exert on national economy, efficient production systems have been required. Cattle genetics preservation and dissemination depend on reproductive biotechnologies such as sperm cryopreservation, artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization. However, the use of egg yolk-based extender is under discussion nowadays, once there is great variability in its composition and risks of bacteriological contamination. On the other hand, despite soybean lecithin-based extenders do not present these risks, satisfactory results, after bovine sperm cryopreservation, have not been reached yet. Based on the hypothesis that soybean lecithinbased extender supplemented with antioxidants, preserve the sperm cell characteristics so efficient as egg yolk does, the aim of the present experiment was to compare the effects of egg yolk-based extender and soybean lecithin-based extender (with and without antioxidants), on functionality and fertility maintenance of bovine cryopreserved sperm samples. For this, seminal samples from 20 Brangus bulls were used, collects were realized by eletroejaculation method and samples were diluted in 4 extenders group: LE-soybean lecithin-based extender (without antioxidant supplementation); LA- soybean lecithin supplemented with ascorbic acid (AA, 4,5mM); LS- soybean lecithin supplemented with superoxide dismutase (SOD, 60UI/mL) and GO-egg yolk-based extender (without antioxidant supplementation). Then, semen was cryopreserved by automatic method. Samples were thawed and analyzed by laboratorial tests such as computer assisted semen analysis (CASA); plasma membrane integrity (eosin/nigrosin); acrosome membrane integrity (fast green/ rose bengal); mitochondrial cytochemical activity (DAB); susceptibility of chromatin denaturation (SCSA); induced oxidative stress index (TBARS). Furthermore, tests for fertility potential of cryopreserved semen samples were performed. In vivo fertility was accessed by timed artificial insemination (TAI), 450 bovine females were inseminated, and ultrasonographical exam was realized for pregnancy detection. In vitro fertility test was accessed by embryo in vitro production (IVP), ovaries from slaughterhouses were used, embryo development classification and sperm motility were promoted during the process. Results indicate that sperm protection is similar between LE and GO extenders. However the antioxidant supplementation of soybean lecithin-based extender is a great alternative to improve the process of sperm protection, since pregnancy rate of LA and LS groups was satisfactory for a TAI program. Besides, LS group presented the best results on IVP process. In conclusion, soybean lecithin-based extender supplemented with superoxide dismutase would be a better option for a definite replacement of egg yolk-based extender for sperm bovine cryopreservation.

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com um total de 416 poedeiras Hisex White, com os objetivos de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis dietários de proteína bruta (PB) e de lisina (LIS) sobre as características de desempenho, qualidade interna dos ovos e determinar o balanço e o coeficiente de metabolizabilidade aparente do nitrogênio (Experimento 1) e avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis dietários de LIS e metionina (MET) sobre o desempenho, qualidade interna dos ovos e propriedades funcionais dos componentes dos ovos (Experimento 2). No Experimento 1, foram utilizadas 160 poedeiras alojadas individualmente e submetidas ao delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, com os fatores: níveis de PB (12%, 14%, 16% e 18%) e de LIS (0,85% e 1,00%), totalizando oito tratamentos com cinco repetições de quatro aves cada. No Experimento 2, foram utilizadas 256 poedeiras alojadas individualmente e submetidas ao DIC em arranjo fatorial 4x4, com os fatores: níveis de LIS (0,482%, 0,682%, 0,882% e 1,082%) e de MET (0,225%, 0,318%, 0,411% e 0,505%), totalizando 16 tratamentos com quatro repetições de quatro aves cada. O desempenho foi avaliado por meio das características consumos de ração (CR), lisina (CLIS), metionina (CMET), proteína bruta (CPB) e de energia (CE), peso (PO), produção (PROD) e massa de ovos (MO), e conversão alimentar (CA). As características CPB, PO e MO tiveram respostas linear crescente. A qualidade interna dos ovos foi avaliada por meio das características peso e porcentagens de albúmen (ALB%) e gema (GEM%), e unidade Haugh (UH). A ALB% apresentou diferença significativa com resposta linear crescente. Em ambos experimentos, a qualidade dos ovos armazenados foi mensurada pelas características UH, PO e altura de albúmen, as quais apresentaram melhores resultados quando os ovos foram conservados em ambiente refrigerado. No entanto, independente do ambiente, a qualidade dos ovos piorou com o aumento do tempo de armazenamento. Respostas máximas das análises de proteína, sólidos totais, viscosidade e pH dos componentes albúmen e gema, foram obtidas quando as aves foram alimentadas com a concentração média de 15,33% de PB na dieta. No Experimento 1, após o término do período experimental foram realizadas coletas das excretas por um período de três dias para cálculo do balanço de nitrogênio, sendo observado aumento significativo da ingestão e excreção de nitrogênio conforme o incremento de PB na dieta. No experimento 2, as características CR, CMET, CE, PROD, PO e MO apresentaram resposta máxima quando as aves foram alimentadas com as concentrações dietárias médias de 0,870% de LIS e de 0,450% de MET. A classificação dos ovos por tipo e as características de qualidade interna e externa dos ovos não sofreram influência dos diferentes níveis dietários de MET e LIS. As propriedades funcionais dos componentes albúmen e gema foram avaliadas por meio da qualidade do cozimento com a confecção de bolos tipos Angel e Sponge cakes, a qual não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos. Conclui-se que níveis médios de 15,33% de PB, 0,450% de MET e 0,870% de LIS satisfazem as exigências das poedeiras para as características avaliadas. / Four hundred sixteen Hisex White hens were used to evaluate the effects of different dietary levels of crude protein (CP) and lysine (LYS) on performance, internal egg quality and to determine the nitrogen balance and its apparent metabolizability coefficient (Experiment 1), and to evaluate the effects of different dietary levels of LYS and methionine (MET) on performance, internal egg quality and functional properties of egg components (Experiment 2). One hundred sixty hens were randomly distributed in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme: CP levels (12%, 14%, 16% and 18%) and LYS levels (0,85% and 1,00%) totalizing eight treatments with five replicates of four birds each (Experiment 1). Two hundred fifty six hens were randomly distributed in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme: LYS levels (0,482%, 0,682%, 0,882% and 1,082%) and MET levels (0,225%, 0,318%, 0,411% and 0,505%) totalizing sixteen treatments with four replicates of four birds each (Experiment 2). Several characteristics were evaluated such as performance: intakes of feed, LYS, MET, CP and energy, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and feed conversion; internal egg quality: weight and percentages of egg albumen and egg yolk, Haugh unit; quality of storaged eggs: Haugh unit, egg weight and albumen height; analyses of concentrations of protein, total solids, viscosity and pH of the egg components. The characteristics intake of CP, egg weight, egg mass, and albumen percent showed positive and linear response. In both experiments, the quality of storaged eggs was better when eggs were storaged in refrigerated environment than natural environment. However, irrespective of the environment, the internal egg quality was impaired as the time of storage was increased. Maximum responses for analyses of protein, total solids, viscosity, and pH of albumen and yolk were obtained when hens were fed diets containing 15,33% of CP. In the Experiment 1, after the experimental period, another assay was carried out to determine the nitrogen balance by using total excreta procedure during a three-day period. It was observed increase of intake and excretion of nitrogen as the content of CP in the diet was increased. In the Experiment 2, feed intake, MET intake, energy intake, egg production, egg weight, and egg mass showed maximum responses when hens were fed diets containing 0,870% of LYS and 0,450% of MET. Egg grading, internal and external egg quality characteristics were not influenced by the different dietary levels of MET and LYS. The functional properties of egg components (cooking quality by making Angel and Sponge cakes) were not affected by the treatments. It was concluded that hens fed diets containing 15,33% of CP, 0,450% of MET, and 0,870% of LYS show optimum performance, internal and external egg quality.

No description available.

Microbial infection of eggs was originally investigated in terms of human health only. Recently, however, it was found that it can also cause early embryo mortality in birds, mainly through trans-shell infection prior to incubation. Trans-shell infection is highly dependent upon environmental conditions, egg temperature and egg properties such as shell quality and antimicrobial defences. Microbial infection of eggs is more likely to occur in synchronously incubating species as first laid eggs can be exposed for up to several days prior to full incubation. One example of a population that seems at particular risk of egg microbial infection is New Zealand’s little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) from Tiritiri Matangi Island. This bird lays two eggs on average three days apart, and is believed to begin full incubation only after the second egg has been laid. Both eggs are laid in particularly humid and soiled nests and contain only low levels of lysozyme, an important antimicrobial protein. The aims of this study were therefore to 1) obtain a first examination of the rates of shell and trans-shell microbial infection of chicken eggs in New Zealand and assess the effects of cleaning on those rates, 2) investigate the role of microbes in hatching failure of little blue penguin eggs and 3) investigate other factors affecting little blue penguin egg viability. This study revealed that shell infection in chicken eggs significantly increased with exposure and significantly decreased with cleaning; however, trans-shell infection was only marginally affected by exposure and cleaning. On Tiritiri Matangi Island, Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand, nest type, egg order and shell cleaning did not affect hatching success, suggesting that nest conditions and microbial infection prior to incubation were not a major cause of egg mortality in this population. Temporary abandonment during incubation, however, was very frequent in the second half of the breeding season and fatal to most eggs. These temporary abandonments seemed to be caused by resource limitations, an aspect that should be investigated in future studies.

<p>Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) is the major antibody found in eggs from chicken (Gallus domesticus). IgY can be used as an alternative to mammalian antibodies normally used in research, and its use in immunotherapy has recently been proposed. Compared to mammalian antibodies, IgY possesses several biochemical advantages and its simple purification from egg yolk prevents a stressful moment in animal handling, as no bleeding is necessary. </p><p>Small amount of antigen (1 mg) can be used to elicit an immune response in chickens and there are low intra-individual differences regarding antibody concentration found in yolk. By studying two chicken breeds and their cross, a genetic correlation was shown regarding the IgY concentration, which implies a possibility by breeding to increase IgY concentrations. By using IgY instead of goat antibody as capture antibody in ELISA, it is possible reduce interferences by complement activation. After oral administration of IgY to healthy volunteers, IgY activity was present in saliva 8 hours later, indicating a protective effect. This effect has been studied in an open clinical trial with cystic fibrosis patients. Specific IgY against Pseudomonas aeruginosa given orally prolongs the time of intermittent colonization by six months, decrease the number of positive colonizations and might be a useful complement to antibiotic treatment. Immunoglobulin therapy may diminish the development of antibiotic resistant microorganisms. The use of immunoglobulin therapy broadens the arsenal available to combat pathogens in medicine and IgY is a promising candidate, both as an alternative to antibiotics and as a useful tool in research and diagnostics.</p>

<p>Female reproductive decisions have been suggested to be highly influenced by mate quality. I have studied whether offspring quality may be adjusted by females to match the attractiveness of males and how strong control females have over their reproductive investment focusing on egg size. This was done in the Banggai cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni), a sex-role reversed obligate paternal mouthbrooder where males invest heavily into reproduction. As this species is suitable for both laboratory experiments and field studies it is an ideal candidate for the study of reproductive investment. </p><p>Mating was size-assortative and both males and females benefited from pairing with large partners. However, male size determined the reproductive output of a pair. Females courted large males more intensively and produced larger, but not fewer eggs when mated to large males as compared to small males. Further, this matching of egg size to mate attractiveness may be fast. Female courtship behaviours contained honest information regarding both clutch weight and egg maturity, traits that may be highly important for male mate choice. Surprisingly, males played an important part in territory defence suggesting relatively equal sex-roles in this species. Also, this species showed stable group structures which may be important for the evolution of female plasticity in reproductive investment due to high variance in quality of available mates. </p><p>This thesis suggest that females have a remarkable control over their reproductive investments and that male quality may be highly influential on reproductive decisions regarding offspring quality. Furthermore, it suggest that sexual selection may have strong effects on the evolution of egg size and parental care on a whole.</p>

Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) is the major antibody found in eggs from chicken (Gallus domesticus). IgY can be used as an alternative to mammalian antibodies normally used in research, and its use in immunotherapy has recently been proposed. Compared to mammalian antibodies, IgY possesses several biochemical advantages and its simple purification from egg yolk prevents a stressful moment in animal handling, as no bleeding is necessary. Small amount of antigen (1 mg) can be used to elicit an immune response in chickens and there are low intra-individual differences regarding antibody concentration found in yolk. By studying two chicken breeds and their cross, a genetic correlation was shown regarding the IgY concentration, which implies a possibility by breeding to increase IgY concentrations. By using IgY instead of goat antibody as capture antibody in ELISA, it is possible reduce interferences by complement activation. After oral administration of IgY to healthy volunteers, IgY activity was present in saliva 8 hours later, indicating a protective effect. This effect has been studied in an open clinical trial with cystic fibrosis patients. Specific IgY against Pseudomonas aeruginosa given orally prolongs the time of intermittent colonization by six months, decrease the number of positive colonizations and might be a useful complement to antibiotic treatment. Immunoglobulin therapy may diminish the development of antibiotic resistant microorganisms. The use of immunoglobulin therapy broadens the arsenal available to combat pathogens in medicine and IgY is a promising candidate, both as an alternative to antibiotics and as a useful tool in research and diagnostics.