Egyptian campaign of 1798 led by general Bonaparte had an important impact on the European culture in the end of 18th century and begining of the 19th century. Also the campaign itself was strongly reflected in period art and print. Main goal of my diploma is to compare the visual appereance and thought of the caricature created mainly by the english authors on this matter, with official French propaganda under Napoleon which is visible in art of Antoine-Jean Gros' painting: Napoleon visiting the sick in Jaffa. In both cases these are distinctive illustrations of political function of art, which, mainly in the era of Napoleon I., gained new authenticity for the future evolution of political propaganda and caricature.

Ancient Egypt is renowned for its extensive use of beauty products, but the image of Ancient Egypt modern media presents to consumers today barely expresses the importance of these products and practices. This paper details the production, application process, and function of these products and describes their importance in relation to modern society. The four functions of cosmetics (Religion, Aesthetics, Status, Health) are used to examine why beauty rituals are important to the Egyptian society, and modern beauty trends are contrasted with those of Ancient Egypt. Culture and industry movements and their catalysts explain the connection between past and present beauty ideals and standards. Overall, this paper determines Ancient Egypt’s profound impact on the modern beauty culture.

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The present study of the Abu Roash and Bahariya formations in well GPTSW-7 refines our understanding of the subsurface Cretaceous of the north Western Desert of Egypt. Our investigations are based on the palynological analyses of 71 cuttings samples, of which 24 have also been analyzed for geochemistry, in addition to 3 sidewall cores analyzed for vitrinite reflectance (Ro). Four palynological zones and three subzones in addition to a poorly fossiliferous interval ranging in age from Coniacian-Santonian to early Cenomanian are proposed. These include a poorly fossiliferous interval (Coniacian-Santonian), Dinogymnium vozzhennikovae Interval Zone (late to middle Turonian), Ephedripites ambiguus-Ephedripites multicostatus-Foveotricolpites giganteus-Foveotricolpites gigantoreticultus Assemblage Zone (early Turonian), Classopollis brasiliensis Interval Zone (late to middle Cenomanian), and Afropollis jardinus Interval Zone (early Cenomanian). The succeeding subzones are; Afropollis kahramanensis Interval Subzone, Elaterosporites klaszii Interval Subzone and Cretacaeiporites densimurus Interval Subzone, all of early Cenomanian age. Total organic carbon (TOC) and Rock-Eval pyrolysis and palynofacies analyses indicate that the Bahariya Formation and the Abu Roash G Member are primarily of kerogen III type and hence gas prone, suggesting a strong influence of hydrogen-enriched organic matter. The Abu Roash A, C-E Members may also be gas prone (type III kerogen) and appear to contain highly oxidized terrestrial organic matter. In contrast, the Abu Roash F Member has very high TOC and HI values and contains a very high proportion of amorphous organic matter (AOM) indicating a highly oil-prone facies. While this finding is not unexpected for anoxic black shale, it contrasts with earlier studies that suggest a gas prone nature. Ro measurements show that the Bahariya Formation represents an immature-early genesis dry gas phase. This is also true for all investigated samples from the Abu Roash and Bahariya formations, based on their low thermal alteration index (TAI). Quantitative and qualitative analyses of both the palynoflora and palynofacies show that the Abu Roash A and C Members (B is missing), both of Coniacian-Santonian age, represent oxic proximal and distal shelf environment. The Abu Roash D and E Members, dated as Turonian, represent oxic (proximal) shelf, whereas the Cenomanian Abu Roash F Member was deposited in a distal suboxic-anoxic basin. The Cenomanian Abu Roash G Member and the Bahariya Formation were deposited in a shallow marine and shallow marine to fluvio-deltaic setting, respectively. The Senonian Palmae Province is recognized in the palynoflora by the presence of Proteacidites, Auriculiidites reticulatus, Ariadnaesporites, Gabonisporis vigourouxii. On the other hand the Albian-Cenomanian Elaterates Province is characterized by the presence of Steevesipollenites, Gnetaceaepollenites, Elaterocolpites, Elaterosporites, Elateroplicites, Senegalosporites, Sofrepites, Afropollis and Cretacaeiporites.

Delta Wadi El-Arish, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, forms one of the most important parts of Egypt for industrial and agricultural expansion projects. This study focuses on the hydrogeology and the hydrochemistry of the Quaternary aquifer in the delta Wadi El-Arish area. Accurate information about the groundwater characteristics of the Quaternary aquifer will allow implementation of a sound water management policy for the Wadi El-Arish area. The objectives of this study include: 1) determining the relationships between groundwater extraction and water levels and water quality using water-level measurements, total extraction of the wells, and chemical analyses of water samples; 2) determining the direction of groundwater flow using water-level measurements; 3) calculating the hydraulic parameters of the Quaternary aquifer using pumping test data; and 4) determining the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in the Quaternary aquifer. The results of this study indicate that: 1. Potentiometric surface elevations have decreased by an average of about 0.5 m. 2. Potentiometric surface elevations have decreased in response to an increase in extraction rates. 3. The transmissivity of the lower Pleistocene calcareous sandstone (kurkar) unit is higher than the transmissivity of the upper Pleistocene sand and gravel alluvial deposits. 4. Groundwater in the upper Pleistocene sand and gravel aquifer is augmented with groundwater leaking from the overlying Holocene sand deposits through the intervening sandy clay aquitard. 5. Total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations have been increased by an average of about 1,500 ppm. 6. An increase in sea water intrusion in the northern part of the study area has occurred. 7. Groundwater in the calcareous sandstone kurkar is of lower quality than groundwater in the alluvium sand and gravel. Management of the groundwater resources should include the following recommendations: 1. No new pumping wells should be drilled in the area. 2. Accurate estimates for the total recharge should be determined using a more detailed water budget for the delta Wadi El-Arish area. 4. The operation of wells should be managed by an automatic control system.

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Aphrodite is one of the oldest deities of the Graeco-Roman pantheon, and her cult has a rich and varied history in its development throughout the Mediterranean and beyond. The goddess has been associated with numerous female deities from other cultures, including Astarte, Inanna, and Ishtar from the Near East; Hathor and Isis from Egypt; and Venus from Rome. The origins and development of the cult of Aphrodite have long been favoured topics in Classical scholarship, with notable works including Friedrich’s "The Meaning of Aphrodite" (1978) and Budin’s "The Origin of Aphrodite" (2003). The nature of syncretism between deities continues to be a popular topic of debate, and collections such as "Transformation of a Goddess: Ishtar-Astarte-Aphrodite" (2014) are produced from conferences and symposiums. Likewise, interest in the history of the Ptolemaic dynasty remains high; in particular, the field of numismatics eagerly anticipates the final release of Lorber’s "Coins of the Ptolemaic Empire" (2018 - ), which will replace the seminal work of Svoronos (1904) as the primary catalogue. Although it is common for works concerning the Ptolemaic dynasty to reference Aphrodite, detailed discussion of her cult often arises only in the context of Arsinoë II, with whom she was syncretized. This thesis aims to bring Aphrodite to the forefront, and produce a cohesive narrative which highlights the role of her cult in the development of the Ptolemaic dynasty. It surveys the presence of the goddess in Egypt to determine her nature and significance, before examining the manner in which her cult was manipulated to the benefit of the Ptolemaic dynasts, predominantly through syncretism to the queens Arsinoë II and Berenice II. The discussion of syncretism is extended to include Isis, whose increasing popularity is connected to the eventual decline of the cult of Aphrodite in Egypt. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA) / Following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE, his empire was divided between his generals. Ptolemy I obtained control of Egypt, and established a dynasty that endured for over two centuries before falling to Rome. This thesis examines the foundation of the dynasty, and the manner in which Ptolemy I and his early successors secured their power. It focuses on Greek and Egyptian religion, and argues that the cult of Aphrodite was integral to the legitimization and consolidation of the dynasty. Discussion extends beyond Aphrodite to those with whom she was associated, including the Egyptian goddess Isis, and the Ptolemaic queens Arsinoë and Berenice. The aim of the thesis is to highlight the complexities of religious practice, and demonstrate the significance of Aphrodite and the sociopolitical impact of her cult in Egypt and throughout the Hellenistic world.

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Pragmatics in Arabic needs to be studied for two main reasons: first, the large cultural difference between American and Middle Eastern society; and second, the recent surge in demand for Arabic speakers in the US. Especially in regard to refusals, what is acceptable in America is rarely acceptable in Arabic speaking countries. There are very few occasions when refusal of an offering of food or other hospitalities is acceptable. Arab culture requires one to provide family members with anything they need, including money. If that is not possible it is required to find the means for what they need. American culture permits one to deny help in certain circumstances, but Arab culture does not. The inability of the US to meet its demand for Arabic speakers demonstrates the importance of research in Arabic pragmatics. Whenever the Middle East is at the forefront of world-wide media, the demand for Arabic instruction in the US increases. Since September 11th, the Middle East has been in the forefront of the news, causing an unprecedented rise in need for Arabic programs. Study abroad programs have the ability to help universities prepare their students both linguistically and culturally. This study examines Brigham Young University's Fall 2004 Egypt study abroad program and how its students were able to improve their knowledge of Arabic pragmatics.

This thesis focuses on the use of geographic information systems (GIS) to examine mortuary practices in the Romano-Byzantine period Kellis 2 cemetery located in the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt. The first research objective examines the relationship between age, sex and grave substructures of 701 burials in Kellis 2 cemetery. The aim of this research objective was to determine if the presence and style of grave substructures were influenced by sex or age. Although not statistically significant, GIS analysis revealed that most of the graves in the Kellis 2 cemetery have no associated substructures, but of those that did have associated substructures, adult male burials were more likely to have a substructure than adult females or juveniles. Moreover, males and females aged from 22 to 50 years were more likely to have an associated substructure than younger and older individuals. In the juvenile age categories, newborns and children aged 1 to 5 years were more likely to have an associated substructure than the other juvenile age categories. This may be related to the second research objective which focused on the spatial relationship between infant and adult burials in the Kellis 2 cemetery. The second objective was to determine if infants were more likely to be buried between two adults, perhaps representing family units. GIS and statistical analysis revealed that the infants in the Kellis 2 cemetery were more likely to be buried closer to each other or to adult females than to adult males. Of those 25 infants buried between two adults most of them were either buried between two adult females, or between an adult male and female. Only three infants were found buried between two males. Interestingly, many of the adult females buried in close proximity with an iv infant were of child-bearing age. GIS was a very useful tool for examining questions of mortuary practices, particularly in examining spatial relationships between variables recorded for the Kellis 2 cemetery.