Thesis--Cambridge University. / At head of title: United Arab Republic. Ministry of Culture and National Orientation. Antiquities Department of Egypt. "Corrections": leaf inserted.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Northwestern University, 1997. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 58-04, Section: A, page: 1323.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Duke University, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 306-320).

Thesis -- Departmental honors in Art History. / Bibliography: ℓ.114-121

Background: While entrepreneurship is now seen as an important focus in Egypt to elevatepoverty and improve the economic status, a strong and coherent entrepreneurialecosystem is necessary to achieve this. The Egyptian ecosystem is lacking a lotof principal elements such as access to finance, proper entrepreneurialeducation, and a culture that supports entrepreneurship. Developmentorganizations, whose aim is to sustainably develop the society, have recentlyjoined the Egyptian entrepreneurial ecosystem, equipped with funding,knowledge, and capacity. They aim to contribute to the Egyptian entrepreneurialecosystem and support entrepreneurship as a mean for sustainable development. Purpose: Despite their promising role, development organizations have not beenemphasized in the literature on entrepreneurial ecosystems. This could bereturned to the fact that most of the research on ecosystems is done in the contextof developed countries. Our aim is to shed light on the new role of developmentorganizations in the Egyptian ecosystem, explore what they offer toentrepreneurs, understand their impact, and analyze how they can improve theecosystem further. Method: The study is conducted through a multiple case study approach. Data is collectedthrough in-depth interviews with 21 employees and entrepreneurs from 3different development organizations in Egypt Conclusion: The results show that development organizations have a massive impact on theentrepreneurial ecosystem in Egypt. On the Isenberg model, developmentorganizations have the highest impact on market, support, and finance. Whilethey already impact culture and human capital, more emphasis needs to be puton these two domains to improve the mindset of entrepreneurs and the differentplayers in the ecosystem. Development organizations do not contribute to thepolicy domain since its mostly dominated by the government.

Le but de la présente étude, est de tracer les caractéristiques principales du traitement de prisonniers de guerre pendant le Nouvel Empire. La période choisie coïncide avec l’arrivée d’une grande nombre de prisonniers étrangers en Égypte à la suite des activités belliqueuses portées contre les populations de Syrie- Palestine, de Nubie ou de Libye. En parallèle, les richesses apportées de ces pays permettaient la réalisation des nombreuses œuvres monumentales nécessitant de la main d’œuvre pour les bâtir et les entretenir. Dans ce cadre s’insèrent donc les prisonniers, enlevés de leur pays pour être emportés en Égypte comme trophées, mais aussi et surtout comme force de travail. De ce que nous avons pu constater, la condition de prisonnier était une condition temporaire qui cessait après l’arrivée en Égypte. À travers l’analyse des sources, écrites comme iconographiques, nous avons essayé de déterminer la répartition de ces nouveaux habitants dans le pays, les différentes institutions (temples, armée..) ou les particuliers qui les employaient et les conséquences sociales et économiques de ce phénomène. En outre, la manière dont les prisonniers sont cités dans les documents permet de dévoiler leur rôle dans l’idéologie royale et ses reflets dans le sources privées ou littéraires. / The purpose of this study is to describe the main characteristics of treatment of prisoners of war, during the New Kingdom. The period chosen coincides with the arrival of a large number of foreign prisoners in Egypt as a result of the belligerent activities against the populations of Syria-Palestine, Nubia or Libya. At the same time, the goods brought from these countries allowed the realisation of numerous monumental works requiring labour to build and maintain them. Prisoners were incorporated in this framework, taken from their country, carried in Egypt as trophies, but also and especially used as a work force. The evidence presented in this thesis shows that the condition of prisoner was temporary and ceased after the arrival in Egypt. Through the analysis of written and iconographic sources, this work seeks to determine the distribution of these new inhabitants in the country, the different institutions (such as temples and the army) or the individuals that employed them, and the social and economic consequences of this phenomenon. Moreover, the way prisoners are cited in the sources reveals their role in the royal ideology and its reflections in private or literary sources.

The legal rights of the women of ancient Egypt are discussed in this dissertation. All the different aspects of the legal system were examined in order to conclude whether the ancient Egyptian women indeed had legal rights. An inquiry was therefore conducted into the Egyptian Family Law, the Law of Succession, Property Law, Law of Contract and Criminal Law. The modern classification of the law was used, seeing that no evidence exists to provide us with the ancient Egyptians' classification method. / Ancient Languages and cultures / M.A.

This thesis explores how low-income women in Cairo respond to gender inequalities in their daily lives, both in the household and in the informal labour market. The aim is to generate knowledge about the diversity of gender relations and ideologies in the Egyptian context and to contribute to broader theoretical debates regarding gender and resistance, with a view to informing both policy and feminist activism. The thesis argues that a modified concept of "everyday forms of resistance" provides a way forward for a more nuanced and contextualized understanding of women's responses to their positions of relative subordination, than do either Marxist approaches to power and consciousness, or the a-historical usage of the notion of patriarchy. The study is based on participant observation and in-depth interviews in four low-income neighbourhoods in Cairo over a period of 15 months. Within the household, research focused on four specific arrangements: pre-marital expectations, marriage negotiations, sexuality, and intra-household decision making. With the labour market, two types of women's work were explored; home-based piece-work, and waged work in small-scale workshops. The links between women's options in workplace and in the household were examined. Results of this exploratory study show that women's perceptions and responses are varied, complex, contradictory and in continuous flux as they interact with broader socio-economic conjunctures. Women displayed both defiance and compliance, both a lack of articulated awareness of their self-interest, and high levels of awareness of some of the injustices against them as women. Sometimes, their actions were pragmatic seeking immediate relief. At other times, they sought more medium or longer-term gains. In some instances, they acted individually and covertly and at other times they acted collectively and articulated their discontent forcefully. Any single conclusion about women's agency would thus be erroneous. Attempts to advance women's interests are also bound to be varied and complex.

Jamal ad din Abu'Abdullah Muhammad b. Salim b. Nasrallih b. Salim b. Wasil was born in Hamah on 2 Shawwal, 604. He was brought up there, and educated at Jerusalem, Damascus and Aleppo. He spent seventeen years in Egypt, (642-659), and was there at the time of St. Louis' Crusade, and of the beginning of the Mamluk dynasty. He resided at the courts of several of the leading Ayyubid princes of the Seventh Century, A.H. (Mu'azzam of Damascus, Nasir Daud of Kerak, Ayyub of Egypt, Muzaffar II of Hamah, and his two successors), and he knew intimately many of their leading courtiers, soldiers and scholars. In the latter part of his life he was for many years chief Qadi of his native city, where he died on the 22 Shawwal, 697.;His great work, the Mufarrij al Kurub, fi Akhbar Bani Ayyub, was written towards the end of his life, and contains the history of the Ayyubids from their first appearance until 659. Ibn Wasil had devoted much of his life to the study of History, and had written at least one and probably more books on the subject already, so that the Mufarrij combines the merits being written by a first-class historian and a close observer of most of the events he relates.;The Seventh Century, A.H. was a great period of scholarship, and especially was this so in Syria. Damascus and Aleppo were at this time replacing Bagdad as centres of learning, under the patronage of the Ayyubid princes. Up to the end the Sixth Century, almost all the leading scholars had studied in Bagdad, but with the founding of Madrasas in large numbers by Nur ad din and Saladin, the Syrian cities (1) became increasingly a gathering place for men of learning. Particularly rich was this period in historians. While Ibn Wasil was growing up, there was a flourishing school of historians at Aleppo, another at Damascus, and in his own town of Hamah there were at least three historians at work. As the century went on, the work of Baha ad din b. Shaddad and Ibn abi Tayy was carried on in Aleppo by Kamal ad din b. al 'Adim and Izz ad din b. Shaddad. In Damascus, the three great historians, Abu Shama, Sibt b.al Jauzi and Ibn Khallikan were all writing their books a few years before Ibn Wasil composed the Mufarrij, and Ibn abi Usaibi'a belongs to the same period. Ibn Wasil is the last of the great historians of the century, and was himself the master of his successor, Abulfida. The Egyptian school of historians does not appear until the beginning of the Mamluk dynasty, and it is to the Syrian historians that we look for our knowledge of the Ayyubid dynasty. Of these Ibn Wasil was in the best position to give first hand information on the later period.;The style of these Seventh century histories is clear and concise, and Ibn Wasil snares this characteristic. The flowery eloquence of the lives of Saladin was looked upon with some contempt, as "a characteristic of the writers of former times, whom, you will observe, have much talk and little meaning, expressing themselves metaphorically. This is not really good style" (1) This is Abu Shama's opinion, and Ibn al Athir says much the same in his Preface to the History of the Atabeks. He has resolved, he says, not to write at length because of "the preference people have in our time for brevity." (2) This last word, (Ikhtisar), indicates the character of much of the work of scholars of this time, including Ibn Wasil. Many books were merely summaries of previous works on a subject, whether history or some other branch of learning, and Ibn Wasil's first historical work was a "Mukhtasar", to be followed by a longer "Tarikh Kabir". Besides this he wrote Mukhtasars of the Kitab al Aghani, of a work on theology by Fakhr ad din ar Razi, and of Ibn al Baitar's book on medicine. Three others of his works were commentaries on previous books, (Chapter X.).

In Haram City, amidst Egypt's 2011-2013 revolutionary period, two visions of the city in the Global South come together within shared walls. In this private suburban development marketed as affordable housing, aspirational middle class homebuyers embellish properties for privilege and safety. They also come to share grounds with resettled urban poor who transform their surroundings to sustain basic livelihoods. With legality in disarray and under private administration, residents originally from Duweiqa - perhaps Cairo's poorest neighbourhood - claim the right to squat vacant homes, while homebuyers complain of a slum in the gated community. What was only desert in 2005 has since become a forum for vivid public contestation over the relationship between morality, ownership, and order in space - struggles over what ought to be common in a compound. This ethnography explores residents' own legal geographies in relation to property amidst public-private partnership urbanism: how do competing normative discourses draw community lines in the sand, and how are they applied to assert ownership where the scales of 'official' legitimacy have been tipped? In other words: in a city built from scratch amidst a revolution, how is legality invented? Like the compound itself, sections of the thesis are divided into an A-area and a B-area. Shifting from side to side, four papers examine the lives of squatters and then of homeowners and company management acting in their name. Zooming in and out within sides, they depict discourses over moral ownership and then interpret practices asserting a concomitant vision of order. First, in Chapter 4, squatters invoke notions of a moral economy and practical virtue to justify 'informal' ownership claims against perceptions of developer-state corruption. Next, Chapter 5 illustrates how squatters define 'rights' as debt, a notion put into practice by ethical outlaws: the Sayi' - commonly meaning 'down-and-out' or 'bum' - brokers 'rights' to coordinate group ownership claims. Shifting sides, Chapter 6 observes middle class homeowners' aspirations for "internal emigration" to suburbs as part of an incitement to propertied autonomy, and details widespread dialogue over suburban selfhood in relationship to property, self-interest, and conviviality. Lastly, Chapter 7 documents authoritarian private governance of the urban poor that centres on "behavioural training." Free from accountability and operating like a city-state, managers simulate urban law to inculcate subjective norms, evoking both Cairene histories and global policy circulations of poverty management. Towards detailing how notions of ownership and property constitute visions and assertions of urban law, this project combines central themes in ethnographies of Cairo with legal geography on suburbs of the Global North. It therefore interrogates some key topics in urban studies of the Global South (gated communities, affordable housing, public-private partnerships, eviction-resettlement, informality, local governance, and squatting), as Cairo's 'new city' urban poor and middle classes do themselves, through comparative principles and amidst promotion of similar private low-income cities internationally. While presenting a micro-history of one project, it is also offers an alternative account of 2011-2013 revolutionary period, witnessed from the desert developments through which Egyptian leaders habitually promise social progress.