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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Análise da resposta da demanda e da geração distribuída fotovoltaica como recursos para o planejamento energético. / Analysis of demand response and photovoltaic distributed generation as resources for energy planning.

Matheus Sabino Viana 04 October 2018 (has links)
Este estudo analisa a Resposta da Demanda (DR da sigla em inglês para Demand Response) e a Geração Distribuída Fotovoltaica (GDFV), visando o desenvolvimento de uma abordagem para modelá-las como recursos para o planejamento energético. A metodologia inclui o uso de uma prática típica de preço de energia no varejo como a Tarifa pelo Horário de Uso (THU) para DR de consumidores residenciais e o sistema de compensação de energia elétrica (net metering) para a microgeração distribuída provida por sistemas Fotovoltaicos (FV) do tipo rooftop. A metodologia proposta foi aplicada a um estudo de caso com diferentes níveis de DR e/ou GDFV, baseado no IEEE 8500-Node Test Feeder, com uma subestação de distribuição e 1177 consumidores em baixa tensão, utilizando-se o Open Distribution System Simulator (OpenDSS) para a solução do fluxo de potência e a obtenção de dados de demanda, consumo de energia, perdas e tensões. Os níveis mais elevados de DR e GDFV, em dia útil, em um grupo de Consumidores Residenciais Responsivos (CRR) cuja carga representa 26,6% da carga total do circuito de teste, resultaram em 6,3% de redução na demanda de ponta da subestação, 9,6% de redução no consumo diário de energia da subestação e 13,3% de redução nas perdas diárias de energia nas linhas e transformadores, comparando-se com o caso base com a tarifa convencional, sem DR e GDFV, e mantendo-se o consumo diário de energia dos CRR. Uma análise de sensibilidade foi realizada por meio de variações aleatórias nas curvas de carga dos consumidores e, nos cenários aplicáveis, na irradiância no plano inclinado e na temperatura dos conjuntos FV, respeitando uma distribuição normal. O estudo de caso foi complementado com a avaliação das variações na conta de energia de amostras de CRR, cujas maiores reduções, comparando-se com o caso base, foram 36,3% com os níveis mais elevados de DR e GDFV e 37,6% com os níveis mais elevados de GDFV e sem DR, indicando uma situação na qual mudanças regulatórias seriam necessárias para estimular DR e GD simultaneamente, como no caso da THU opcional chamada de tarifa branca no Brasil. A quantificação do potencial de DR e GDFV pode indicar tendências para o planejamento energético, contribuir para planos de eficiência energética e possibilitar a implementação de sistemas modernos e sustentáveis nos quais os consumidores possam participar de forma mais ativa. / This study analyses the Demand Response (DR) and Photovoltaic Distributed Generation (PVDG) for developing an approach to model them as resources for energy planning. The methodology includes the use of a typical retail pricing practice such as the Time-of-Use Tariff (TOU) for residential consumers\' DR and net metering for distributed micro-generation provided by rooftop Photovoltaic (PV) systems. The proposed methodology was applied to a case study with different levels of DR and/or PVDG, based on the IEEE 8500-Node Test Feeder, with a distribution substation and 1177 low-voltage consumers, using the Open Distribution System Simulator (OpenDSS) to obtain the power flow solution and demand, energy consumption, losses and voltages data. The highest levels of DR and PVDG on weekday in a group of Responsive Residential Consumers (RRC) whose load represents 26.6% of the total load in the test circuit resulted in 6.3% reduction in the substation peak demand, 9.6% reduction in the substation daily energy consumption and 13.3% reduction in the daily energy losses in lines and transformers, compared to the base case with flat tariff, without DR and PVDG, and maintaining the daily energy consumption of RRC. A sensitivity analysis was performed using random variations in load curves and, in the applicable scenarios, in plane-of-array irradiance and PV array temperature curves, using a normal distribution. The case study was complemented with the analysis of energy bill variations of samples of RRC, whose greatest reductions compared to the base case were 36.3% with the highest levels of DR and PVDG and 37.6% with the highest level of PVDG and without DR, indicating a situation in which regulatory changes would be necessary to stimulate DR simultaneously with PVDG, such as in the case of the optional TOU called white tariff in Brazil. The quantification of DR and PVDG potential can show trends to energy planning, contributes to energy efficiency plans and enables the implementation of modern and sustainable systems in which end users can participate more actively.
72

Consumidores livres de energia elétrica: uma visão prática. / Free consumers of electricity: a practical vision.

Guilherme Florezi 10 November 2009 (has links)
No novo ambiente do setor elétrico brasileiro, a partir das mudanças no modelo em 1993, os agentes setoriais ingressaram em um mercado altamente competitivo e, particularmente no caso dos consumidores, surgiu a possibilidade de escolha do fornecedor de energia elétrica, de acordo com regras e restrições que foram sendo alteradas com o passar dos anos. O consumidor enquadrado neste perfil, foi denominado consumidor livre, o qual, de acordo com as regras e restrições ditadas pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL), passa a ter a opção por fornecimento através de outras empresas, que não a concessionária que detém a área de concessão onde o consumidor em questão está fisicamente localizado. Os demais consumidores, não qualificados como livres, permanecem cativos, ou seja, não tem a possibilidade de optar por fornecimento a partir de empresas externas à área de concessão inicial onde esteja localizado. Os estudos aqui apresentados são um importante ponto de partida para a pesquisa sobre os consumidores livres de energia elétrica e seu comportamento no mercado. Nesse sentido, o conteúdo foi estabelecido de modo a propiciar aos leitores subsídios para um melhor entendimento sobre o histórico do setor energético brasileiro, bem como sobre o ambiente de livre contratação. Tratou-se com particular ênfase os consumidores livres (CL), visando assim permitir ao potencial CL bases para um possível estudo de migração para o ambiente de contratação livre (ACL). / In the new environment of the Brazilian electric power sector, since the changes in the institutional model beginning in 1993, electrical sector agents entered into a highly competitive market, particularly in the case of the consumers which have had the possibility to choose their supplier of electricity in accordance with rules and restrictions that have been modified over the years. The consumer that fits this profile, was named free consumer whom in accordance with the rules and restrictions dictated by the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL), will have the option of electrical energy delivery through other companies, instead of the company that holds granting of the area where the consumer in question is physically located. The other costumers, that couldn\'t be qualified as free, remain captive, unable to choose for their supply from outside the area where the original grant is located. The studies presented here are an important starting point for research on free energy consumers and their behavior in order to provide subsidies to the readers to get a better understanding of the history of the Brazilian energy sector and the free market, with emphasis on free consumers (CL), to thereby enable the CL potential bases for a possible study of migration to the free market.
73

Agregação de valor à energia elétrica através da gestão integrada de recursos. / Value addition to electrical energy through integrated resources management.

André Luiz Veiga Gimenes 28 March 2000 (has links)
Há algum tempo, a energia elétrica tem sido pensada como um fator de fomento ao desenvolvimento de regiões carentes. No entanto, a experiência tem mostrado que, embora seja realmente necessária, a presença da energia elétrica, por si só não é suficiente para alcançar tal objetivo. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho aborda a disponibilização da energia elétrica de forma integrada em um cenário mais amplo, o da infra-estrutura, abrangendo o Transporte, a Água e Saneamento, o Tratamento do Lixo e as Telecomunicações, com vistas a criar uma base sólida para alavancar o desenvolvimento. Para tanto, propõe a abordagem da Gestão Integrada de Recursos – GIR, que é balizada pelo equilíbrio entre os aspectos econômico, social e ambiental dos empreendimentos, visando a provisão de infra-estrutura com vistas ao desenvolvimento sustentável de regiões carentes. Esta metodologia, desenvolvida no contexto de uma visão abrangente e integrada da infra-estrutura, permite a identificação de sinergias e potencialidades entre os seus componentes, bem como de possíveis parcerias entre os envolvidos. Dessa forma espera-se estabelecer vantagens econômicas, sociais e ambientais na provisão de infra-estrutura pelo setor privado sob a ação do Estado, não mais como investidor e administrador, mas como ente regulador. Nesta gestão, salienta-se a importância da atuação do Setor Público no sentido de criar mecanismos regulatórios diferenciados, que tornem os investimentos em infra-estrutura atrativos ao investidor privado, ao mesmo tempo em que estabelecem e permitem a fiscalização do cumprimento das metas sociais e de preservação ambiental. / Electrical energy has been considered like a fomentation factor to the poorest regions. The experience has shown that electrical energy is really necessary but it's not sufficient to guarantee a development basis. In such a context, this work focuses the integration of electrical energy within other component of the infrastructure, including Transportation, Water and Sanitation, Waste Disposal and the Telecommunications, in order to establish a strong basis for development. For that, the work proposes the approach Integrated Resources Management –IRM, that is based on the balance of the economic, social and environmental aspects of the projects, in order to guarantee the required infrastructure basis for the sustainable development of the poorest regions. In this type of management, it is emphasized the importance of the Public Sector, in order to create new regulatory mechanisms that make the infrastructure investments more attractive to the Private Sector, at the same time in witch establish and allow the monitoring of the social goals and of the environmental preservation. This methodology is developed within a wide and integrated vision of the infrastructure that allows the identification of synergies and potentialities of its components, and the establishment of partnerships of involved parties. This approach is expected to establish economic, social and environmental advantages in the infrastructure provision by the private sector, under the regulatory State action.
74

Potencial e custois de produção de hidrogênio eletrolítico no Brasil junto às usinas de açúcar e álcool / Electrolytic hydrogen potential and production costs in brasil focus on alcohol and sugar plants

Halmeman, Maria Cristina Rodrigues 08 February 2008 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Cristina Halmeman.pdf: 1179833 bytes, checksum: 64bd1e15425a905c181f5233403e74a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The object of this project was to verify the potential for the hydrogen production via water electrolysis by using the exceeding electrical energy resulting from the cogeneration process in alcohol and sugar plants. The studies were made from July to November/2007 in plants authorized by the ANEEL that use the sugar cane bagasse as fuel for the generation of thermal and electrical energy. The data were taken from each plant. The processing history of sugar cane for the last five years was verified and the calculations were made based on the values of the 2006/2007 harvest. The operation time of the plants was considered to be 202 days in average. The amount of sugar cane processed daily and the total of bagasse produced, electrical energy generated in a year and exceeding electrical energy were calculated for each plant. Along with the cost of the electrolysers, it was also obtained the energy consumption average value of 5.2 kWh to produce 1 Nm3 of hydrogen and a specific cost for the electrolysis plant that ranges from US$ 1,555 kW-1 to US$ 2,510 kW-1. The hydrogen production costs regarding the capacity of hydrogen production range from US$ 0.50 Nm-3 to US$ 0.75 Nm-3. The results show an increasing potential for the generation of exceeding electrical energy that can be used for the production of electrolytic hydrogen, since the costs for hydrogen production presented themselves to be similar to the ones found in other studies carried out, however, using other energy sources. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o potencial de produção de hidrogênio via eletrólise da água, aproveitando a energia elétrica excedente, resultante do processo de cogeração nas usinas de açúcar e álcool. O estudo foi realizado no período de julho a novembro de 2007, em usinas autorizadas pela ANEEL que utilizam o bagaço da cana-de-açúcar como combustível, para gerar energia térmica e elétrica. Os dados foram obtidos em cada usina. Verificou-se o histórico do processamento da cana-açúcar nos últimos cinco anos, sendo que os cálculos foram realizados com base nos valores da safra de 2006/2007. Considerou-se que o tempo de operação das usinas é, em média, 202 dias e foram calculados para cada usina: a quantidade de cana processada diariamente e o total de bagaço gerado, a energia elétrica gerada no ano e energia elétrica excedente. Com o custo dos eletrolisadores, obteve-se o valor médio de consumo de energia de 5,2 kWh para produzir 1 Nm3 de hidrogênio e o custo específico da planta de eletrólise de US$ 1,555 kW a US$ 2,510 kW. Os custos de produção do hidrogênio em função da capacidade de produção de hidrogênio são de US$ 0,50 Nm-3 a US$ 0,75 Nm-3. Os resultados apontaram que há um crescente potencial de geração de energia elétrica excedente que pode ser usada para produção de hidrogênio eletrolítico, visto que os custos de produção do hidrogênio apresentaram-se próximos aos encontrados em outros estudos realizados, porém utilizando-se outras fontes de energia.
75

Estudo do problema da comunicação em tempo real com o consumidor na situação de interrupção de fornecimento de energia elétrica em dias críticos. / Investigation of the real time communication problem with consumers during energy supply interruption in critical days.

Sandro José Monteiro 27 March 2007 (has links)
Condições meteorológicas adversas como tempestades, descargas atmosféricas e chuvas de granizos têm o potencial de danificar simultaneamente e seriamente muitos circuitos da rede de distribuição aérea. Esse tipo de dano só será solucionado quando fisicamente uma equipe estiver no local para repará-lo, o que acontecerá somente após localizar o defeito. Portanto, grandes tempestades podem resultar em um número enorme de consumidores desligados, levando horas ou até alguns dias para total restabelecimento. Enquanto isso, os consumidores preocupados tentam acessar os serviços de atendimento telefônicos, contudo sem sucesso devido ao congestionamento inevitável das linhas de comunicação. Esse fato, e outros mais apresentados, evidenciam que a excelência na comunicação com o consumidor de energia elétrica ainda se constitui em um desafio no Brasil. A boa notícia é que existem meios e possibilidades de se evoluírem os sistemas de informações atualmente implantados nas distribuidoras. Este trabalho caracteriza esse problema da comunicação em tempo real com o consumidor de energia elétrica durante as interrupções de grande abrangência na rede de distribuição em seus dias críticos, sugerindo tecnologias que aprimorem a solução deste problema. O tema é abordado de forma multidisciplinar, e organizado sob cinco dimensões e contextos distintos: dos aspectos legais, da comunicação em tempo real, da tecnologia de informação, da qualidade de serviço, e da engenharia de tráfego. O trabalho também propõe uma metodologia para previsão da quantidade de chamadas e ou contatos do consumidor para com a concessionária de energia elétrica nos Dias Críticos, procurando abordar e caracterizar todas as variáveis dessa problemática. / Severe weather conditions such as hurricanes, lightning storms, etc. have the potential to seriously damage electric utility transmission and distribution systems. This type of damage will disrupt electrical service until the physical facilities can be replaced or repaired. Then large storms can result in a massive number of customer outages, sometimes taking from hours to days to repair. In the meantime, customers can be left without electric service during difficult conditions such as extreme cold or extreme heat - trying to access attendance services and information, without any success because the inevitable congestion in telephones lines. This fact, and others, illustrates that the excellence into relationship with electrical energy consumers still is a challenge in Brazil. The good news that there are means to upgrade existing information systems installed in the distribution sector. This work examines that communication problem with electrical energy consumer during interruptions in critical days, and suggests technologies to answer that problem. The whole theme is faced in a multidisciplinary way, and organized under five contexts: legal aspects, real time communication, information technology, quality of service, and traffic engineering. Further more, this work proposes a basic methodology to preview the amount of consumers calls in those critical days, looking for all variables.
76

Potencial e custois de produção de hidrogênio eletrolítico no Brasil junto às usinas de açúcar e álcool / Electrolytic hydrogen potential and production costs in brasil focus on alcohol and sugar plants

Halmeman, Maria Cristina Rodrigues 08 February 2008 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Cristina Halmeman.pdf: 1179833 bytes, checksum: 64bd1e15425a905c181f5233403e74a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The object of this project was to verify the potential for the hydrogen production via water electrolysis by using the exceeding electrical energy resulting from the cogeneration process in alcohol and sugar plants. The studies were made from July to November/2007 in plants authorized by the ANEEL that use the sugar cane bagasse as fuel for the generation of thermal and electrical energy. The data were taken from each plant. The processing history of sugar cane for the last five years was verified and the calculations were made based on the values of the 2006/2007 harvest. The operation time of the plants was considered to be 202 days in average. The amount of sugar cane processed daily and the total of bagasse produced, electrical energy generated in a year and exceeding electrical energy were calculated for each plant. Along with the cost of the electrolysers, it was also obtained the energy consumption average value of 5.2 kWh to produce 1 Nm3 of hydrogen and a specific cost for the electrolysis plant that ranges from US$ 1,555 kW-1 to US$ 2,510 kW-1. The hydrogen production costs regarding the capacity of hydrogen production range from US$ 0.50 Nm-3 to US$ 0.75 Nm-3. The results show an increasing potential for the generation of exceeding electrical energy that can be used for the production of electrolytic hydrogen, since the costs for hydrogen production presented themselves to be similar to the ones found in other studies carried out, however, using other energy sources. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o potencial de produção de hidrogênio via eletrólise da água, aproveitando a energia elétrica excedente, resultante do processo de cogeração nas usinas de açúcar e álcool. O estudo foi realizado no período de julho a novembro de 2007, em usinas autorizadas pela ANEEL que utilizam o bagaço da cana-de-açúcar como combustível, para gerar energia térmica e elétrica. Os dados foram obtidos em cada usina. Verificou-se o histórico do processamento da cana-açúcar nos últimos cinco anos, sendo que os cálculos foram realizados com base nos valores da safra de 2006/2007. Considerou-se que o tempo de operação das usinas é, em média, 202 dias e foram calculados para cada usina: a quantidade de cana processada diariamente e o total de bagaço gerado, a energia elétrica gerada no ano e energia elétrica excedente. Com o custo dos eletrolisadores, obteve-se o valor médio de consumo de energia de 5,2 kWh para produzir 1 Nm3 de hidrogênio e o custo específico da planta de eletrólise de US$ 1,555 kW a US$ 2,510 kW. Os custos de produção do hidrogênio em função da capacidade de produção de hidrogênio são de US$ 0,50 Nm-3 a US$ 0,75 Nm-3. Os resultados apontaram que há um crescente potencial de geração de energia elétrica excedente que pode ser usada para produção de hidrogênio eletrolítico, visto que os custos de produção do hidrogênio apresentaram-se próximos aos encontrados em outros estudos realizados, porém utilizando-se outras fontes de energia.
77

Optimal Operation of Climate Control Systems of Indoor Ice Rinks

Jain, Rupali January 2012 (has links)
The electric power sector is undergoing significant changes with the development of Smart Grid technologies and is rapidly influencing the way we consume energy. Demand Response (DR) is an important element in the emerging smart grid paradigm and is paving way for the more sophisticated implementation of Energy Hub Management Systems (EHMSs). Utilities are looking at Demand Side Management (DSM) and DR services that allow customers to make informed decisions regarding their energy consumption which in return, can help the energy providers to reduce their peak demand and hence enhance grid sustainability. Ice rinks are large commercial buildings which facilitate various activities such as hockey, figure skating, curling, recreational skating, public arenas, auditoriums and coliseums. These have a complex energy system; in which an enormous sheet of ice is maintained at a low temperature while at the same time the spectator stands are heated to ensure comfortable conditions for the spectators. Since indoor ice rinks account for a significant share of the commercial sector and are in operation for more than 8 months a year, their contribution in the total demand cannot be ignored. There is significant scope for energy savings in indoor ice rinks through optimal operation of their climate control systems. In this work, a mathematical model of indoor ice rinks for the implementation of EHMS is developed. The model incorporates weather forecast, electricity price information and end-user preferences as inputs and the objective is to shift the operation of climate control devices to the low electricity price periods, satisfying their operational constraints while having minimum impact on spectator comfort. The inside temperature and humidity dynamics of the spectator area are modeled to reduce total electrical energy costs while capturing the effect of climate control systems including radiant heating system, ventilation system and dehumidification system. Two different pricing schemes, Real Time Pricing (RTP) and Time-of-Use (TOU), are used to assess the model, and the resulting energy costs savings are compared. The expected energy cost savings are evaluated for a 8 month period of operation of the rink incorporating the uncertainties in electricity price, weather conditions and spectator schedules through Monte Carlo simulations. The proposed work can be implemented as a supervisory control in existing climate controllers of indoor ice rinks and would play a significant role in the enforcement of EHMS in Smart Grids.
78

A multicomponent membrane model for the vanadium redox flow battery

Michael, Philip Henry 06 November 2012 (has links)
With its long cycle life and scalable design, the vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) is a promising technology for grid energy storage. However, high materials costs have impeded its commercialization. An essential but costly component of the VRB is the ion-exchange membrane. The ideal VRB membrane provides a highly conductive path for protons, prevents crossover of reactive species, and is tolerant of the acidic and oxidizing chemical environment of the cell. In order to study membrane performance and optimize cell design, mathematical models of the separator membrane have been developed. Where previous VRB membrane models considered minimal details of membrane transport, generally focusing on conductivity or self-discharge at zero current, the model presented here considers coupled interactions between each of the major species by way of rigorous material balances and concentrated solution theory. The model describes uptake and transport of sulfuric acid, water, and vanadium ions in Nafion membranes, focusing on operation at high current density. Governing equations for membrane transport are solved in finite difference form using the Newton-Raphson method. Model capabilities were explored, leading to predictions of Ohmic losses, vanadium crossover, and electro-osmotic drag. Experimental methods were presented for validating the model and for further improving estimates of uptake parameters and transport coefficients. / text
79

Optimal Operation of Climate Control Systems of Indoor Ice Rinks

Jain, Rupali January 2012 (has links)
The electric power sector is undergoing significant changes with the development of Smart Grid technologies and is rapidly influencing the way we consume energy. Demand Response (DR) is an important element in the emerging smart grid paradigm and is paving way for the more sophisticated implementation of Energy Hub Management Systems (EHMSs). Utilities are looking at Demand Side Management (DSM) and DR services that allow customers to make informed decisions regarding their energy consumption which in return, can help the energy providers to reduce their peak demand and hence enhance grid sustainability. Ice rinks are large commercial buildings which facilitate various activities such as hockey, figure skating, curling, recreational skating, public arenas, auditoriums and coliseums. These have a complex energy system; in which an enormous sheet of ice is maintained at a low temperature while at the same time the spectator stands are heated to ensure comfortable conditions for the spectators. Since indoor ice rinks account for a significant share of the commercial sector and are in operation for more than 8 months a year, their contribution in the total demand cannot be ignored. There is significant scope for energy savings in indoor ice rinks through optimal operation of their climate control systems. In this work, a mathematical model of indoor ice rinks for the implementation of EHMS is developed. The model incorporates weather forecast, electricity price information and end-user preferences as inputs and the objective is to shift the operation of climate control devices to the low electricity price periods, satisfying their operational constraints while having minimum impact on spectator comfort. The inside temperature and humidity dynamics of the spectator area are modeled to reduce total electrical energy costs while capturing the effect of climate control systems including radiant heating system, ventilation system and dehumidification system. Two different pricing schemes, Real Time Pricing (RTP) and Time-of-Use (TOU), are used to assess the model, and the resulting energy costs savings are compared. The expected energy cost savings are evaluated for a 8 month period of operation of the rink incorporating the uncertainties in electricity price, weather conditions and spectator schedules through Monte Carlo simulations. The proposed work can be implemented as a supervisory control in existing climate controllers of indoor ice rinks and would play a significant role in the enforcement of EHMS in Smart Grids.
80

Migration problems of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in flow regulated rivers /

Rivinoja, Peter, January 2005 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning). Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

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