The number of economic opportunities on the Internet is growing together with the intensive expansion of internet users. It is important to connect the internet sale of goods and services with electronic payment methods in order to be effective. The aim of the thesis is to describe electronic payments placed on the Internet, description of their different usage and popularity in accordance with geographical location of the customer, assets and risks, and payment costs and fees. This text offers facts that the provider should consider before choosing some payment method, and on the other hand facts which the payers (end users) consider important. Paid-service provider is introduced to different payment instruments with reference to the use in Czech internet environment. Each type of payment method is illustrated by an example with detailed description of installation progress in practical part of the text.

Este trabalho discute o mercado brasileiro de meios eletrônicos de pagamentos. O objetivo principal deste estudo é analisar os impactos causados pela evolução tecnológica do mercado brasileiro de meios de pagamentos eletrônicos, enfatizando a inovação e a ampliação dos serviços financeiros aos seus usuários. Para tanto, inicia com uma retrospectiva sobre as formas assumidas pela moeda, ao desempenhar uma de suas principais funções: ser um meio de troca ou de pagamento. A inovação é discutida a partir da revisão bibliográfica, que revisita desde autores renomados da teoria econômica, como Joseph Schumpeter, até publicações contemporâneas nas áreas de tecnologia da informação e de serviços. A caracterização do mercado de meios eletrônicos de pagamentos preocupa-se em evidenciar tanto aspectos quantitativos, que denotam o pujante crescimento deste mercado no Brasil e no mundo, como fatos que elucidam a interação deste segmento com a sociedade, em sua busca por maior bem-estar. O desenvolvimento da parte empírica conta com os dados sobre o uso do dispositivo mobile cedidos por uma instituição financeira. Os resultados provenientes da amostra verificada permitiram expandir a hipótese original, a saber, que o dispositivo mobile, além de ser considerado uma combinação inovadora, à luz da compreensão dos modelos e teorias abordados, é capaz de promover o melhor acesso e uso de serviços financeiros aos seus usuários. / This work deals with the Brazilian market for electronic payments. The aim of this study is to analyze the impacts of technological developments in the Brazilian market for electronic payments, emphasizing innovation and the expansion of financial services to its users. To accomplish that, it begins with a retrospective on the forms assumed by currency, to perform one of its main functions: to be a medium of exchange or of payments. Innovation is discussed by means of a brief literature review, revisiting from renowned authors of economic theory, like Joseph Schumpeter, to contemporary publications in the areas of technology information and services. The characterization of the market for mobile devices seeks to show both quantitative aspects that highlight the booming growth of this market in Brazil and the world, as well as facts elucidating the interaction of this segment with society, in their quest for greater well-being. The development of the empirical part includes the data obtained from a financial institution. The results from the sample verified allowed us to expand the original hypothesis that the mobile device, besides being an innovative gadget, in the light of understanding of the models and theories, is equally able to promote access and better use of financial services to its users.

Este trabalho discute o mercado brasileiro de meios eletrônicos de pagamentos. O objetivo principal deste estudo é analisar os impactos causados pela evolução tecnológica do mercado brasileiro de meios de pagamentos eletrônicos, enfatizando a inovação e a ampliação dos serviços financeiros aos seus usuários. Para tanto, inicia com uma retrospectiva sobre as formas assumidas pela moeda, ao desempenhar uma de suas principais funções: ser um meio de troca ou de pagamento. A inovação é discutida a partir da revisão bibliográfica, que revisita desde autores renomados da teoria econômica, como Joseph Schumpeter, até publicações contemporâneas nas áreas de tecnologia da informação e de serviços. A caracterização do mercado de meios eletrônicos de pagamentos preocupa-se em evidenciar tanto aspectos quantitativos, que denotam o pujante crescimento deste mercado no Brasil e no mundo, como fatos que elucidam a interação deste segmento com a sociedade, em sua busca por maior bem-estar. O desenvolvimento da parte empírica conta com os dados sobre o uso do dispositivo mobile cedidos por uma instituição financeira. Os resultados provenientes da amostra verificada permitiram expandir a hipótese original, a saber, que o dispositivo mobile, além de ser considerado uma combinação inovadora, à luz da compreensão dos modelos e teorias abordados, é capaz de promover o melhor acesso e uso de serviços financeiros aos seus usuários. / This work deals with the Brazilian market for electronic payments. The aim of this study is to analyze the impacts of technological developments in the Brazilian market for electronic payments, emphasizing innovation and the expansion of financial services to its users. To accomplish that, it begins with a retrospective on the forms assumed by currency, to perform one of its main functions: to be a medium of exchange or of payments. Innovation is discussed by means of a brief literature review, revisiting from renowned authors of economic theory, like Joseph Schumpeter, to contemporary publications in the areas of technology information and services. The characterization of the market for mobile devices seeks to show both quantitative aspects that highlight the booming growth of this market in Brazil and the world, as well as facts elucidating the interaction of this segment with society, in their quest for greater well-being. The development of the empirical part includes the data obtained from a financial institution. The results from the sample verified allowed us to expand the original hypothesis that the mobile device, besides being an innovative gadget, in the light of understanding of the models and theories, is equally able to promote access and better use of financial services to its users.

Este trabalho discute o mercado brasileiro de meios eletrônicos de pagamentos. O objetivo principal deste estudo é analisar os impactos causados pela evolução tecnológica do mercado brasileiro de meios de pagamentos eletrônicos, enfatizando a inovação e a ampliação dos serviços financeiros aos seus usuários. Para tanto, inicia com uma retrospectiva sobre as formas assumidas pela moeda, ao desempenhar uma de suas principais funções: ser um meio de troca ou de pagamento. A inovação é discutida a partir da revisão bibliográfica, que revisita desde autores renomados da teoria econômica, como Joseph Schumpeter, até publicações contemporâneas nas áreas de tecnologia da informação e de serviços. A caracterização do mercado de meios eletrônicos de pagamentos preocupa-se em evidenciar tanto aspectos quantitativos, que denotam o pujante crescimento deste mercado no Brasil e no mundo, como fatos que elucidam a interação deste segmento com a sociedade, em sua busca por maior bem-estar. O desenvolvimento da parte empírica conta com os dados sobre o uso do dispositivo mobile cedidos por uma instituição financeira. Os resultados provenientes da amostra verificada permitiram expandir a hipótese original, a saber, que o dispositivo mobile, além de ser considerado uma combinação inovadora, à luz da compreensão dos modelos e teorias abordados, é capaz de promover o melhor acesso e uso de serviços financeiros aos seus usuários. / This work deals with the Brazilian market for electronic payments. The aim of this study is to analyze the impacts of technological developments in the Brazilian market for electronic payments, emphasizing innovation and the expansion of financial services to its users. To accomplish that, it begins with a retrospective on the forms assumed by currency, to perform one of its main functions: to be a medium of exchange or of payments. Innovation is discussed by means of a brief literature review, revisiting from renowned authors of economic theory, like Joseph Schumpeter, to contemporary publications in the areas of technology information and services. The characterization of the market for mobile devices seeks to show both quantitative aspects that highlight the booming growth of this market in Brazil and the world, as well as facts elucidating the interaction of this segment with society, in their quest for greater well-being. The development of the empirical part includes the data obtained from a financial institution. The results from the sample verified allowed us to expand the original hypothesis that the mobile device, besides being an innovative gadget, in the light of understanding of the models and theories, is equally able to promote access and better use of financial services to its users.

This master's thesis describes the process of integration of electronic payment terminals into another technological solutions and eventually enabling the opportunity to make electronic payments using these solutions. It analyses the current situation on the field of electronic payments and the possibilities of own solution for these payments. It discusses the security aspects of payment operations and terminals and it also describes current legal situation involving the electronic payments in Czech Republic. It describes the process of implementation of the application for payment terminal integration and analyses the results of testing.

Final qualifying work (master's thesis) is devoted to the study of banking technologies in the conditions of interbank competition. The subject of the research is the economic relations arising between commercial banks in the market of banking technologies in the conditions of interbank competition. The main purpose of the master's thesis is to develop a comprehensive concept of improving banking technologies in the conditions of interbank competition based on the study of theoretical and practical aspects of the competitive environment in the market of banking technologies. In conclusion, the recommendations for improving the competitive advantages in the field of banking technologies are outlined. / Выпускная квалификационная работа (магистерская диссертация) посвящена исследованию банковских технологий в условиях межбанковской конкуренции. Предметом исследования выступают экономические отношения, возникающие между коммерческими банками на рынке банковских технологий в условиях межбанковской конкуренции. Основной целью магистерской диссертации является разработка комплексной концепции совершенствования банковских технологий в условиях межбанковской конкуренции на основе изучения теоретических и практических аспектов конкурентной среды на рынке банковских технологий. В заключении обозначены рекомендации по совершенствованию конкурентных преимуществ в области банковских технологий.

Financial inclusion is a public policy objective that fosters development through access to financial services for all. Financial inclusion can be defined as access, usage and quality of financial services. Inclusion of individuals and small enterprises has made considerable progress but it has also reached excesses in some situations. Regulatory changes and technological innovation have helped the expansion of financial services. Our contribution to the literature is threefold. First, we expand the large body of research that focuses on financial inclusion based on access to credit, through our analysis of payments. We provide an unique analysis of the quality dimension of payments, which we define as a catalyst between the access and usage dimensions. Second, we provide a detailed analysis of the Brazilian payment market, which transacts close to $400bn per year, in the scarce literature on developing countries. Third, we isolate the determinants of electronic payments through statistical methods, including a principal component analysis and auto regressive models (SARIMA, SARIMAX), which have not yet been used by researchers. We find that four macro characteristicshave a strong explanatory power: bank credit card lending, active population, retail sales and cash-in-circulation. Suprisingly, we find that cash-in-circulation presents a positive relationship with electronic payments, suggesting a possible distrust of citizens towards the banking system, high levels of informality, and shedding a new light on the precautionary principle described by Keynes. Our analysis is based on monthly deflated card payment data for Brazil from January 2007 to March 2017. / A Inclusão financeira é um objetivo de política pública que procura desenvolvimento através do acesso de todos aos serviços financeiros. Esse conceito pode ser definido com as suas três dimensões de acesso, uso e qualidade dos serviços. A inclusão de indivíduos e empresas conheceu uma melhora significativa, e em algum casos, apresentou excessos. Adaptações regulatórias e inovação tecnológica serviram de pano de fundo para a inclusão. Apresentamos as três contribuições da nossa pesquisa. Primeiro, existe ampla literatura sobre inclusão financeira com foco em crédito, e apresentamos um estudo original sobre pagamentos e sua dimensão de qualidade, definida como o catalisador entre acesso e uso. Segundo: nossa pesquisa apresenta uma análise única do setor de pagamentos no Brasil, um setor com faturamento de mais de R$1.2 trilhões de reais anuais, no âmbito da escassa literatura sobre economias em desenvolvimento. A terceira contribuição apresenta os determinantes dos meios de pagamentos eletrônicos, usando modelos estatísticos originais, como componentes principais e modelos auto regressivos (SARIMA, SARIMAX), que não tinham sido usados na literatura de inclusão financeira. Identificamos quatro características com significância para explicar meios eletrônicos: crédito bancário, população ativa, vendas do varejo e dinheiro em posse das famílias. De maneira surpreendente, dinheiro em posse das famílias apresentou correlação positiva com meios eletrônicos, sinalizando uma desconfiança dos consumidores com o setor bancário ou um maior grau de informalidade da economia brasileira, e trazendo uma interpretação original ao princípio de precaução descrito por Keynes. Nossa pesquisa se baseou em dados agregados e deflacionados de pagamentos para o Brasil entre Janeiro de 2007 e Março de 2017.

Financial inclusion is a public policy objective that fosters development through access to financial services for all. Financial inclusion can be defined as access, usage and quality of financial services. Inclusion of individuals and small enterprises has made considerable progress but it has also reached excesses in some situations. Regulatory changes and technological innovation have helped the expansion of financial services. Our contribution to the literature is threefold. First, we expand the large body of research that focuses on financial inclusion based on access to credit, through our analysis of payments. We provide an unique analysis of the quality dimension of payments, which we define as a catalyst between the access and usage dimensions. Second, we provide a detailed analysis of the Brazilian payment market, which transacts close to $400bn per year, in the scarce literature on developing countries. Third, we isolate the determinants of electronic payments through statistical methods, including a principal component analysis and auto regressive models (SARIMA, SARIMAX), which have not yet been used by researchers. We find that four macro characteristicshave a strong explanatory power: bank credit card lending, active population, retail sales and cash-in-circulation. Suprisingly, we find that cash-in-circulation presents a positive relationship with electronic payments, suggesting a possible distrust of citizens towards the banking system, high levels of informality, and shedding a new light on the precautionary principle described by Keynes. Our analysis is based on monthly deflated card payment data for Brazil from January 2007 to March 2017. / A Inclusão financeira é um objetivo de política pública que procura desenvolvimento através do acesso de todos aos serviços financeiros. Esse conceito pode ser definido com as suas três dimensões de acesso, uso e qualidade dos serviços. A inclusão de indivíduos e empresas conheceu uma melhora significativa, e em algum casos, apresentou excessos. Adaptações regulatórias e inovação tecnológica serviram de pano de fundo para a inclusão. Apresentamos as três contribuições da nossa pesquisa. Primeiro, existe ampla literatura sobre inclusão financeira com foco em crédito, e apresentamos um estudo original sobre pagamentos e sua dimensão de qualidade, definida como o catalisador entre acesso e uso. Segundo: nossa pesquisa apresenta uma análise única do setor de pagamentos no Brasil, um setor com faturamento de mais de R$1.2 trilhões de reais anuais, no âmbito da escassa literatura sobre economias em desenvolvimento. A terceira contribuição apresenta os determinantes dos meios de pagamentos eletrônicos, usando modelos estatísticos originais, como componentes principais e modelos auto regressivos (SARIMA, SARIMAX), que não tinham sido usados na literatura de inclusão financeira. Identificamos quatro características com significância para explicar meios eletrônicos: crédito bancário, população ativa, vendas do varejo e dinheiro em posse das famílias. De maneira surpreendente, dinheiro em posse das famílias apresentou correlação positiva com meios eletrônicos, sinalizando uma desconfiança dos consumidores com o setor bancário ou um maior grau de informalidade da economia brasileira, e trazendo uma interpretação original ao princípio de precaução descrito por Keynes. Nossa pesquisa se baseou em dados agregados e deflacionados de pagamentos para o Brasil entre Janeiro de 2007 e Março de 2017.

Выпускная квалификационная работа (Российский и зарубежный опыт функционирования банковской системы) изложена на 127 страницах и содержит 5 рисунков и 27 таблиц. Цель исследования заключается в выявлении проблем функционирования банковской системы Ирака и разработке рекомендаций по ее развитию на основе опыта Российской Федерации. Объектом исследования является банковская система Ирака. Научная новизна выпускной квалификационной работы состоит в: 1. Исследование сравнивает банковские системы России и Ирака и предлагает возможности использования российского опыта для развития банковской системы Ирака. 2. Исследование выделяет проблемы банковской системы Ирака и предлагает конкретные рекомендации для ее улучшения на основе российского опыта. 3. Исследование использует инновационную методику, включающую анализ открытых источников, анкетирование экспертов и сравнительный анализ с российским опытом. 4. Исследование имеет практическую значимость для разработчиков политики, руководителей банковских учреждений и инвесторов, которые могут использовать его результаты для повышения эффективности и устойчивости банковской системы Ирака. Практическая значимость проведенного исследования состоит в том, что результаты работы имеет практическую значимость для разработчиков политики, руководителей банков и инвесторов, помогая повысить эффективность и устойчивость банковской системы Ирака на основе российского опыта. / The final qualifying work (Russian and foreign experience in the functioning of the banking system) is presented on 127 pages and contains 5 figures and 27 tables. The purpose of the study is to identify the problems of the functioning of the banking system of Iraq and to develop recommendations for its development based on the experience of the Russian Federation. The object of the study is the banking system of Iraq. The scientific novelty of the final qualifying work consists in: 1. The study compares the banking systems of Russia and Iraq and offers opportunities to use the Russian experience for the development of the banking system of Iraq. 2. The study highlights the problems of the banking system in Iraq and offers specific recommendations for its improvement based on the Russian experience. 3. The study uses an innovative methodology that includes open source analysis, expert questionnaires and comparative analysis with Russian experience. 4. The study has practical significance for policy makers, heads of banking institutions and investors who can use its results to improve the efficiency and sustainability of the banking system in Iraq. The practical significance of the study is that the results of the work are of practical importance for policy makers, bank managers and investors, helping to improve the efficiency and stability of the banking system in Iraq based on the Russian experience.

Electronic Payment Systems (EPS) are gaining popularity all over the world. An EPS consists of many component technologies which facilitate cashless payments for services. The focus of this thesis is on device associated technologies that an end customer uses to initiate an e-payment for a particular service via a Payment Service Provider (PSP). A technology solution in an EPS is developed by a Payment Solution Developer (PSD). The market between a PSP and a PSD is a B2B market. A PSD must understand and develop that combination of technology and service which will successfully diffuse. The success of a PSP therefore depends a lot on what a PSD develops. A theoretical framework to measure diffusion of e-payment technologies, services and their combinations in the B2B market was developed and empirically assessed in this thesis. Two concepts namely concept of breadth and concept of spread were defined. The concept of breadth and spread were applied to e-payment technologies, services and their combinations. The derived concepts namely technology breadth, service breadth, technology spread, service spread and technology-service combination spread were defined and measured. We then extended the concept of breadth to understand utilization of technologies and services within an EPS. Set theory was used to describe the framework. A sample of 45 EPS was compiled from various sources. This secondary data of EPS consisted of 8 technologies and 16 services. The 8 technologies are Interactive Voice Response (IVR), text messaging using Short Messaging Service (SMS), text messaging using Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD), mobile internet using Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), mobile application, Near Field Communication (NFC), Personal Computer (PC) internet and smart card. The 16 services are retail shopping payment, banking, health payment, insurance payment, mobile bill payment, mobile recharge, money transfer, movie ticket booking, parking fee payment, restaurant payment, payment at sports/swimming club, toll payment, transportation payment, tuition fee payment, utilities payment, and vending machine payment. Three categories of PSPs namely core payment service providers (n=18), non-core payment service providers (n=12) and merchants (n=15) were identified from the 45 EPS. Binomial proportion test was used to verify the concepts of breadth and spread. Spearman correlation was used to find correlation between the concept of breadth and spread of technologies and services. The 45 EPS in the sample were then grouped under three sub groups based on the categories of their PSPs. Binomial tests were used within each sub group to understand the preferences of technologies, services and their combinations by each category. The results verified that certain e-payment technologies possess more breadth i.e., capability to deliver many e-payment services and certain e-payment services possess more breadth i.e., delivered by many e-payment technologies. A difference in diffusion i.e., spread of technologies, services and their combinations were observed. Details of these differences are discussed in this thesis for technologies, services and their combinations. A positive correlation was observed between the concept of breadth and spread. Specialization of technologies, services and their combinations within categories of PSPs were observed. Variations in utilization of technologies and services by EPS were observed.