Orientador: Prof. Dr. Wendel Andrade Alves / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências e Materiais Avançados, 2017. / Os nanocompósitos baseados em biopolímeros mostram-se materiais promissores na construção de dispositivos para aplicações na área biomédica. Dentre estes, o poli(álcool vinílico) vem sendo amplamente empregado em sistemas de curativos inteligentes, uma vez que permite a incorporação de drogas e de proteínas preservando a atividade farmacológica. Neste trabalho, apresentamos a proposta de um material, preparado por eletrofiação, composto pelo poli(álcool viníco) (PVA) parcialmente hidrolisado (matriz polimérica) e de nanotubos de titanato de sódio (NTTi), que possui propriedades bactericidas (fase dispersa). O material foi avaliado à temperatura ambiente nas concentrações de 0% a 10% de NTTi. As propriedades morfológicas e estruturais dos nanocompósitos foram investigadas por diferentes técnicas analíticas, espectroscópicas e microscópicas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, os NTTi promoveram variações microestruturais na rede polimérica, impactando no diâmetro médio das fibras (~140-220 nm), na cristalinidade (43 - 50%) e na porosidade (68 - 58%). Como consequência, tais variações foram associadas ao comportamento viscoelástico da matriz. O aumento da concentração de NTTi contribuiu para uma redução nos valores dos módulos de armazenamento (~350 ¿ 220 MPa) e perda (~30 ¿ 25 MPa) o que indica uma melhora na propriedade de tenacidade. Os testes de permeação em células de Franz por 48 horas mostraram que, nos tipos de mantas de PVA (0% e com 5,0% NTTi) avaliadas o processo de permeação da albumina sérica bovina (BSA) se inicia a partir de seis horas de coleta e é mais regular na manta contendo 5,0% de NTTi. / Biopolymers based nanocomposites are promising materials for the construction of devices for biomedical applications. Among these, polyvinyl alcohol has been widely used in intelligent dressing systems, since it allows the incorporation of drugs and proteins preserving the pharmacological activity. In this work, we present the proposal of a material, prepared by electrospinning, composed of partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (polymer matrix) and sodium titanate nanotubes (NTTi), which has bactericidal (dispersed phase) properties. The electrospun fibrous mats was evaluated at room temperature at concentrations of 0% to 10% NTTi. The morphological and structural properties of the nanocomposites were investigated by analytical, spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The results showed that the NTTi promoted microstructural variations in the polymer matrix, impacting the mean fiber diameter (~ 140-220 nm), the crystallinity (43 - 50%) and the porosity (68 - 58%). Consequently, such variations were associated with the viscoelastic behavior of the matrix. The increase in NTTi concentration contributed to a reduction in storage modulus values (~ 350 - 220 MPa) and loss (~ 30 - 25 MPa) indicating an improvement in tenacity property. Permeation tests on Franz cells for 48 hours showed that the permeation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) occurs in both PVA mats (0% and 5.0% NTTi), but it is easier the membrane only of PVA.

Neste trabalho a celulose extraída do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar foi convertida para triacetato de celulose que foi utilizado na produção de nanomembranas obtidas através da técnica de eletrofiação. O acetato de celulose foi preparado adicionando-se 100 mL de ácido acético, 1 mL de ácido sulfúrico e 67 mL de anidrido acético para 1g de celulose do bagaço de cana deaçúcar. Foi obtido um rendimento de cerca de 1,3g do produto para cada 1g de bagaço utilizado no processo. O triacetato de celulose produzido foi caracterizado por meio de Análise de Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Os resultados mostraram um conjunto de bandas de baixa intensidade na região 3700 a 3100, uma banda intensa em 1750 cm-1 e uma banda intensa em 1230 cm-1. O grau de substituição foi de 2,8. Os resultados da Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC) para a celulose comercial (Sigma®) apresentou dois picos endotérmico a 200ºC e 320ºC e um pico exotérmico a 340ºC, e a celulose do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar mostrou um pico endotérmico a 190ºC. O acetato de celulose comercial (Sigma®) apresentou dois picos endotérmicos a 185ºC e a 240ºC e o triacetato de celulose do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar mostrou quatro picos endotérmicos a 170ºC, 240ºC, 300ºC e 370ºC, respectivamente. As nanomembranas de triacetato de celulose foram produzidas utilizando-se várias soluções poliméricas, a solução polimérica mais adequada ao processo foi Acetona/Dimetilformamida (DMF 85:15 m/m) a 15% de triacetato de celulose 70/30 m/m Sigma®/Bagaço. Durante o processo de eletrofiação foram testadas as seguintes condições: voltagem (25 KV), fluxo (2-4 mL/h) e distância de (7-12 cm). As nanomembranas foram caracterizadas por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV); citotoxicidade onde os resultados obtidos indicando a biocompatibilidade das nanomembranas eletrofiadas; absorção de água, na faixa de 150% a 350% e perda de massa na faixa de 9% a 28%. Neste trabalho também foi realizado o estudo da incorporação da enzima bromelina, visando agregar propriedades cicatrizantes e anti-inflamatórias às nanomembrana e assim possibilitando sua futura utilização no tratamento de feridas, traumas, queimaduras, entre outros. Os melhores resultados na condição em recuperação de atividade enzimática foram de 67,5 / In this work, the cellulose extracted from sugarcane bagasse was converted to cellulose triacetate which was used in the production of nanomembranes obtained by electrospinning technique. The cellulose acetate was prepared by adding 100 mL of acetic acid, 1 mL of sulfuric acid and 67 mL of acetic anhydride to 1 g of cellulose pulp from sugar cane. A yield of about 1.3 g of product per gram of bagasse used in the process was obtained. The cellulose triacetate produced was characterized by analysis of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show a set of low intensity bands in the region 3700 - 3100, an intense band at 1750 cm-1 and an intense band at 1230 cm-1. The degree of substitution calculated was 2.8. The results of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) of the commercial cellulose (Sigma®), presented two endothermic peaks at 200ºC, 320ºC and an exothermic peak at 340ºC, and the cellulose from sugarcane bagasse showed the endothermic peak at 190ºC. The commercial cellulose acetate (Sigma®) showed two endothermic peak 185ºC to 240°C and cellulose triacetate from sugarcane bagasse showed four endothermic peaks at 170°C, 240°C, 300°C and 370ºC respectively. The nanomembranes of cellulose triacetate were produced using some polymeric solutions, the polymeric solutions most appropriated was acetone/ dimethylformamide (DMF 85:15 w / w) to 15% cellulose triacetate, cellulose 70/30 w / w Sigma® / Bagasse. During the electrospinning process the following conditions were tested: voltage (25 kV), flow rate (2 - 4 mL/h) and distance (7 - 12 cm). The nanomembranes were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM); cytotoxicity the results indicate the biocompatibility of the electrospinning nanomembranes; and water absorption, yielding values between 150 and 350% mass loss and to values between 9 and 28%. In this study it was the incorporation of the enzyme bromelain, in order to add healing and anti-inflammatory properties to nanomembrane was also performed and thus allowing their future use in the treatment of wounds, traumas, burns, among others. Provided the best results in recovery of enzyme activity was about 67.5

Orientador: Marcos Akira D' Ávila / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T19:12:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_RosemeiredosSantos_D.pdf: 3414008 bytes, checksum: 9f5516445d3c90d0f22d3a953197d6b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O polímero Poli(caprolactona) (PCL) tem sido amplamente usado como biomaterial nas últimas décadas. Sua biocompatibilidade e boas propriedades termo-mecânicas são as principais características que levam à seleção desse material para aplicação nas áreas biotecnológica, farmacêutica e têxtil. Neste trabalho, montou-se um equipamento para realizar o processamento de eletrofiação e caracterização de mantas formadas por fibras de PCL puro e nanocompósitos de PCL/nanotubos de carbono (NTC). Recorreu-se à eletrofiação com a aplicação de um campo elétrico gerado por uma corrente alternada (CA) e por uma corrente contínua (CC) simultaneamente (CA/CC) visando o controle da estabilidade do escoamento do jato polimérico durante o processamento a fim de determinar os parâmetros de processo e comparar os efeitos das diferentes frequências durante o processamento. Foram obtidos também nanocompósitos de PCL/óxido de grafeno (GO) com aplicação de um potencial elétrico em corrente contínua (CC), a fim de determinar os parâmetros de processos em diferentes concentrações de óxido de grafeno. As soluções/suspensões utilizadas no processo foram caracterizadas através de medições de condutividade elétrica, tensão superficial e propriedades reológicas. As fibras obtidas na forma de mantas porosas não-tecidas (non woven) foram caracterizadas por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FT-IR), Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA), Resistividade, Ângulo de contato ensaios mecânicos de tração e ensaios biológicos in vitro com células tronco mesenquimais humanas (hMSCs). Observou-se que o diâmetro médio das fibras depende da frequência CA aplicada durante a eletrofiação. A análise por FT-IR mostrou que houve a interação entre o PCL e o NTC, e as análises biológicas indicaram que as mantas PCL/GO são promissoras para uso como biomaterial / Abstract: Poly (??caprolactone) (PCL) has been widely used as biomaterial in the last decades. Its biocompatibility and good thermomechanical properties are the main features that lead to the selection of this material for applications in biotechnological, pharmaceutical and textile areas. In this work, an equipment was set up to perform electrospinning; characterization of fibrous mats formed by pure PCL fibers and nanocomposites of PCL/carbon nanotubes (CNT). Electrospinning based on the application of an electric field generated by an alternating current (AC) and a direct current (DC) simultaneously (AC/DC) was performed aiming to control the stability of the jet flow of the polymer during processing in order to determine the process parameters and compare the effects of different frequencies during processing. Nanocomposites of PCL/graphene oxide (GO) with application of a DC electrical potential were also obtained in order to determine the process parameters at different concentrations of graphene oxide. Solutions/suspensions employed in the process were characterized by measurements of electrical conductivity, surface tension and rheological properties. The fibers obtained in the form of non- woven porous mats were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential canning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), resistivity, contact angle and mechanical properties was measured, and in vitro biological assays with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) was evaluated. It was observed that the average diameter of the fibers depends on the AC frequency applied during electrospinning. The FT-IR analysis showed that there was interaction between the PCL and the CNTs, and biological analysis indicated that the blankets of PCL/CNT and PCL/GO are promising for use as a biomaterial / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutora em Engenharia Mecânica

L'utilisation de matériaux transparents et conducteurs a subi une croissance exponentielle lors de la dernière décennie, puisque faisant partie intégrante de nombreux dispositifs optoélectroniques tels que les écrans tactiles & les cellules solaires. Parmi ces matériaux, l'oxyde d'indium-étain occupe la quasi-totalité du marché puisqu'il associe une conductivité élevée et une transparence supérieure à 90% sous forme de film mince. Cependant, le développement de technologies flexibles pousse à rechercher des alternatives à son utilisation car son cout élevé et sa faible flexibilité le rendent incompatible. Au milieu des alternatives carbonées (graphène et nanotubes), les nanomatériaux métalliques ou les polymères conducteurs se présentent comme des alternatives intéressantes : bas cout et facilité à mettre en forme pour les polymères conducteurs, hautes performances pour les nanofils métalliques. Cette thèse présente la mise en œuvre de ces matériaux alternatifs par la méthode originale d'électrofilage et l'étude de leurs propriétés optoélectroniques. La maitrise des conditions de mise en forme (champ, débit, paramètres environnementaux) et l'optimisation des solutions utilisées (rhéologie, concentration en polymère, co-solvants) nous a permis d'obtenir 2 types de nanostructures : des nanofibres 100% polymériques à base de PEDOT:PSS et des nanofibres composites PVP:Nanofils d'argent. L'étude des propriétés opto-électroniques des réseaux ainsi obtenus a aussi été étudiée / The use of transparent and conductive materials has been growing exponentially in the last decade as they are part of many optoelectronic devices such as touch screens and solar cells. Among these materials, Indium-Tin Oxide (ITO) is the market reference since it combines a low resistivity and a high transparency up to 90% in the form of thin film. However, the growing in the development of flexible technologies created a real need in alternatives as ITO has poor mechanical properties. Carbon nanotubes and graphene are potential substitutes, but metallic nanowires and conductive polymers have been developed for their high performances and low cost respectively.This thesis presents the implementation of these alternatives by the original method of electrospinning and the study of their optoelectronic properties. The optimization of the experimental setup (field, rate, environmental parameters) and solutions (rheology, polymer concentration, co-solvents) allowed us to obtain 2 different kinds of nanostructures: fully polymeric with PEDOT:PSS and composite with PVP and silver nanowires. The study of the optoelectronic properties of the resulting networks has also been investigated

The syntheses and evaluation of oxidovanadium(IV) complexes as catalysts for the oxidation of refractory organosulfur compounds in fuels is presented. The sulfones produced from the oxidation reaction were removed from fuel oils by employing molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The oxidovanadium(IV) homogeneous catalyst, [V ͥ ͮ O(sal-HBPD)], as well as its heterogeneous polymer supported derivatives, poly[V ͥ ͮ O(sal-AHBPD)] and poly[V ͥ ͮ O(allylSB-co-EGDMA)], were synthesized and fully characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, UV-Vis, XPS, AFM, SEM, BET and single crystal XRD for [V ͥ ͮ O(sal-HBPD)]. The MIPs were also characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, SEM, EDX and BET. The catalyzed oxidation of fuel oil model sulfur compounds, thiophene (TH), benzothiophene (BT), dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT), was conducted under batch and continuous flow processes at 40°C by using tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) as oxidant. The continuous flow oxidation process presented the highest overall conversions and very high selectivity for sulfones. Maximum oxidation conversions of 71%, 89%, 99% and 88% was achieved for TH, BT, DBT and 4,6-DMDBT respectively when poly[V ͥ ͮ O(allylSB-co-EGDMA)] was employed at a flow-rate of 1 mL/h with over 90% sulfone selectivity. The process was further applied to the oxidation of hydro-treated diesel containing 385 ± 4.6 ppm of sulfur (mainly dibenzothiophene and dibenzothiophene derivatives), and this resulted to a high sulfur oxidation yield (> 99%), thus producing polar sulfones which are extractible by polar solid phase extractants. Adsorption of the polar sulfone compounds was carried-out by employing MIPs which were fabricated through the formation of recognition sites complementary to oxidized sulfur-containing compounds (sulfones) on electrospun polybenzimidazole (PBI) nanofibers, cross-linked chitosan microspheres and electrospun chitosan nanofibers. Adsorption of benzothiophene sulfone (BTO₂), dibenzothiophene sulfone (DBTO₂) and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene sulfone (4,6-DMDBTO₂) on the various molecularly imprinted adsorbents presented a Freundlich (multi-layered) adsorption isotherm which indicated interaction of adsorbed organosulfur compounds. Maximum adsorption observed for BTO₂, DBTO₂ and 4,6-DMDBTO₂ respectively was 8.5 ± 0.6 mg/g, 7.0 ± 0.5 mg/g and 6.6 ± 0.7 mg/g when imprinted chitosan nanofibers were employed, 4.9 ± 0.5 mg/g, 4.2 ± 0.7 mg/g and 3.9 ± 0.6 mg/g on molecularly imprinted chitosan microspheres, and 28.5 ± 0.4 mg/g, 29.8 ± 2.2 mg/g and 20.1 ± 1.4 mg/g on molecularly imprinted PBI nanofibers. Application of electrospun chitosan nanofibers on oxidized hydro-treated diesel presented a sulfur removal capacity of 84%, leaving 62 ± 3.2 ppm S in the fuel, while imprinted PBI electrospun nanofibers displayed excellent sulfur removal, keeping sulfur in the fuel after the oxidation/adsorption below the determined limit of detection (LOD), which is 2.4 ppm S. The high level of sulfur removal displayed by imprinted PBI nanofibers was ascribed to hydrogen bonding effects, and π-π stacking between aromatic sulfone compounds and the benzimidazole ring which were confirmed by chemical modelling with density functional theory (DFT) as well as the imprinting effect. The home-made pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) system was applied for extraction/desorption of sulfone compounds adsorbed on the PBI nanofibers at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and at 150°C with an applied pressure of 30 bars. Application of molecularly imprinted PBI nanofibers for the desulfurization of oxidized hydro-treated fuel showed potential for use in refining industries to reach ultra-low sulfur fuel level, which falls below the 10 ppm sulfur limit which is mandated by the environmental protection agency (EPA) from 2015.

The thesis presents the development of functionalized electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers for the eradication of pathogenic microorganisms in drinking water. Imidazole derivatives were synthesized as the antimicrobial agents and were characterized by means of NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and X-ray crystallography. The first set of compounds (2-substituted N-alkylimidazoles) consisted of imidazole derivatives substituted with different alkyl groups (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, heptyl, octyl, decyl and benzyl) at the 1-position and various functional groups [carboxaldehyde (CHO), alcohol (CH2OH) and carboxylic acid (COOH)] at the 2-position. It was observed that the antimicrobial activity of the compounds increased with increasing alkyl chain length and decreasing pKa of the 2-substituent. It was also observed that the antimicrobial activity was predominantly against a Gram-positive bacterial strains [Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 5-160 μg/mL) and Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii (MIC = 5-20 μg/mL)], with the latter being the more susceptible. However, the compounds displayed poor antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacterial strain, E. coli (MIC = 150- >2500 μg/mL) and did not show any activity against the yeast, C. albicans. The second set of compounds consisted of the silver(I) complexes containing 2-hydroxymethyl-N-alkylimidazoles. The complexes displayed a broad spectrum antimicrobial activity towards the microorganisms that were tested and their activity [E. coli (MIC = 5-40 μg/mL), S. aureus (MIC = 20-80 μg/mL), Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii (MIC = 5-40 μg/mL) and C. albicans (MIC = 40-80 μg/mL)] increased with the alkyl chain length of the 2-hydroxymethyl-N-alkylimidazole. The third set of compounds consisted of the vinylimidazoles containing the vinyl group either at the 1-position or at the 4- or 5- position. The imidazoles with the vinyl group at the 4- or 5-position contained the alkyl group (decyl) at the 1-position. For the fabrication of the antimicrobial nanofibers, the first two sets of imidazole derivatives (2-substituted N-alkylimidazoles and silver(I) complexes) were incorporated into electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers while the third set (2-substituted vinylimidazoles) was immobilized onto electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers employing the graft polymerization method. The antimicrobial nylon nanofibers were characterized by IR spectroscopy and SEM-EDAX (EDS). The electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers incorporated with 2-substituted N-alkylimidazoles displayed moderate to excellent levels of growth reduction against S. aureus (73.2-99.8 percent). For the electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers incorporated with silver(I) complexes, the levels of growth reduction were >99.99 percent, after the antimicrobial activity evaluation using the shake flask method. Furthermore, the grafted electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers showed excellent levels of growth reduction for E. coli (99.94-99.99 percent) and S. aureus (99.93-99.99 percent). The reusability results indicated that the grafted electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers maintained the antibacterial activity until the third cycle of useage. The cytotoxicity studies showed that grafted electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers possess lower cytotoxic effects on Chang liver cells with IC50 values in the range 23.48-26.81 μg/mL. The thesis demonstrated that the development of antimicrobial electrospun nanofibers, with potential for the eradication of pathogenic microoganisms in water, could be accomplished by incorporation as well as immobilization strategies.

Récemment perçues comme une Alternative aux énergies fossiles, les Piles à combustible reçoivent un grand intérêt. Les Piles à combustible à membrane échangeuse de proton sont commercialisées avec un électrolyte composé d'un polymère perfluoré, le Nafion. Ce dernier, au prix prohibitif ainsi qu'aux propriétés réduites à forte température, est un frein au développement industriel de cette catégorie de PAC. Cette thèse présente une alternative originale. Une membrane électrolyte, associant propriétés pertinentes de la chimie du sol-gel (chimie douce, aisément paramétrable) au procédé electrospinning. Une formulation idéale a été trouvée au travers d'une maitrise des paramètres de synthèse et de procédé ; une membrane hybride associant domaines Organique et Inorganique. Le travail s'axe ensuite autour de la compréhension de la diffusion protonique au sein de ce matériau multi-échelle. Clés des performances des membranes, une analyse microstructurale complète a été effectuée (MEB, FTIR, ATG, RMN). Elle a permis une corrélation aux différentes échelles de la structure de la membrane et du transport protonique. Le travail de compréhension s'est alors concentré sur les phénomènes multi-échelles, par mesure diélectriques à large bande, révélant différentes échelles de diffusion du proton (mis en avant par spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique, par RMN à gradient de champ et par diffusion quasi-élastique de neutrons). / Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has recently received increasing attention as a clean renewable power source due to its high operational efficiency and minimal environmental impact. The currently well-developed PEMFC technology is based on perfluorosulfonic polymers acid membranes as electrolyte. The reference membrane is Nafion due to their excellent chemical, mechanical, and thermal stability. However, Nafion presents several drawbacks as high cost and relative low operational temperatures. An alternative to replace commercials membranes is the development of organic-inorganic hybrid membranes for fuel cell applications. The advantage of these membranes is the decoupling of the proton transport from the mechanical properties. This hybrid membrane combines the intrinsic physical and chemical properties of both the inorganic and organic components allowing desirable properties. The swelling of the membrane can be adjusted via the composition of the membrane. A new hybrid membrane composed of silica and polymer PVDF-HFP is synthesised by combining sol gel chemistry and electrospinning. The association between the sol gel process and electrospinning permits the creation of an inorganic network within the polymer membrane, and morphological control to tune the proton pathway. This process recreated the nanoseparation observed in hydrated Nafion while being in dependent of water quantity. This organisation is strongly correlated with high conductivity of nafion. These news membranes are made of polymer fibbers surrounded by a functionalized (-SO3H) inorganic network. This microstructure conduces to membranes with conductivity values comparable to Nafion. To optimize the sol-gel chemistry and the electrospinning parameters, there is a need to understand proton mechanisms in these multiscale materials. Several characterisation techniques are used to explain the microstructure and to understand the link with conductivity values.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Wendel Andrade Alves / Coorientadora: Dra. Irina Marinho Factori / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências e Materiais Avançados, Santo André, 2018. / A técnica de eletrofiação é um método versátil para fabricar polímeros em fibras contínuas com diâmetros que variam alguns nanômetros. A alta razão superfície/volume, as dimensões nanométricas, que possibilitam obter ótimo desempenho com pouca quantidade de nanomaterial, e a alta porosidade, tornam as nanofibras eletrofiadas sistemas muito atraentes para aplicações como filtração, engenharia de tecidos, fabricação de roupas de proteção, esteiras têxteis não tecidas, feixes fibrosos orientados, até andaimes estruturados tridimensionais. Nos últimos anos, muitas estratégias sintéticas foram desenvolvidas para obter nanomateriais poliméricos unidimensionais (1D). Em particular, a poliamida 6 foi extensivamente investigada devido às suas boas propriedades mecânicas e físicas. Além disso, as suas propriedades funcionais podem ser moduladas pela adição de polieletrólitos como a quitosana. A quitosana é um polissacarídeo com excelente biocompatibilidade e admirável biodegradabilidade com atividades biológicas versáteis, como atividade antimicrobiana, baixa imunogenicidade e baixa toxicidade. Neste trabalho, é apresentada a proposta de um material, preparado por eletrofiação, composto por poliamida 6 (PA6) e quitosana (Q) de baixa massa molar. O material foi avaliado à temperatura ambiente nas proporções 100/0; 90/10; 80/20; 70/30 e 60/40 de PA6/Q. Devido às suas características intrínsecas, essas nanofibras poliméricas são atrativas para aplicações biomédicas e biotecnológicas, tais como nanocompósitos, implantes médicos e biossensores. As propriedades morfológicas e estruturais das nanofibras foram investigadas por técnicas de análise térmica (DSC, DTG e TGA), espectroscópicas (FTIR) e microscópicas (MEV). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as nanofibras eletrofiadas apresentam uma diminuição do grau de cristalinidade com a adição da quitosana (~27 para ~16%). Revelou ainda que o processo de eletrofiação promove uma redução da cristalinidade na PA6 (~45 para ~27%). Além disso, a adição da quitosana diminuiu a temperatura de degradação da PA6 (437 ¿ 420°C), mas proporcionou a obtenção de nanofibras de diâmetro menor (~100 - ~30 nm). A intenção futura deste trabalho é aplicar essas nanofibras no campo dos biossensores, como substrato para ancoragem. O uso do dispositivo de cobre de duas hastes, como coletor no processo de eletrofiação, permitiu obter nanofibras de PA6 sem e com adição de diferentes teores de quitosana. / The electrospinning technique is a versatile method to manufacturing polymers into continuous fibers with diameters ranging a few nanometers. The high surface/volume ratio, the nanometric dimensions, that allow to obtain optimum performance with little amount of nano-material and the high porosity, make electronanofibers as very attractive systems for applications such as filtration, tissue engineering, e others, non-woven textile mats, oriented fibrous bundles, even three-dimensional structured andaimes. Over the last few years, many synthetic strategies have been developed to obtain one-dimensional polymer nanomaterials (1D). In particular, polyamide 6 has been extensively investigated cause of its good mechanical and physical properties. Their properties can be modulated by adding polyelectrolytes such as chitosan, that is a polysaccharide having excellent biocompatibility and admirable biodegradability with versatile biological activities such as antimicrobial activity, low immunogenicity and low toxicity. In this work, it is be results showed that the electrophilic blankets showed a decrease in the degree of crystallinity with the addition of chitosan (27 to 16%). It also revealed that the electrochemical process promotes a reduction of crystallinity in PA6 (45 to 27%). In addition, addition of chitosan lowered the degradation temperature of PA6 (437-420 ° C), but yielded nanofibers of smaller diameter (100 - 30 nm). The future intention of this work is to apply these nanofibers in the biosensors field, as substrate for anchorage. The use of the two-presented the proposal of a material, prepared by electro-spinning, composed of polyamide 6 (PA6) and chitosan (Q) with low molar mass. The material was evaluated at room temperature in proportions 100/0; 90/10; 80/20; 70/30 and 60/40 PA6 /Due to their intrinsic features, these polymeric nanofibers are attractive for biomedical and biotechnological applications such nanocomposites, medical implants and biosensors. The morphological and structural properties of nanofibers were investigated by thermal (DSC, DTG and TGA), spectroscopic (FTIR) and microscopic (SEM) techniques. The results showed that the electrophilic blankets showed a decrease in the degree of crystallinity with the addition of chitosan (27 to 16%). It also revealed that the electrochemical process promotes a reduction of crystallinity in PA6 (45 to 27%). In addition, addition of chitosan lowered the degradation temperature of PA6 (437-420 ° C), but yielded nanofibers of smaller diameter (100 - 30 nm). The future intention of this work is to apply these nanofibers in the biosensors field, as substrate for anchorage. The use of the two-rod copper device, as a collector in the electro-spinning process, allowed to obtain PA6 blankets without and with the addition of different contents of chitosan.

Orientador: Maria Isabel Felisberti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T18:00:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Trinca_RafaelBergamo_D.pdf: 7109183 bytes, checksum: 36f8cbad69a4e17b2adb60ccbc082e94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo a síntese e a caracterização de poliuretanas segmentadas (SPUs), baseadas em macrodióis de baixa massa molar (2 kDa) ¿ poli(etileno glicol), poli(L-lactídeo) e poli(carbonato de trimetileno) (PEG, PLLA e PTMC, respecti- vamente) ¿ e diferentes diisocianatos (2,4-diisocianato-tolueno e 1,6-diisocianato-hexano, 2,4-TDI e HDI, respectivamente) e extensores de cadeia (1,4-butanodiol e ácido-2,2-bis(hidroximetil)-propanóico BDO e DMPA, respectivamente). Os macrodióis PLLA e PTMC foram sintetizados por polimerização por abertura de anel (ROP). As SPUs foram obtidas por uma rota de duas etapas: pré-polimerização dos macrodióis com diisocianatos e extensão de cadeia. Estudou-se os efeitos da razão mássica entre os macrodióis sobre as propriedades físico-químicas e morfológicas de SPUs mono, bi e tricomponentes baseadas em 2,4-TDI e BDO. Análises de ¹H NMR e GPC revelaram diferenças na reatividade dos macrodióis, que resultaram em diferenças de composição das SPUs em relação ao meio reacional e na distribuição de massa molar. Análises por DSC, DMTA, AFM e ensaios de intumescimento revelaram que as propriedades intrínsecas dos precursores foram combinadas e moduladas nas SPUs. A combinação dos três macrodióis resultou em SPUs com propriedades únicas, não encontradas nas SPUs binárias e monocomponentes. Os efeitos da natureza de diisocianatos e extensores de cadeia sobre as propriedades de SPUs ternárias também foram estudados. As SPUs baseadas em diisocianatos simétricos (HDI) apresentam temperatura de transição vítrea inferior aos baseados em 2,4-TDI, além disso, essas SPUs são semicristalinas, enquanto as baseadas em 2,4-TDI são essencialmente amorfas. A morfologia das SPUs, tipicamente de fase dispersa em uma matriz, é afetada pela proporção entre os macrodióis e pela natureza dos diisocianatos e dos extensores de cadeia. A capacidade das SPUs em intumescer em água é governada pelo teor de PEG e varia com a temperatura (SPUs termo-responsivas) enquanto as SPUs baseadas em DMPA apresentaram intumescimento dependente do pH do meio (SPUs responsivas ao pH). SPUs com menor teor de PEG e ricas em PLLA foram processadas pela técnica de eletrofiação, resultando em filmes nano fibrosos e porosos com propriedades elastoméricas / Abstract: This study aimed at the synthesis and characterization of segmented polyurethanes (SPUs), based on low molecular weight (2 kDa) macrodiols ¿ poly(ethylene glycol), poly(L-lactide) and poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PEG, PLLA and PTMC, respectively) - and different diisocyanates (2,4-diisocyanato-toluene and 1,6-diisocyanato-hexane, 2,4-TDI and HDI, respectively) and chain extenders (1,4-butanediol and 2,2-bis-hydroxymethyl-propanoic acid, DMPA and BDO respectively). The PLLA and PTMC macrodiols were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization (ROP). The SPUs were obtained by a two-step route: synthesis of prepolymers from diisocyanates and macrodiols, followed by a chain extension step. The effects of the weight ratio of macrodiols on the physico-chemical and morphological properties of SPUs based on 2,4-TDI and BDO were studied. The ¹H NMR and GPC analysis revealed differences in reactivity of macrodióis, which resulted in differences in composition of the SPUs in relation to the reaction medium and in the molar mass distribution. Analysis by DSC, DMTA, AFM and swelling assays revealed that the intrinsic properties of the precursors were combined and modulated in SPUs. The combination of the three macrodiols results in SPUs with unique properties not found in binary and single component SPUs. The effects of the nature of the chain extenders and diisocyanates on the properties of ternary SPUs were also studied. The SPUs based on symmetrical diisocyanates (HDI) presents lower glass transition temperatures than those based on 2,4-TDI. Moreover, they are semi crystalline while SPUs based on 2,4-TDI are essentially amorphous. The morphology of the SPUs, typically of a dispersed phase in a matrix, is affected by the macrodiols ratio and by the nature of diisocyanates and chain extenders. The water swelling capability of the SPUs is governed by the PEG content and varies with temperature (temperature responsive SPUs) as well as with pH (pH responsive SPUs) when BDO is replaced with DMPA. SPUs with low PEG content and rich in PLLA were processed by electrospinning technique, resulting in nanofibrous porous films with elastomeric properties / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Alexandre Luiz Souto [Unesp] Borges / Resumo: Este estudo visou sintetizar e caracterizar mantas não tecidas de nanofibras (NFs) do acrilonitrila butadieno estireno (ABS), poliamida 6 (PA6) e poliestireno (PS), e avaliar sua capacidade de ser utilizada como reforço no polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA). O ABS foi dissolvido em diclorometano e acetona, a PA6 pelo 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol e o PS pela dimetilformamida, em uma concentração definida em estudo piloto. Após determinados os melhores parâmetros de eletrofiação (tensão contínua, razão de fluxo e distância agulha/anteparo) as amostras de cada grupo foram analisadas em microscopia eletrônica de varredura, análise de molhabilidade, análise de difratometria de raios X, espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier, diâmetro das fibras e resistência a tração. As NFs produzidas foram incluídas na área de tração dos corpos de prova em resina acrílica ativada termicamente (RAAT) conforme ISO1567, perfazendo 4 grupos (n=20), 1 controle (Grupo 1) e 3 experimentais (Grupo 2, RAAT+NF/ABS; Grupo 2, RAAT+NF/PA6; Grupo 4, RAAT+NF/PS), para ensaio de flexão três pontos para analisar suas propriedades mecânicas, como: módulos de elasticidade e resistência a flexão. De acordo com os testes de caracterização, as mantas se apresentaram hidrofóbicas, não houve mudança de sua estrutura polimérica, concluindo-se então que a técnica da eletrofiação foi promissora na síntese de mantas de NFs. A variação dos parâmetros afetou diretamente a morfologia, resultando em fibras u... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study aimed to synthesize and characterize non-woven blankets of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyamide 6 (PA6) and polystyrene (PS) nanofibers (NFs), and to evaluate their ability to be used as reinforcement in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). ABS was dissolved in dichloromethane and acetone, PA6 by 1,1,1,3,3,3- hexafluoro-2-propanol and PS by dimethylformamide at a concentration defined in a pilot study. After determining the best electrospun parameters (continuous voltage, flow rate and needle/shield distance) the samples from each group were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, wettability analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, fiber diameter and tensile strength. The NFs produced were included in the tensile area of the thermally activated acrylic resin (RAAT) specimens according to ISO1567, making up 4 groups (n = 20), 1 control (Group 1) and 3 experimental (Group 2, RAAT+NF/ABS; Group 3, RAAT+NF/PA6 and Group 4 (RAAT+NF/PS), for three point bending test to analyze their mechanical properties, as: modules of elasticity and flexural strength. According to the characterization tests, the blankets were hydrophobic, there was no change in their polymeric structure, concluding that the electrospinning technique was promising in the synthesis of NFs blankets. The parameters variation affected directly in the morphology, resulting in uniform, bulky and without defects (beads) NFs blankets. The Groups 3 and 4 (NF/PA6+RA... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre