CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Apesar da tese da afecÃÃo da faculdade sensitiva ser o ponto de partida da teoria dos objetos elaborada pelo filÃsofo alemÃo Immanuel Kant, na obra CrÃtica da razÃo pura, ela nÃo se coaduna pacificamente com a antropomorfizaÃÃo do conhecimento: se por um lado o homem conhece apenas objetos subordinados ao formalismo de sua estrutura, por outro precisa da afecÃÃo por objetos independentes desse formalismo para obter objetos. Noutros termos: se ele conhece apenas os objetos que se submetem ao seu modo de conhecer (fenÃmenos), entÃo nÃo pode dizer que à afetado por coisas independentes desse modo cognoscitivo (coisas em si), pois sÃo incognoscÃveis. Esta pesquisa pretende analisar tanto os elementos puros que o sujeito possui aprioristicamente, quanto os elementos impuros que ele adquire a posteriori com o objetivo de demonstrar que embora o conhecimento humano legÃtimo esteja restrito a um composto de elementos puros e impuros (a experiÃncia), ele exige o concurso de um terceiro elemento que à incognoscÃvel: a coisa em si. O resultado obtido desse estudo à que o conhecimento humano se apresenta dependente da tese da afecÃÃo, a qual encontra-se numa situaÃÃo problemÃtica. Conclui-se, entÃo, que mesmo o empreendimento kantiano sendo acusado de idealista, solipsista e de incidir em cÃrculo, ele encontra-se na verdade circunscrito numa estrutura aporÃtica: o homem nÃo pode conhecer as coisas em si mesmas, mas necessita que elas afetem o aspecto sensÃvel de sua estrutura para que a mesma possa ter objetos cognoscÃveis.

Submitted by Miriam Lucas (miriam.lucas@unioeste.br) on 2017-10-06T16:56:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Luiz_Condi_Godoi_2017.pdf: 1244725 bytes, checksum: 39bf07fbb65aaebd7847c0f705fe1442 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-06T16:56:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Luiz_Condi_Godoi_2017.pdf: 1244725 bytes, checksum: 39bf07fbb65aaebd7847c0f705fe1442 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-07 / Distributed Generation (DG) is seen as an alternative to reduce dependence on nonrenewable primary and pollutant sources, decentralizing the generator base and adding reliability to the power grid. Thus, several public policies to encourage the use of DG have been implemented as incentive mechanisms. However, it is necessary to verify if the current institutional environment is favorable for the promotion and development of this market in Brazil. In this context, the objective of this work is to identify the facilitating and inhibiting elements that influence the development of DG in the country, acting to mitigate uncertainties from the investors' point of view. For this, models of structure, regulatory environment, marketing rules, participating agents, modalities, segments and technologies are presented, allowing a better understanding of the current commercial model and the mechanisms used for its promotion. Through this documentary research, in addition to the analysis of the international experience, the accomplishment of case studies and semi-structured interviews, it was evaluated the context in which DG is found in Brazil, as well as in other countries, being possible to identify factors that can contribute in its growth, in order to establish facilitative strategies, highlighting the revision of existing legislation, the tax burden, the environmental licensing process, and credit lines, leading to a low use of this market. Finally, it is concluded that there has been a significant advance in public policies, but the current market model is not yet sufficiently favorable to further development of DG. Still, using the presented strategies can mitigate barriers and evolve, fostering the high potential for expansion, enabling a more adequate and reliable environment, and a sustainable development in the commercial model in force in Brazil. / A Geração Distribuída (GD) é vista como alternativa para reduzir a dependência de fontes primárias não renováveis e poluentes, descentralizando o parque gerador e agregando confiabilidade à rede elétrica. Assim sendo, diversas políticas públicas para incentivar o uso da GD têm sido implementadas como mecanismos de incentivos. Entretanto, é necessário verificar se o atual ambiente institucional é favorável para a promoção e o desenvolvimento desse mercado no Brasil. Nesse contexto, este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar os elementos facilitadores e inibidores que influenciam no desenvolvimento da GD no País, atuando no sentido de mitigar incertezas do ponto de vista dos investidores. Para isso, são apresentados modelos de estrutura, ambiente regulatório, regras de comercialização, agentes participantes, modalidades, segmentos e tecnologias utilizadas, permitindo-se maior compreensão do modelo mercantil vigente e dos mecanismos utilizados para sua promoção. Por meio dessa pesquisa documental, somada à análise da experiência internacional, além da realização de estudos de caso e entrevistas semiestruturadas, avaliou-se o contexto em que se encontra a GD no Brasil, assim como em outros países, sendo possível identificar fatores que podem contribuir com seu crescimento para, a partir disso, estabelecerem-se estratégias facilitadoras, destacando-se a revisão da legislação existente, da carga tributária, do processo de licenciamento ambiental e de linhas de crédito, ocasionando-se um baixo aproveitamento desse mercado. Por fim, conclui-se que ocorreu um expressivo avanço nas políticas públicas, porém o atual modelo de mercado ainda não é suficientemente favorável a um maior desenvolvimento da GD. Ainda, com a utilização das estratégias apresentadas, pode-se mitigar barreiras e evoluir, fomentando-se o alto potencial de expansão, viabilizando-se um ambiente mais adequado e confiável, além de um desenvolvimento sustentável no modelo mercantil vigente no Brasil.

En scierie, les billons sont surfacés à l’aide de têtes de fraisage (slabber ou canter). Le copeau formé durant cette opération d’usinage se fragmente en particules nommées plaquettes, destinées à alimenter différentes filières (pâte à papier, panneaux et énergie). Leur valorisation en pâte à papier, qui représente le débouché le plus rémunérateur pour ces produits connexes, impose de respecter une granulométrie bien définie. Cette maîtrise dimensionnelle passe par une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes de fragmentation du copeau. Dans cet objectif, nous avons réalisé une campagne d’essais de coupe orthogonale sur bois vert afin d’étudier les paramètres influents sur les dimensions des plaquettes et de définir des zones de bonne fragmentation. Les résultats de cette étude seront utilisés comme indicateurs pour comparer les simulations numériques de la fragmentation avec la réalité. Afin d’aider les concepteurs de machine-outil à mieux concevoir leur outillage, nous avons développé un slabber entièrement paramétrable. Grâce à ce modèle, nous avons pu étudier l’effet des paramètres géométriques et cinématiques des slabbers sur certaines grandeurs essentielles en usinage. La simulation numérique de la fragmentation du copeau de bois vert doit permettre de prédire les dimensions des plaquettes formées. Pour cela, il est nécessaire de d’utiliser une méthode prenant en compte les spécificités de la coupe du bois. Ici la pertinence de la Méthode des Eléments Discrets (DEM) est étudiée. Enfin pour réaliser des simulations quantitatives, le comportement du bois vert en compression dans des conditions dynamiques est étudié. / In sawmills, logs are faced with conical rough milling cutters (slabber or canter heads). The chips produced during this operation are segmented in small chips, consisting of raw material for different sectors (pulp paper, particleboards and energy). Their valuation of paper pulp, which is the most remunerative outlet for these related products, requires a respect of defined particle size. This dimensional control requires a better knowledge of the chip fragmentation mechanisms. To this end, we conducted an experimental campaign of orthogonal cutting for green wood in order to study the influential parameters on chips dimensions and to define good chipping areas. The results of this study will be used as indicators to compare numerical simulations of fragmentation with reality. To help machine tool designers to better design their equipment, we have developed a fully customizable slabber. With this model, we studied the effect of slabber geometric and kinematic parameters on certain key variables in machining. Numerical simulation of the fragmentation of green wood chips should help to predict the size of chips formed. To this aim it is necessary to use a method taking into account the specificities of wood cutting. Here the relevance of the Discrete Elements Method (DEM) is studied. Finally to achieve quantitative simulations, the behavior of green wood in compression under dynamic conditions is studied.

[pt] O presente trabalho tem como principais objetivos estudar a formulação do método dos elementos de contorno e implementar um programa computacional para análise de tensões de problemas bi-dimensionais (estado plano de deformação e axissimetria) considerando também a possibilidade de acoplamento dos métodos dos elementos de contorno (MEC) e dos elementos finitos (MEF). Dentro deste estudo são abordados as soluções fundamentais para materiais linearmente elásticos, a formulação das integrais no contorno, as técnicas para tratamento de singularidade, a utilização de nós duplos para estudos de canto, etc. Os resultados numéricos obtidos em alguns problemas bi-dimensionais pelos métodos dos elementos de contorno e dos elementos finitos, considerando isoladamente ou acoplados, são comparados mutuamente e com soluções analíticas da teoria da elasticidade linear. Vantagens e desvantagens destes métodos, bem como dificuldades de implementação numérica, são discutidas ao longo deste trabalho. / [en] The main objectives of this work are the study of the boundary element formulation as well as the implementation of computer program for stress analyses of bidimensional problems under axisymmetric or plane strain conditions. The computer program also combines the boundary element method (BEM) with the finite element method (FEM) thus permitting its application to wide range of geotechnical problems. In this study research several mathematical aspects of the boundary element method are reviewed, such as the fundamental solutions for elastic materials, contour integration, singularities, corner problems, etc. The numeric results obtained in some 2D problems the BEM and FEM, in a coupled or isolated form, are compared with analytical solutions provided by classical theory of elasticity. Advantages and shortcomings of both methods, as well as the difficulties in the computer implementation, are also discussed in this work.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / The current study investigated application of natural adsorbents in brine treatment. Brines are hypersaline waters generated in power stations and mining industries rich in Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, Na+, SO4 2- , Cl- and traces of heavy metals, thus there is a need for these brines to be treated to recover potable water and remove problematic elements. Natural adsorbents have been successfully used in waste water treatment because of their high surface area and high adsorptive properties when they are conditioned with acid or base. The investigation of pH showed that natural adsorbents did not perform well at low pH of 4 and 6. The adsorbents were able to work efficiently at the natural pH of 8.52 of the brine solution. These results show that natural adsorbents hold great potential to remove cationic major components and selected heavy metal species from industrial brine waste water. Heterogeneity of natural adsorbents samples, even when they have the same origin, could be a problem when wastewater treatment systems utilizing natural clinoptilolite and bentonite are planned to be developed. Therefore, it is very important to characterize the reserves fully in order to make them attractive in developing treatment technologies. / South Africa

This study is in the domain of Church History under a sub theme 'Africanisation of Christianity'. Though Africanisation of Christianity is not a modern-day topic in Church History, this study posits that the theme should continue enjoying attention. The reason to this proposal is that it seems there is again a problem today on how African Indigenous Churches (AICs) interface with local traditional spiritualities in communities in which they are planted. Thus, this current study deals with the blurred interface and religious boundaries between African spiritual elements of faith and traditional Christian spiritual elements of faith as depicted in the Johane Masowe weChishanu inotungamirirwa neNyenyedzi(led by the star) (JMCN) Church in Zimbabwe. The hypothesis of this study is that the traditional African spiritual elements of faith dominate in JMCN Church spirituality at the expense of traditional Christian spiritual elements of faith. It is this unconscious adapting and adopting of 'incompatible' African spiritual elements of faith by the JMCN Church that has whet the appetite to examine whether JMCN Church spirituality can be described as a genuinely Christian. In an attempt to understand the genuineness of JMCN Church spirituality this study grouped AICs into two categories those that are said to be 'undisputed' and those that are said to be 'disputed'.While both groups have inculturated African spiritual elements of faith, this study argues that the undisputed AICs conscious selected compatible African spiritual elements of faith against the disputed AICs who unconsciously selected incompatible African spiritual elements of faith. Accordingly, the spirituality of JMCN (hereafter refered to as the Church) identified by its appropriation of African/Karanga spiritual elements of faith such as praying in traditional sacred caves and baptizing church members in traditional sacred pools and dams. Critical to JMCN spirituality is the removal of faith in Jesus Christ's death, resurrection and faith in the Bible as the word of God for human salvation. These are replaced by belief in the power of water spirits and tsanangudzo dzeMweya, (the sayings of the spirit) respectively.This study uses phenomenological and Theological Reflective approaches for data collection and interpreting of the data. Phenomenological method was used because it has two essential strands; the descriptive and the hermeneutical strands.The descriptive aspect helps the researcher to describe the spirituality of the Church accurately, while hermeneutic phenomenological and Theological Reflective approaches give the researcher the ability to evaluate the spirituality of the Church in light of Biblical Christian spirituality. The research study concludes that the JMCN church moved way from being a Christian Church to another syncretic religious denomination due to its inculturation of incompatible African spiritual elements of faith. This study argues that AICs have the liberty to inculturate local religious spiritual elements to shape their Church spiritualities, but the selection criteria should be carefully chosen to avoid obfuscating central Biblical spiritual elements of faith in the process. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Church History and Church Policy / PhD / Unrestricted

Please read the abstract after page x in the 00front part of this document / Thesis (DLitt (German))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Modern European Languages / unrestricted

The purpose of this study is to explore the nature of firm–bank exchange. Using a qualitative research method and existing theory, by capturing transaction-based and relationship-based elements, I examine ten firms and eight different bank services important for the exchange between the firms and their banks. The study indicates that the exchange is more complex than previous theories have proclaimed, since the nature of the exchange differs when central elements of different bank services are compared. There are bank services, such as bank account and loans, which have a high degree of both transaction-based and relationship-based elements. Saving and investment are also indicated as consisting of both transaction-based and relationship-based elements. Other services, such as depositing of cash, digital depositing and payments clearly have a higher proportion of transaction-based elements than of relationship-based elements, but depositing of cash differs somewhat from digital depositing regarding some of the elements investigated. The study suggests that advising has a high level of relationship-based elements, while the transaction-based elements are much less evident. For the service exchange of money, both transaction-based and relationship-based elements are present at a level below medium. This demonstrates that firm–bank exchange has a multidimensional nature. / Syftet med denna explorativa studie är att undersöka beskaffenheten på utbytet av olika banktjänster mellan små och medelstora företag och banker. Med hjälp av befintlig teori och kvalitativ metod identifieras transaktionsbaserade och relationsbaserade element. Tio företag och åtta banktjänster studerades och resultaten indikerar att utbytet är mer komplext än tidigare studier antyder. Utbytet skiljer sig nämligen åt när de olika banktjänsternas transaktionsbaserade och relationsbaserade element jämförs. Banktjänster som bankkonto och lån karaktäriseras av en hög nivå av både transaktionsbaserade och relationsbaserade element. Även för sparande och investeringar förekommer såväl transaktionsbaserade som relationsbaserade element, men på en något lägre nivå. Tjänster som insättning av kontanter, elektroniska insättningar och betalningar har en klart högre nivå av transaktionsbaserade element än relationsbaserade element, men insättning av kontanter skiljer sig något från digitala insättningar för de element som undersökts. Tjänsten rådgivning karaktäriseras av en hög nivå av relationsbaserade element, medan de transaktionsbaserade elementen är mindre framträdande. Växling indikerar en nivå under medium för både transaktionsbaserade samt relationsbaserade element. Sammantaget påvisar detta att utbytet mellan små och medelstora företag och deras banker har en multidimensionell karaktär.

Polycrystalline materials are widely used for industrial applications. These materials are highly anisotropic with different responses under different loading conditions. This dissertation uses a crystal plasticity scheme in the finite element framework (CPFEM) to study deformation mechanisms in alumina, aluminium and stainless steel – all polycrystalline. Four research cases in this dissertation have been presented in the form of manuscripts for publication. When possible, modelling predictions have been compared against various experimental techniques such as Diffraction Contrast Tomography (DCT), Neutron Diffraction (ND) and Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD). After an introduction (Chapter 1) and a literature review (Chapter 2) on plastic deformation and modelling techniques, the methodology and results are presented and discussed (Chapters 3 and 4). Measurements of elastic strains for individual grain families (ND) and local rotations (DCT and EBSD) are compared against corresponding predictions by the model following different loading modes. Each study reveals different degrees of agreement between predictions and measurements. The individual conclusions to each study are presented in Chapter 4. Some overall conclusions and suggestions for further work are presented in Chapter 5.

The regulation and evolution of the inverted repeat transposable element Tel, found in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, was studied. The stability of Tel elements in the N2 strain genome was investigated by cloning seventeen N2 Tel elements. To examine their structural integrity, sixteen cloned N2 Tel elements were restriction mapped and, in the case of some variants, their DNA was partially sequenced. Two restriction site variants, Tcl(Eco).12 and Tcl(Hpa-).9, were found. Tel(1.5).10b had lost 89 bp from one end, while Tcl(1.7).28 contained a 55 bp insertion. Two additional elements, Tcl(0.9).2 and Tcl(0.9).14, had different internal deletions. Each element was about 900 bp in length. The majority of Tel elements cloned from the N2 strain were found to have identical restriction maps. Somatic excision of Tel elements in the N2 genome was demonstrated. Tel elements in N2 are apparently both structurally and functionally intact. Nevertheless, mobilization of Tel elements in the N2 germline is restricted. Two new transposable element families, Barney (also known as TCbl) and TCb2, were discovered in a closely related nematode, Caenorhabditis briggsae due to Tel identity. These two families, distinguished through differential inter-element hybridization, showed multiple banding differences between strains. The open reading frames (ORFs) of Tel and Barney share 71% DNA sequence and 74% amino acid sequence identity. The putative terminus of Barney exhibits 68% identity with the 54 bp terminal repeat of Tel. Partial sequencing of TCb2 revealed that its ORF is equally diverged from Barney and Tel. The basis of the sequence heterogeneity observed in the C. briggsae transposons and not in the C. elegans transposons could be due to either horizontal transfer or alternate paths of divergence. Significant sequence identity was found between Tel, Barney, and HB1 (a transposable element from Drosophila melanogaster) within their coding regions and terminal repeats. These sequence similarities define a subclass of inverted repeat transposable elements inhabiting two different phylla, Arthropoda and Nematoda. / Medicine, Faculty of / Medical Genetics, Department of / Graduate