Herewithin, two transcription factor (TF) regulatory complexes were investigated. A bHLH–MYB–WDR (BMW) DNA-binding complex from maize was the first complex to be studied. R, a maize bHLH involved in the activation of genes in the anthocyanin pathway, had been characterized to indirectly bind DNA despite the presence of a functional DNA-binding domain. Findings presented here reveal that this is only partially correct. Direct DNA-binding by R was found to be dependent upon two distinct dimerization domains that function as a switch. This switch-like mechanism allows R to be repurposed for the activation of promoters of differing cis-element structure. The second regulatory complex studied was of the Arabidopsis thaliana MIKC-MADS TF family. For many TFs, DNA-binding site recognition is relatively straightforward and very sequence specific, while others exhibit relaxed sequence specificity. MADS-domain TFs are one family of TFs with a wider range of cis-element sequences. Though consensus cis-element sequences have been determined for various MADS-domains, correctly predicting and identifying biologically functional cis-elements has been a challenge. In order to study the influence of nucleobase associations within the cis-element, a DNA-Protein Interaction (DPI)-ELISA method was modified and optimized to screen a panel of specific probes. Screening of the SEP3 homodimer against a panel of sequential, palindromic probes revealed that nucleobases in position -1:+1 of the CArG-box influence binding strength between the MADS-domain and DNA. Additionally, the specificity of AGL15 towards CT-W6-AG forms was discovered to be determined by the functional groups present in the minor groove at position -4:+4 using inosine:cytosine (I:C) base pairs. Finally, the FLC–SVP MADS-domain heterodimer, bound to a native cis-element, was modeled and binding simulated using molecular dynamics. In conjunction with simulations of AGL15 and SEP3 homodimers, a potential binding mechanism was identified for this unique heterodimer. DNA sequence recognition by the MADS-domain was found to occur asymmetrically. In the case of the FLC–SVP heterodimer, the direction of asymmetrical DNA-binding in heterodimers was found to be fixed. Furthermore, the molecular dynamics simulations provided insight towards understanding the results generated from previous DPI-ELISA experiments, which should provide an improved means for predicting biologically significant CArG-boxes around genes.

Type II collagen, which gives the cartilage its tensile strength, is destroyed in osteoarthritis (OA). Cathepsin K is recognized as capable of cleaving type II collagen, however, the regulation of its activity in the cartilage is little known. Our hypothesis is that the activity of cathepsin K in cartilage is measured by an ELISA specific to cathepsin K cleavage site. A new specific ELISA (C2K77) was developed and tested by measuring the activity of the exogenous cathepsin K. The ELISA C2K77 was then used to measure the activity of the endogenous cathepsin K in equine articular cartilage explants cultured with or without stimulation (IL-1β, TNF-α, Oncostatin M (OSM) and LPS). Then the activity of cathepsin K was compared to that of MMPs (C1,2C ELISA) in the cartilage explants and in the freshly harvested cartilage. A significant difference was observed between normal cartilage and cartilage digested with cathepsin K (p˂0.01). There was no significant difference in the content of C2K77 between the control group and the groups stimulated while the content of C1,2C was increased by the combination of IL-1β and OSM (p = 0.002) and TNF-α and OSM (p˂0.0001). The new ELISA C2K77 demonstrates the ability to measure the activity of cathepsin K and revealed that there is a difference between the regulation of cathepsin K and MMP in articular cartilage. / Le collagène de type II, qui confère au cartilage articulaire sa résistance à la tension, est détruit dans l’arthrose. La cathepsine K est reconnue comme pouvant cliver le collagène de type II. Cependant, la régulation de son activité dans le cartilage est peu connue. Notre hypothèse est que l’activité de la cathepsine K dans le cartilage est mesurable par une ELISA spécifique au site de clivage de la cathepsine K. Une nouvelle ELISA spécifique (C2K77) a été développée et testée en mesurant l’activité de la cathepsine K exogène. L’ELISA C2K77 a ensuite été utilisée pour mesurer l’activité de la cathepsine K endogène dans des explants de cartilage articulaire équin mis en culture avec ou sans stimulations (IL-1β, TNF-α, oncostatine M (OSM) et le LPS). Puis l’activité de la cathepsine K a été comparée à celle des MMPs (avec l’ELISA C1,2C) dans les explants de cartilage et dans le cartilage fraichement récolté. Une différence significative a été observée entre le cartilage normal et le cartilage digéré avec la cathepsine K exogène (p˂0.01). Il n’y avait aucune différence significative dans la quantité de C2K77 entre le groupe control et les groupes stimulés tandis que la quantité de C1,2C a été augmenté par la combinaison de l’IL-1β et de l’OSM (p=0.002) et du TNF-α et de l’OSM (p˂0.0001). La nouvelle ELISA C2K77 démontre la capacité de mesurer l’activité de la cathepsine K et a permis de voir qu’il y a une différence entre la régulation de la cathepsine K et des MMPs.

Background Indigenous peoples with traditional lifestyles worldwide are considered particularly vulnerable to climate change effects. Large climate change impacts on the spread of infectious vector-borne diseases are expected as a health outcome. The most rapid climate changes are occurring in the Arctic regions, and as a part of this region northernmost Sweden might experience early effects. In this thesis, climate change effects on the lives of Sami reindeer herders are described and 30 years of weather changes are quantified. Epidemiology of the climate sensitive human infection tularemia is assessed, baseline serologic prevalence of tularemia is investigated and the disease burden is quantified across inhabitants in the region. Methods Perceptions and experiences of climate change effects among the indigenous Sami reindeer herders of northern Sweden were investigated through qualitative analyses of fourteen interviews. The results were then combined with instrumental weather data from ten meteorological stations in a mixed-methods design to further illustrate climate change effects in this region. In two following studies, tularemia ecology and epidemiology were investigated. A total of 4,792 reported cases of tularemia between 1984 and 2012 were analysed and correlated to ecological regions and presence of inland water using geographical mapping. The status of tularemia in the Swedish Arctic region was further investigated through risk factor analyses of a 2012 regional outbreak and a cross-sectional serological survey to estimate the burden of disease including unreported cases. Results The reindeer herders described how the winters of northern Sweden have changed since the 1970s – warmer winters with shorter snow season and cold periods, and earlier spring. The adverse effects on the reindeer herders through the obstruction of their work, the stress induced and the threat to their lifestyle was demonstrated, forcing the reindeer herders towards the limit of resilience. Weather data supported the observations of winter changes; some stations displayed a more than two full months shorter snow cover season and winter temperatures increased significantly, most pronounced in the lowest temperatures. During the same time period a near tenfold increase in national incidence of tularemia was observed in Sweden (from 0.26 to 2.47/100,000 p<0.001) with a clear overrepresentation of cases in the north versus the south (4.52 vs. 0.56/100,000 p<0.001). The incidence was positively correlated with the presence of inland water (p<0.001) and higher than expected in the alpine and boreal ecologic regions (p<0.001). In the outbreak investigation a dose-response relationship to water was identified; distance from residence to water – less than 100 m, mOR 2.86 (95% CI 1.79–4.57) and 100 to 500 m, mOR 1.63 (95% CI 1.08–2.46). The prevalence of tularemia antibodies in the two northernmost counties was 2.9% corresponding to a 16 times higher number of cases than reported indicating that the reported numbers represent only a minute fraction of the true tularemia. Conclusions The extensive winter changes pose a threat to reindeer herding in this region. Tularemia is increasing in Sweden, it has a strong correlation to water and northern ecoregions, and unreported tularemia cases are quite common.

The increasing incidence of children suffering from allergic diseases could be caused by sensitization of immature immune system during the intrauterine development. Several important scientific papers have demonstrated the ability of cord blood cells to respond by elevated proliferation activity after stimulation by common allergens. Following these findings, present study follows the production of cytokines which play a role in the pro- and anti-allergenic tuning of the immune system. Umbilical cord blood cells were stimulated with polyclonal activators (phytohaemagglutinin) and common allergens (ovalbumin, timothy grass, birch, mite). Subsequently, cytokine production was monitored using selected methods that reflect different stages of cell activation - at the level of mRNA by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR), by flow cytometry detection of the presence of intracellular cytokines in different cell subpopulations and by ELISA measurement of cytokines in CBMC culture supernatants. The results obtained point to a very weak ability of these common allergens (timothy grass, birch, mite, ovalbumin) to stimulate CBMC to produce cytokines observed by all of these methodological procedures. Although we did not observe significant differences in CBMC cytokine production (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12,...

In dieser Arbeit wurden zwei serologische Teste zur Unterscheidung inzidenter und prävalenter Proben etabliert und validiert, welche auf der Reifung des Immunsystems in der frühen HIV-Infektion basieren. Im BED-ELISA werden anhand von anti-HIV-gp41-spezifischen IgG-Antikörperspiegeln die Proben klassifiziert. Die Aviditäts-Methode (AI) unterscheidet die Bindungsfähigkeit der Antikörper an spezifische Antigene. Das Probenpanel wurde in einem weiteren Inzidenztest, dem IDE-V3-ELISA (Kooperation F. Barin), gemessen welcher den Anstieg der Antikörperreaktivität gegen zwei verschiedene immundominante Epitope nutzt. Wirtsspezifische Marker und virale Eigenschaften wurden untersucht, um Merkmale zu identifizieren, welche die Sensitivität und Spezifität der Teste verbessern könnten. Mit dem BED-ELISA wurde eine Pilotstudie unter Berliner HIV-Patienten durchgeführt. Zur Vereinfachung des Probentransports in Studien wurde der Einfluss einer Filtertrocknung der Plasmaproben auf die Infektiosität von HIV, Stabilität der HIV-RNA und die Antikörperreaktivität im BED-ELISA untersucht. In den Testen wurden inzidente Plasmaproben mit folgenden Sensitivitäten und Spezifitäten richtig klassifiziert: 80% und 86% (BED-ELISA); 74% und 82% (AI); 73% und 84% (IDE-V3). Von allen untersuchten wirtsspezifischen Faktoren korrelierte nur der Gehalt an Antikörpern der IgG3-Subklasse mit der Fehlklassifikation der Proben. Für die Pilotstudie wurden zwischen Feb. 2005 und Nov. 2007 von 132 erstmalig HIV-1 positiv diagnostizierten Patienten Proben genommen und im BED-ELISA analysiert (51% Anteil inzidente Infektionen). Die Antikörperreaktivitäten blieben nach der Filtertrocknung erhalten, so das auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse eine deutschlandweite Inzidenzstudie mit Filter-getrockneten Plasmaproben geplant wurde, die seit Januar 2008 im Auftrag des BMG zur Verbesserung der Datenlage zur HIV-Inzidenz in Deutschland durchgeführt wird. / In this PhD thesis two methods that can differentiate between incident and prevalent infections were established and validated. Both tests are based on the maturation of the immune system during early HIV-infection. The BED-ELISA uses anti-HIV-gp41 specific IgG-antibody levels for differentiation. The avidity method (AI) is based on the binding-capacity of the antibodies to specific antigens in the presence of a chaotropic agent. The sample panel was also evaluated using an additional incidence ELISA, the IDE-V3-ELISA (cooperation with F. Barin). This test is also based on the antibody''s reactivity to two different immune dominant epitopes, allowing incident and prevalent infections to be differentiated. Host specific factors and viral determinants were analysed to provide information that could lead to improvements in the sensitivity and specificity of the incidence tests. With the BED-ELISA a pilot study with HIV-infected patients in Berlin was carried out. The inactivation of HIV-1 after filter-drying of samples, the stability of viral RNA and reactivity of antibodies in the BED-ELISA were analysed to simplify the transport of samples in future studies. Incident plasma samples were identified correctly with following sensitivities and specificity’s: 80% and 86% (BED-ELISA); 74% and 82% (AI); 73% and 84% (IDE-V3). Of all host factors analysed, only the titre of IgG3-antibodies correlated with the incorrect classification of samples. In the pilot study samples from 132 newly diagnosed HIV-positive patients were obtained between February 2005 and November 2007 and analysed in the BED-ELISA (51% proportion of incident infections). It could be shown that filter-drying of plasma samples rendered HIV non-infectious but did not influence antibody reactivity. Based on these results, a German HIV incidence study using filter-dried plasma samples, designed to improve knowledge of HIV-incidence in Germany, was sponsored by the BMG and has been ongoing since January 2008.

Os principais marcadores sorológicos para o diagnóstico da toxoplasmose aguda ou recente são os anticorpos IgM específicos e anticorpos IgG de baixa avidez. Entretanto em alguns pacientes, anticorpos IgM e baixa avidez de anticorpos IgG podem persistir, ultrapassando o período da fase recente aguda contribuindo para erros de interpretação diagnóstica. No presente estudo, a eficiência diagnóstica do ensaio imunoenzimático foi avaliada, com o uso de frações antigênicas ou peptídeos sintéticos originados do antígeno ESA de T.gondii, denominados de SAG-1, GRA-1 e GRA-7. Foram estudadas frações isoladas e combinadas em múltiplos peptídeos antigênicos (MAP), visando estabelecer um perfil confiável para definição sorológica de toxoplasmose recente aguda em amostra única de soro. A melhor eficiência diagnóstica do ensaio foi encontrada com o uso da combinação de peptídeos SAG- 1,GRA-1 e GRA-7, denominada MAP1. A detecção de anticorpos IgG e IgM anti- MAP1 apresentou a melhor definição entre a fase recente aguda da fase recente não aguda na toxoplasmose. Nossos resultados mostraram que IgM anti-MAP1 poderá se constituir um marcador sorológico importante no aumento da eficiência diagnóstica da toxoplasmose recente aguda / The main serological marker for the diagnosis of recent toxoplasmosis is the specific IgM antibody, along with IgG antibodies of low avidity. However, in some patients these antibodies may persist long after the acute/recent phase, contributing to misdiagnosis in suspected cases of toxoplasmosis. In the present study, the diagnostic efficiency of ELISA was evaluated, with the use of peptides derived from T. gondii ESA antigens, named SAG-1, GRA-1 and GRA-7. In the assay referred to, we studied each of these peptides individually, as well as in four different combinations, as Multiple Antigen Peptides (MAP), aiming to establish a reliable profile for the acute/recent toxoplasmosis with only one patient serum sample. The diagnostic performance of the assay using MAP1, with the combination of SAG-1, GRA-1 and GRA-7 peptides, demonstrated better discrimination of the acute/recent phase from non acute/recent phase of toxoplasmosis. Our results show that IgM antibodies to MAP1 may be useful as a serological marker, enhancing the diagnostic efficiency of the assay for acute/recent phase of toxoplasmosis

Orientador: Iveraldo dos Santos Dutra / Banca: Samir Issa Samara / Banca: Vera Cláudia Lorenzetti Magalhães Curci / Resumo: O carbúnculo sintomático é um problema sanitário mundial, responsável por elevados coeficientes de mortalidade em bovinos e ovinos. A imunização dos animais jovens, seguida de reforço anual até 2,5 anos de idade, é a principal medida profilática. Foram realizados três experimentos distintos com intuito de avaliar as respostas sorológicas de bovinos vacinados contra o carbúnculo sintomático, pelos testes de aglutinação em placa e Elisa, empregando-se como antígenos a cepa de referência (MT) e uma cepa de campo (SP). No primeiro experimento, os bezerros foram organizados em três grupos (G1, G2 e G3) e submetidos a três protocolos distintos de vacinação empregando-se uma vacina comercial polivalente contra clostridioses. O G1 foi primovacinado aos 4 meses de idade e recebeu o reforço na desmama (8 meses). O G2 recebeu a primeira dose na desmama e reforço 30 dias após. O G3 foi vacinado somente na desmama. As coletas de soro foram realizas aos 4, 8, 9 e 10 meses de idade dos bezerros. O G1 apresentou a melhor resposta sorológica em comparação aos outros dois protocolos. Quando a avaliação dos grupos foi realizada aos 10 meses de idade, independente do protocolo empregado, a resposta sorológica foi similar. No segundo experimento, foi avaliada a imunidade natural passiva de bezerros, filhos de vacas vacinadas até 30 dias antes do parto (2ª dose), empregando-se duas vacinas comercias polivalente contra clostridioses. As coletas de soro foram realizadas aos (±)7, 45 e 90 dias de idade dos bezerros. Independente das vacinas empregadas na imunização ativa das mães, a resposta sorológica passiva dos bezerros avaliados foi similar até os 3 meses de idade. Houve uma correlação linear da resposta sorológica passiva dos bezerros com a data de vacinação das mães e o dia do parto quando empregado o teste de Elisa. No terceiro experimento, as 30 vacas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Black leg disease is one of the most important sanitary problem, responsible for high levels of mortality observed in bovines and ovines herds. The vaccination of young animals, followed by annual booter until 2,5 years-old, is the major preventive measure against outbreaks. Three distinct experiments were conducted to measure the vaccinal response from bovines. The vaccinal strains used were the reference MT and field Clostridium chauvoei isolated. Sera from vaccinated animals were tested by agglutination and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Elisa), both standardized for the present study. First experiment, calves were divided into three groups (G1, G2 and G3); and submitted to three vaccination schedule with a polyvalent vaccine. The G1 received first vaccine at 4 months of age and a subsequent booster after calving (8 month-old). The G2 received first vaccine dose after calving and booster at 30 days after. The G3 received only one vaccine dose at 8 months. The sera were colleted at 4, 8, 9 and 10 months for all groups studied. The G1 group showed the best serological response at 10 months of age in comparison to G2 e G3 and control. Moreover, at 10 months of age all groups presented similar levels of serological response. The second experiment, the natural immunity of calves, separated from their mothers vaccinated 30 days before calving with two polyvalent vaccines. The respective serum was colleted at (±) 7, 45 and 90 days of age. All calves presented similar serological response at 3 months of age, independent of vaccinal strain used. The third experiment, 30 heifers, Nelore race, aged above 4 years-old, without vaccination against black leg, were vaccinated with two Clostridium strains. When the SP strain was used the serological response was considered good in G3 (first experiment), second and third experiment for agglutination assay. To compare both techniques, agglutination... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Luiz Fernando de Oliveira e Silva Carvalho / Banca: Geraldo Camilo Alberton / Banca: Luís Antonio Mathias / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar infecção por Salmonella enterica subespécie enterica sorotipo Panama e a possibilidade de transmissão aérea de entre leitões desmamados. Seis leitões recém-desmamados e sadios foram igualmente distribuídos na formação dos três grupos experimentais - o grupocontrole, o grupo infectado e o grupo-sentinela. Os animais foram alojados dois a dois em três câmaras de isolamento especialmente projetadas para o estudo, que garantiam não apenas que os animais fossem mantidos completamente isentos de contacto com o ambiente externo mas que o fluxo de ar unidirecional, no sentido animais-controle - animais infectados - animais-sentinela, fosse a única maneira de disseminação do agente. Salmonella Panama com resistência induzida ao ácido nalidíxico (Salmonella PanamaNal+) foi utilizada na preparação do inóculo. Análises microbiológicas de suabes retais dos animais foram realizadas diariamente em todos os animais durante os 14 dias subseqüentes à inoculação, após o que os animais foram eutanasiados e necropsiados, visando análises microbiológicas de amostras de órgãos internos. As análises bacteriológicas iniciaram-se pelo pré-enriquecimento das amostras, em caldo GN-Hajna para as amostras de fezes e a água peptonada tamponada para os órgãos internos. Prosseguiram pelo enriquecimento em caldo Rappaport-Vassiliadis e em Tetrationato Müller Kaufmann para então serem semeadas nos ágares xilose lisina tergitol 4 (XLT4) e verde-brilhante modificado, ambos suplementados com ácido nalidíxico. Colônias características foram submetidas às provas bioquímicas, em ágar tríplice açúcar ferro (TSI) e ágar ferro lisina (LIA) e posteriormente a avaliação sorológica. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas de todos os animais e, submetidas ao teste ELISA... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the experimental infection wich Salmonella serotype Panama and the airborne transmission of among weaned piglets. Six weaned piglets were used and distributed in three groups of animals - group 1 (control), group 2 (infected) and group 3 (sentinels). All animals were housed in three stainless-steel glass isolation cabinets connected by unidirectional airflow air ducts. Animals didn't have contact with the external environment, guaranteeing that airflow was the unique way of the agent's spread. An induced nalidixic acid resistant strain of Salmonella Panama (Salmonella Panama Nal+) were used to induce infection in one of the groups. Bacteriological analyses of rectal swabs were implemented daily within 14 days after inoculation. For bacteriological exams of internal organs animals were euthanized and necropsied. A pre-enrichment in broth GN-Hajna for the fecal samples and in buffered peptone water for the internal organs samples were conducted. Subsequently, samples were transferred to Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Tetrationato Müller Kaufmann. The samples were transferred to the agar xylose-lysine-tergitol 4 (XLT4) and to a modified brilliant green media, both supplemented with nalidixic acid. Characteristic colonies were submitted to the biochemical tests triple sugar iron agar (TSI) and lysine iron agar (LIA) and later to the serological prove. Samples of blood were taken twice - before Salmonella inoculation and before euthanasia of the piglets. Sera was submitted to the ELISA test. Results showed a Salmonella systemic infection in the inoculated animals (infected group), but there were no evidence of Salmonella transmission to the sentinel group. / Mestre

Os principais marcadores sorológicos para o diagnóstico da toxoplasmose aguda ou recente são os anticorpos IgM específicos e anticorpos IgG de baixa avidez. Entretanto em alguns pacientes, anticorpos IgM e baixa avidez de anticorpos IgG podem persistir, ultrapassando o período da fase recente aguda contribuindo para erros de interpretação diagnóstica. No presente estudo, a eficiência diagnóstica do ensaio imunoenzimático foi avaliada, com o uso de frações antigênicas ou peptídeos sintéticos originados do antígeno ESA de T.gondii, denominados de SAG-1, GRA-1 e GRA-7. Foram estudadas frações isoladas e combinadas em múltiplos peptídeos antigênicos (MAP), visando estabelecer um perfil confiável para definição sorológica de toxoplasmose recente aguda em amostra única de soro. A melhor eficiência diagnóstica do ensaio foi encontrada com o uso da combinação de peptídeos SAG- 1,GRA-1 e GRA-7, denominada MAP1. A detecção de anticorpos IgG e IgM anti- MAP1 apresentou a melhor definição entre a fase recente aguda da fase recente não aguda na toxoplasmose. Nossos resultados mostraram que IgM anti-MAP1 poderá se constituir um marcador sorológico importante no aumento da eficiência diagnóstica da toxoplasmose recente aguda / The main serological marker for the diagnosis of recent toxoplasmosis is the specific IgM antibody, along with IgG antibodies of low avidity. However, in some patients these antibodies may persist long after the acute/recent phase, contributing to misdiagnosis in suspected cases of toxoplasmosis. In the present study, the diagnostic efficiency of ELISA was evaluated, with the use of peptides derived from T. gondii ESA antigens, named SAG-1, GRA-1 and GRA-7. In the assay referred to, we studied each of these peptides individually, as well as in four different combinations, as Multiple Antigen Peptides (MAP), aiming to establish a reliable profile for the acute/recent toxoplasmosis with only one patient serum sample. The diagnostic performance of the assay using MAP1, with the combination of SAG-1, GRA-1 and GRA-7 peptides, demonstrated better discrimination of the acute/recent phase from non acute/recent phase of toxoplasmosis. Our results show that IgM antibodies to MAP1 may be useful as a serological marker, enhancing the diagnostic efficiency of the assay for acute/recent phase of toxoplasmosis

Le développement de molécules ciblant les surfaces d'interaction protéine-protéine constitue l'un des enjeux majeurs de la recherche scientifique académique et des industries pharmaceutiques de cette dernière décennie. A ces fins, nos travaux ont été consacrés à la conception, à la synthèse et à la caractérisation de nouveaux mimes de surfaces sur châssis. Le squelette de ce dernier est un cyclodécapeptide RAFT, pouvant présenter deux surfaces d'adressage indépendantes. La fonction de ciblage est assurée par la présentation de quatre peptides greffés par voie d'assemblage combinatoire sur la face supérieure du RAFT. De cette manière, il sera possible d'obtenir toutes les combinaisons de surfaces à partir des éléments constitutifs permettant un ciblage efficace des surfaces protéiques. L'architecture à présentation multiple a été synthétisée de manière convergente par formation hautement chimiosélective de liens éthers d'oximes, stables in vitro et in vivo. Nous avons synthétisé des substrats linéaires présentant certains motifs identiques ainsi que des substrats cycliques, contraints par la présence d'une liaison dissulfure, de séquences globalement identiques mis à part en deux positions où l'incorporation de résidus (Lys, Asp, Phe, Ser) leur confère des propriétés diverses (charges, natures...). L'utilisation de ces éléments s'inscrit dans deux approches de ciblage distinctes à savoir la réalisation de mimes de la surface de reconnaissance de l'hormone GnRH et la réalisation de surfaces pour un ciblage plus général de surfaces protéiques. L'utilisation des méthodes CLHP et LC-MS pour l'analyse des banques de produits obtenues a permis leur totale caractérisation. Enfin, la réalisation des premières évaluations biologiques sur ces mélanges vis-à-vis de plusieurs cibles (hormone GnRH, avidine, interface SHC-Grb2) a donné des résultats encourageants.