Thesis (MScAgric (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The size of the navel-end opening is an important parameter for external fruit quality in navel oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. The application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) to increase the percentage of closed navel-ends and reduce the size of the navel-end opening was conducted on six different navel orange cultivars. Treatments were applied at full bloom (FB), 100% petal drop (PD), as well as 2 weeks (2 WAPD) and 4 weeks after 100% petal drop (4 WAPD), at 15 mg·L-1 to 45 mg·L-1, to determine the most effective timing and concentration. The application of 2,4-D at FB consistently decreased the average navel-end size (all fruit) and increased the percentage of closed navel-ends in all the cultivars, with later applications at PD, 2 WAPD and 4 WAPD being generally ineffective, regardless of the concentration applied. There were no major negative side effects on internal and external fruit quality, except for the reduction in juice content (%), especially with the later treatments. Therefore, 15 mg·L-1 2,4-D at FB can be applied to increase the percentage of closed navel-ends and possibly increase export packouts. Navel oranges have a small secondary fruit located inside the primary fruit at the stylar-end and an opening at the stylar-end called the navel-end opening or the stylar-end aperture. Fruit growth and development was studied in three navel orange cultivars by measuring the primary fruit diameter, the secondary fruit diameter and the navel-end opening fortnightly, using both destructive and non-destructive sampling methods. The relationships between the primary fruit size, the secondary fruit size and the navel-end opening size were studied using correlation analysis. In addition, the effect of 2,4-D on fruit morphology, when applied as a treatment to reduce the size of the navel-end opening, was also evaluated on the same cultivars. The primary fruit, the secondary fruit and the navel-end opening followed a similar developmental pattern, although the navel-end opening developed later, about six weeks after FB. The primary fruit size was not related to the size of the secondary fruit or the navel-end opening. Similarly, the size of the navel-end opening was not related to the size of the secondary fruit. No negative effects were noted on the primary fruit morphology when 2,4-D was applied. Fruit splitting is a major physiological disorder of ‘Marisol’ Clementine mandarin (Citrus reticulata) fruit. The effect of application of 2,4-D on fruit splitting and fruit quality was evaluated on ‘Marisol’ Clementine mandarin trees grafted on Troyer citrange rootstock. Treatments included an untreated control, 2,4-D applied at 15 mg·L-1 or 25 mg·L-1 at FB and 15 mg·L-1 or 25 mg·L-1 at PD. The application of 2,4-D reduced fruit splitting in ‘Marisol’ Clementine fruit. Internal fruit quality was not affected by the treatments, however, the fruit developed a coarse rind due to enlarged oil glands and the styles stayed attached on the fruit until harvest. Therefore, although 2,4-D reduced fruit splitting, it cannot be recommended at the timings and concentrations evaluated. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die grootte van die nawel-ent opening is ‘n belangrike parameter vir eksterne vrugkwaliteit van nawel lemoene [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. Die toediening van 2,4-dichlorofenoksie asynsuur (2,4-D) om die persentasie geslote nawel-ente te vermeerder en die grootte van die nawel-ent opening te verklein is uitgevoer op ses verskillende nawel lemoen kultivars. Behandelings is toegedien by volblom (FB), 100% blomblaarval (PD), asook 2 weke (2WAPD) en 4 weke na 100% blomblaarval (4 WAPD), teen 15 mg·L-1 tot 45 mg·L-1, om die mees effektiewe tyd van toediening en konsentrasie te bepaal. Die toediening van 2,4-D by FB het herhaaldelik die gemiddelde nawel-ent grootte (alle vrugte) verminder en die persentasie geslote nawel-ente vermeerder in al die kultivars, terwyl die later toediening by PD, 2 WAPD en 4 WAPD oor die algemeen nie effektief was nie, ongeag die konsentrasie toegedien. Daar was geen noemenswaardige negatiewe effekte op interne en eksterne vrugkwaliteit nie, behalwe vir ‘n verlaging in die sapinhoud (%) van vrugte, veral by die later behandelings. Dus kan 15 mg·L-1 2,4-D by FB toegedien word om die persentasie geslote nawel-ente te vermeerder en moontlik ook die uitvoerpersentasie te verhoog. Nawel lemoene het ‘n klein sekondêre vrug binne die primêre vrug aan die styl-ent en ‘n opening by die styl-ent wat die nawel-ent opening of die styl-ent opening genoem word. Die vruggroei en ontwikkeling van drie nawel kultivars is bestudeer deur die primêre en sekondêre vrugdeursnit en die nawel-ent opening elke twee weke te meet, deur gebruik te maak van destruktiewe en niedestruktiewe monsterneming. Die effek van 2,4-D op vrugmorfologie, toegedien as ‘n behandeling om die nawel-ent grootte te verklein, is ook ge-evalueer op dieselfde kultivars. Die primêre vrug, die sekondêre vrug en die nawel-ent opening het dieselfde ontwikkelingspatroon gevolg, alhoewel die nawel-ent opening later ontwikkel het. Daar was geen sterk verwantskap tussen die primêre vruggrootte en die sekondêre vruggrootte of die grootte van die nawel-ent opening nie. Daar was ook nie ‘n vewantskap tussen die grootte van die nawel-ent opening en die sekondêre vruggrootte nie. Geen negatiewe effekte op vrugmorfologie as gevolg van die 2,4-D toediening is waargeneem nie. Vrugsplit is ‘n belangrike fisiologiese abnormaliteit van ‘Marisol’ Clementine (Citrus reticulata) vrugte. Die effek van 2,4-D op vrugsplit en vrugkwaliteit is ge-evalueer op ‘Marisol’ Clementine mandaryn bome op Troyer citrange onderstamme. Die behandelings het ‘n onbehandelde kontrole, 2,4-D toegedien teen 15 mg·L-1 of 25 mg·L-1 by FB en 15 mg·L-1 of 25 mg·L-1 by PD ingesluit. Die toediening van 2,4-D het vrugsplit verminder. Interne vrugkwaliteit was nie geaffekteeer deur die behandelings nie, maar die vrugte het ‘n growwe skil ontwikkel as gevolg van vergrote oliekliere en die style het aangeheg gebly aan die vrugte tot oestyd. Dus, alhoewel 2,4-D vrugsplit verminder het, kan dit nie aanbeveel word teen die tyd van toediening en konsentrasie soos ge-evalueer in hierdie studie nie.

Background: According to World Health Organization is palliative care a human right. The focus of palliative care is relieving suffering and having quality of life as the main goal. The nurse's role is to enable symptom control, to be a support for the patient and close relatives, as well as contributing to a good and worthy death. Although death is a part of life, strong feelings arise about death and the dying. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe nurse experiences of palliative care. Method: The method used was a literature study based on international qualitative research. Eleven articles were analyzed and resulted in four main themes and nine sub-themes. Results: The findings were four main themes; the profession, relationships, work environment and feelings as well as nine sub themes; experiences and knowledges, the patient, relatives, stress, support from colleagues, lack of support from colleagues, grief and impotency, satisfaction and mental strain. Conclusion: The nurse’s experience of palliative care is individual and varies depending on, experience, interaction with colleagues and self-perception regarding individual values and existential questions.

Owing to a recent online trend of web 2.0, societies have emerged not only culturally but also technologically/virtually. This coupled with semantic web and Web Services have provided end-users with more opportunities to contribute to the web and consequentially have also multiplied their digital needs. One such requirement of a modern-day end-user is to combine the data, view and/or process presented across the web to suit his/her ephemeral needs by developing a novel application known as a service mashup. The end user development of mashup poses significant challenges to the end users. First challenge addressed in this thesis is the scope vs complexity challenge which refers to the impossibility of fully eliminating the technical barrier between a tool and the end user due to the corresponding complexity creeping in while developing new features in tool and extending its scope to provide added functionality. The second challenge arises from the utility=value/effort equation which implies that effort required in developing a mashup decreases the value and hence neutralizes the utility. Given these challenges and the related issues, I made three contributions. The central theme of my proposed approach - for managing these inherent challenges - is that the end user must be integrated into the process of a service composition application. My approach - A Goal-Oriented Mashup Development (GO-MaDe) framework defines, organizes and addresses the problems faced by end-users while composing their applications by proposing a new style of development in the mashup area in a bid to render irrelevant the underlying inherent tensions of the paradigm. My first contribution in this regard is a classification model that takes into account end user centered usability criteria for calibrating mashup tools efforts. Secondly, this research is the pioneer study about the integration of an agile-style analysis-cum-design phase into the mashup development process. Hence, it presents a redefined process of service-based applications development by introducing a spiral process model that introduces a phased, incremental concept of mashup development lifecycle. Based on the spiral model, I have presented a method (KAReM) annotated with domain theory for better acquisition and representation of user requirements encompassed by the APIs or Web Services that are composed to develop a mashup by incorporating the dynamics of goal decompositions using goal based templates. It serves to enhance the end-user experience by facilitating them to explore the problem space and helping them derive the visual representations of their requirements which can then be translated into service compositions. To evaluate my contributions qualitatively and quantitatively I conducted literature reviews, and validated my framework by scenarios and a controlled experiment.

abstract: Over recent decades, euthanasia has been a topic of increasing debate. With legalization of euthanasia in the states of Oregon and Washington and attempted reform in several other U.S. states and nations worldwide, it has become increasingly important to understand the roles and values of helping professionals who might be working with clients considering this option. The current study targeted 85 undergraduate students, 54 doctoral students in counseling psychology, and 53 doctoral-level professionals in psychology to assess both their personal values regarding euthanasia and their willingness to allow a client the autonomy to make a decision about euthanasia. Several factors were analyzed in regards to their relation to client autonomy and attitudes toward euthanasia, including age of client and sex of client. These variables were manipulated in vignettes to create four scenarios: a 24 year old male, 24 year old female, 80 year old male, 80 year old female. Other factors included level of education of the participant, spirituality and strength of religiosity of the participant, and personal experiences with deaths of friends or family members. Results indicated that more education was associated with greater support for euthanasia and that stronger religiosity and spirituality were related to less support for euthanasia. This study also found that participants did not exhibit differential levels of support based solely on the age or the sex of the client depicted in the vignette. Results further indicated that for doctoral students and professionals the loss of a loved one, regardless of cause of death, did not have a significant effect on their attitudes toward euthanasia. It is important for training programs to be aware of these findings in order to monitor trainees in terms of personal biases in the therapy relationship. With objectivity a high priority while working with clients, it is necessary to be aware of outside factors potentially influencing one's work with clients surrounding this value-laden issue. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Counseling Psychology 2011

This qualitative phenomenological study attempts to gain the physician's essences, meanings and understanding surrounding death and dying. Starting with themes revealed in literature, in-depth interviews were used to ask selected physicians providing care: How does death affect them? Are physicians receiving adequate training in end-of-life care? Does the medical culture still see death as failure? How do they find meaning in end-of-life care? Using three different groups of physicians: early in career, mid-career, and retired, this research attempted to examine the phenomena of death and dying over apparent time and developmental experiences of physicians. Results: Physicians have not been adequately trained to handle end-of-life care. Communications skills, specific end-of-life care training and support for physicians dealing with death and dying are needed.

Many people need palliative care in the end of life. In palliative care, the ones closest to the dying patient has a central role. Previous studies have shown that it can be a challenge for the nurses to care for the ones closest to the dying patient because they carries a lot of emotions. The aim of this study was to describe nurse’s experiences of meeting relatives in end of life care. The method used in this study was a literature review based on qualitative studies. Twelve articles were analyzed according to Friberg’s (2017) qualitative content analyze in five steps for literature-based studies. The result showed that nurses experienced the meeting with relatives as a journey. Three themes emerged from how the nurses experienced the meeting with relatives in end of life care: The support from the start of the journey until the end, Together through the journey and Challenges during the journey. The conclusion is that it is challenging for the nurses to meet the relative in end of life care. It is a lot of feelings involved and the nurses have to think about many things to give as good care as possible.

El presente trabajo de título tuvo como objetivo el diseño de una estrategia de marca para Frutos del Maipo que le permita diferenciarse de sus competidores. Como primera etapa se realiza un análisis de la situación actual, con el afán de identificar y comprender las variables relevantes que influyen en el mercado e identificar las oportunidades existentes en éste. Paralelamente se estudian casos en que se ha logrado crear valor de marca en categorías consideradas commodity. La principal fuente de información es un estudio de mercado cualitativo desarrollado en base a la teoría Means-End Chain y aplicando técnicas de Laddering, que buscó comprender las motivaciones que tienen los compradores de verduras congeladas para consumirlas. Se buscó además obtener una segmentación del comprador en base a las relaciones entre ellos y los productos. El estudio de mercado arrojó cuatro perspectivas de cómo los compradores se relacionan con los productos de la categoría: el primer segmento (I) reduce el riesgo de la compra mediante la observación de la verdura a través de la transparencia; el segundo (II) tiene como eje el sabor, lo que deriva en cocinar más rico y eso gatilla el reconocimiento; el tercero (III) tiene que ver con una mejor alimentación; el cuarto (IV) y último segmento busca una mejor calidad de vida, dado el ahorro de tiempo que se logra al cocinar verduras congeladas por sobre las frescas. Del estudio de mercado y el análisis de los resultados de las etapas anteriores, se decidió que el posicionamiento de la marca fuese en torno a la cadena “sabor””cocinar más rico””reconocimiento”. La idea es entonces adueñarse del sabor de la categoría y convertirse en la marca con mejor sabor en la mente de los consumidores. La esencia de la marca es entonces la sana nutrición con el mejor sabor. La sana nutrición se rescata del segmento III. La estrategia publicitaria desarrollada en base al MECCAS (Means-End Conceptualization of the Components of Strategy) Model define la forma de hablarle al target. El mensaje que se debe transmitir es: “Tus hijos necesitan la sano nutrición que este tipo de alimentos le proporciona, pero si tienen mal sabor no se lo comerán. Si cocinas más rico, tus seres queridos te lo agradecerán. Tus hijos esperan lo mejor de ti, y te sientes bien al poder cumplirles”. El valor del reconocimiento es gatillado cuando los seres queridos de dicen a la dueña de casa “estaba rico”. Para construir el posicionamiento, se crean líneas de acción que lo apoyen y entreguen el mensaje a los consumidores. Se proponen acciones en cuanto a publicidad, líneas de productos, envase, página web y promociones.

A integração da inteligência de mercado e a estruturação eficaz das fases iniciais (também conhecidas como front-end) do processo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos são dois dos mais importantes e difíceis desafios que inovadores enfrentam. Esta tese concentra-se na ligação entre estes dois aspectos, oferecendo um modelo conceitual para a sistematização e integração da inteligência de mercado nas atividades do front-end. O modelo, intitulado MISIPro (Market Intelligence Sistematization e Integration Process – Processo de sistematização e integração da inteligência de mercado), considera dois tipos diferentes de atividades que ocorrem no front-end: a) atividades de processamento de informações de mercado; e b) atividades de desenvolvimento de produtos. Essas atividades são então definidas, estruturadas e integradas. O modelo foi desenvolvido com base numa revisão da literatura sobre desenvolvimento de produtos, orientação de mercado e gestão do conhecimento e em 5 estudos de caso em empresas no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos. Como contribuição teórica, esta tese apresenta uma integração de conceitos importantes provenientes de diferentes perspectivas e áreas de conhecimento e uma nova abordagem e estrutura para a concepção do conceito. Para os profissionais, o modelo oferece uma ferramenta útil para a estruturação das atividades do front-end e integração das informações de mercado no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos. / Integrating market intelligence and effective structuring of the planning stages (also known as front-end) of new product development (NPD) process are two of the most important and difficult challenges facing innovators. This dissertation focuses on the link between these two elements, offering a conceptual model for the systematization and integration of market intelligence into the frontend activities. The model, entitled MISIPro (Market Intelligence Systematization and Integration Process), considers two different types of activities that take place in the front-end: a) market information processing activities; and b) product development activities. These activities are herein defined, structure and mutually integrated. The model was developed based on a review of the literature about product development, market orientation and knowledge management, and 5 case studies in Brazilian and U.S. companies. From a theoretical perspective, this dissertation offers an integration of the important concepts from different perspectives and areas of knowledge and a new approach and structure for the concept design. For practitioners, the model offers a useful tool for structuring the front-end activities and integrating market intelligence into the NPD process.

Monteiro, Ingrid Teixeira; de Souza, Clarisse Sieckenius. Autoexpressão e engenharia semiótica do usuário-designer. Rio de Janeiro, 2015. 312p. Tese de Doutorado ± Departamento de Informática, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. / Submitted by Aline Mendes (alinemendes.ufc@gmail.com) on 2015-09-18T12:49:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_itmonteiro.pdf: 31456794 bytes, checksum: 1275bff42f268c5593d202252eb65e26 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Mendes(alinemendes.ufc@gmail.com) on 2015-09-18T12:50:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_itmonteiro.pdf: 31456794 bytes, checksum: 1275bff42f268c5593d202252eb65e26 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-18T12:50:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_itmonteiro.pdf: 31456794 bytes, checksum: 1275bff42f268c5593d202252eb65e26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / This thesis presents research in the area the area of End-User Development (EUD). The first studies in EUD have emerged as an attempt to help end users achieve specific goals of personalization and customization of interfaces and systems, primarily for their own benefit. As needs evolve, end users have to know and often master more complex computing concepts and practices. In this context, there have been a growing number of initiatives to encourage, teach and support users in programming and thinking computationally. In general, much emphasis is given to problem solving, logical reasoning and other common computer VFLHQWLVWV¶ VNLOOV  +RZHYHU  VXSSRUWHG E\ 6HPLRWLc Engineering, a semiotics-based theory that describes human-computer interaction as communication between designers and users, we believe that interactive computer systems are communication artifacts: that the person who creates the system sends various messages, with particular characteristics to the person who uses it. In this thesis, we present an extensive study in which end users, acting as designers, create computational artifacts for communication purposes. Research has shown that the participants took programming and other development activities not as end in themselves but as a means to build their messages. We discuss how the change in perspective (from problem-solving to communication) reveals a range of underexplored phenomena, such as self-expression of the designers and the pragmatics of interaction languages they build. Another contribution of this thesis is an extension to Semiotic Engineering, named EUME ± End-User Semiotic Engineering, a new way to look at Semiotic Engineering, in the perspective of end users acting as designers. / A tese apresenta uma pesquisa inserida na área de End-User Development (EUD). As primeiras iniciativas nesta área surgiram como uma tentativa de auxiliar os usuários finais a atingirem objetivos específicos de personalização e customização de interfaces e sistemas, prioritariamente para benefício próprio. Conforme as necessidades evoluem, os usuários finais precisam conhecer e muitas vezes dominar conceitos e práticas mais complexos de computação. Neste contexto, têm surgido várias iniciativas para incentivar, ensinar e apoiar estes usuários a programarem e a pensarem computacionalmente. Geralmente, muita ênfase é dada para a questão da resolução de problemas, raciocínio lógico e outras habilidades comuns a cientistas da computação. Entretanto, apoiados na Engenharia Semiótica, uma teoria de base semiótica que descreve a interação humano-computador como uma comunicação entre designers e usuários, consideramos que sistemas computacionais interativos são artefatos comunicacionais: quem cria o sistema transmite mensagens, com características particulares, a quem os utiliza. Nesta tese, apresentamos um estudo em profundidade em que usuários finais, atuando como designers, criaram artefatos computacionais para fins de comunicação. A pesquisa mostrou que os participantes tomaram a programação e outras atividades de desenvolvimento não como fins em si, mas como meios para construírem suas mensagens. Discutimos como a mudança de perspectiva (de resolução de problemas para comunicação) revela fenômenos ainda pouco explorados como a autoexpressão dos designers nestes artefatos e a pragmática da linguagem de interação por eles construída. Outra contribuição da tese é uma extensão da Engenharia Semiótica, batizada de EUME ± End-User Semiotic Engineering, uma forma de ver a Engenharia Semiótica na perspectiva do usuário final que atua como designer.

The topic of this thesis covers the serious musicals staged in London's West End. The author first considers the concept of "serious musical", its characteristics and its connections with melodrama. Then the author contemplates over several musicals which deal with serious topics which the author had seen in London (for example: The Lion King or Wicked). Then focus moved to three musicals - Matilda the Musical, Billy Elliot the Musical and Les Misérables. The author focuses more attention on the first two musicals that are mentioned. They are representatives of serious family musicals. This thesis is devoted to how they were originally intended (book, movie) and then their stage appearance is analyzed in detail with emphasis on transformations which have occured during the adaptations. The author then focuses on topics which are directly connected to Matilda the Musical, Billy Elliot the Musical and Les Misérables. Thus the thesis is concentrated on some adaptations, musical stage design, dance, children actors, megamusicals and family musicals. In this thesis, the author also tries to identify the possible reasons for the changes and where they originated from.