Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is a by product of phospholipid metabolism, that under physiological conditions is maintained at a low level. However, through an enhanced degradation of phospholipids and/or a reduced catabolism, LPC accumulates in the plasma and fluids of patients with disorders underscored by inflammation - such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, ischaemia and epilepsy. Previous studies have demonstrated LPC to possess vasoactive properties, able to both induce and inhibit vasodilation. Furthermore, a variety of proteins are sensitive to LPC, including non-selective cation (NSC) channels and Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) channels. These channels are intimately associated with the maintenance and regulation of vascular tone. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the vascular effect of LPC.Aortic segments were constricted with phenylephrine and exposed to cumulative concentrations of LPC, with an ensuing endothelium-dependent, concentration-dependent vasodilation. Inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) abolished LPC-induced responses, implicating nitric oxide (NO) as the mediator. Two cation fluxes were implicated in the dilator activity of LPC - Ca2+ and K+. NSC channel antagonists and reduced extracellular Ca2+ concentration attenuated dilation and reduced the Ca2+ signal activated in isolated rat aortic endothelial cells (RAEC) by LPC, implicating endothelial Ca2+ influx in the response. In addition, LPC also evoked a robust hyperpolarisation of isolated RAEC membrane potential. The K+ channel antagonists TEA+, TRAM-34 and apamin, inhibitors of KCa channels, attenuated both the LPC-induced dilation and RAEC membrane hyperpolarisation, highlighting their potential role in mediating both these processes. HEK293 cells, which lack many of the channels and signalling pathways possessed by other cells, mimicked RAEC in their sensitivity to LPC, generating robust elevations of intracellular Ca2+ when exposed to this lysolipid. Likewise, membrane hyperpolarisations were also observed in HEK293 cells, however, these only occurred when cells expressed recombinant KCa channels. This suggests that KCa channel activation is dependent upon Ca2+ influx, not vice versa. Phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122, attenuated LPC-induced hyperpolarisation, raising the question as to the possible involvement of G-protein coupled receptors in the bioactivity of LPC. Alternately, LPC might initiate PLC activity, and subsequent NSC channel opening and Ca2+ influx via a perturbation of membrane integrity, like certain local anaesthetics. It is proposed that endothelial NSC-channel activation by LPC initiates endothelial cell signalling, with concomitant activation of Ca2+-sensitive proteins such as NOS, to bring about vasodilation, and KCa channels, which modulate membrane potential and in turn the driving force for Ca2+ entry.

The composition and conformational state of biological molecules have a profound influence on cell behavior and large-scale processes including development and disease progression. Fibronectin fibers are a prevalent component of the extracellular matrix that are believed to adopt a wide array conformations with different functions. Two factors that are hypothesized to regulate fibronectin conformation, and hence fibronectin biological function, are allosteric regulators, such as heparan sulfates, and mechanical strain. However, the relative influence of allosteric regulators and mechanical forces on fibronectin conformation has not been determined. This conformational regulation is especially important in the context of the heparin 2 binding domain (modules III12 to III14), which is known to bind and present numerous growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, to cells. This thesis will highlight three contributions to this field. First, a new, and remarkably simple technique was developed that permits the detection of the non-equilibrium fibronectin conformations. This technique is founded on the identification of monoclonal antibodies that have altered affinities for fibronectin based on heparin treatment or mechanical strain dependence, or that bind fibronectin equally well in all conditions. Second, the impact of both heparin and mechanical strain on the binding of VEGF to the hep2 region of fibronectin was investigated. It was discovered that both strain and heparin co-regulate VEGF binding. Finally, studies of cell attachment and migration on single fibers of fibronectin with controlled strain states provided the first direct evidence that mechanical strain regulates cell attachment, spreading, and migration on a fibronectin matrix. This body of work demonstrating that the conformational changes in fibronectin lead to altered biological activity has broad impact in a number of fields due to the ubiquitous presence and requirement of fibronectin in cell and tissue function.

Orientador: Marilza Vieira Cunha Rudge / Banca: José Carlos Peraçoli / Banca: Nelson Lourenço Maia / Banca: Geraldo Duarte / Banca: Nelson Sass / Resumo: A hipertensão gestacional está presente em cerca de 10% das gravidezes e ainda é a primeira causa de mortalidade materna no Brasil. O diabetes gestacional complica 7,6% das gestações no Brasil e está associado a esultados perinatais insatisfatórios. Estas complicações cursam com disfunção endotelial e alteração da elasticidade da parede -.vascular. A onometria de aplanação é um método não invasivo, portátil e de fácil aprendizagem que avalia a função endotelial através do estudo da rigidez arterial (perda da elasticidade arterial). Além de avaliar a função endotelial este método oferece estudo indireto de vários parâmentros cardiovasculares centrais. O grande número de informações que este método obtém de maneira não invasiva, faz deste, um instrumento valoroso em pesquisa. Apresenta grande potencial, especialmente, na compreensão dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos que cursam com comprometimento vascular na gravidez. / Abstract: Gestational hypertension affects 10% of pregnancies and is still the first :ause of maternal mortality in Brazil. Gestational diabetes affects 7,6% of gnancies in Brazil and is associated with an unsatisfactory peri-natal come. These complications are associated to endothelial dysfunction and abnormal elasticity of the arterial wall. Applanation tonometry is a nonvasive, portable and easy learning method that evaluates endothelial nction by the study of arterial stiffness (Iost of arterial elasticity). Beyond e endothelial function evaluation, this method gives, indirectly, several central cardiovascular parameters. The great number of information btained non invasively by this method, makes of this, a valuable instrument in research. It has special potential to help in the comprehension of the mechanisms of those diseases that presents with vascular commitment in pregnancy. / Doutor

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channels, fabricated using low cost and simple soft lithography methods, conventionally have rectangular cross-sections. Despite being often used for organs-on-a-chip and cardiovascular research, these devices do not mimic the circular cross-sections of blood vessels in the human body, creating potential inaccuracies in observed flow conditions and cell behaviours. The purpose of this thesis is to (i) compare and optimize fabrication techniques for microchannels with circular cross-sections, (ii) assess biocompatibility of different surface functionalization approaches for Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) adhesion and growth, (iii) culture HUVECs within circular microchannels to mimic blood vessel features, and (iv) compare gene expression of HUVECs cultured in 3D circular microchannels to those cultured on 2D surfaces. We show that wire molding is superior to the gas stream technique for producing circular cross-section microchannels with high aspect ratios, circularity, and channel geometry precision. Fibronectin (FN) and polydopamine (PD) surface coatings on PDMS, as well as alternative collagen substrates, were tested for biocompatibility with HUVECs in 2D cultures; fibronectin coated PDMS (PDMS-FN) substrates facilitated cell attachment, spreading and growth. We demonstrate the capability of growing HUVECs on the inner surface of circular PDMS microchannels created using the wire-mold method and treated with fibronectin. A syringe pump was used to induce shear stress on the HUVECs grown in circular microchannels. Relative to static growth conditions, longer cell culture growth periods were more feasible under flow and altered cell morphology was observed. Finally, Microarray analysis revealed significantly different gene expression profiles for HUVECs cultured within PDMS-FN circular cross-section microchannels as compared to HUVECs cultured on PDMS-FN in a 2D environment, thereby highlighting the critical importance of in vitro conditions for mimicking the in vivo reality.

Orientador: Sara Teresinha Olalla Saad / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T20:55:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lazarini_Mariana_D.pdf: 4089908 bytes, checksum: bf5ee8f74ac7dfe4c18c3e84bdeeecff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Importante passo para a compreensão dos processos fisiopatológicos das neoplasias é a identificação de genes diferencialmente expressos e das funções biológicas de cada proteína codificada por estes genes. Rho GTPase activating protein 21 (ARHGAP21) é uma proteína pertencente à família RhoGAP, que interage com ARF-GTPases e com alfa-catenina, modulando a dinâmica da actina associada às membranas do Golgi e à integridade das junções aderentes. O objetivo geral do presente estudo foi investigar as funções da proteína ARHGAP21 em células endoteliais e de adenocarcinoma de próstata com relação à viabilidade celular, ciclo celular, migração, adesão e expressão gênica. Neste trabalho foi demonstrado que ARHGAP21 possui atividade RhoGAP para RhoA e RhoC. Em células HUVECs (Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells), foi observada uma localização nuclear e citoplasmática de ARHGAP21 e sua depleção induziu alterações no ciclo celular. Além disso, ensaios de microarranjos de DNA em HUVECs demonstraram modulação de genes como PAI-1, BNIP3, staniocalcina 1 e podocalyxin. Em linhagens celulares de adenocarcinoma de próstata (LNCaP e PC-3), também foi observada uma localização nuclear e citoplasmática de ARHGAP21. A diminuição da expressão desta proteína em células PC-3 resultou em redução da viabilidade e da migração celular em fibronectina. Com relação à viabilidade celular, a inibição de ARHGAP21 tem efeito adicional ao agente quimioterápico cisplatina. Em células LNCaP, por sua vez, foi observada uma menor adesão em matrigel e fibronectina das células submetidas à inibição da expressão de ARHGAP21, em comparação às células controle. Experimentos de microarranjos de DNA e RT-PCR quantitativo em tempo real em células de adenocarcinoma de próstata submetidas à inibição de ARHGAP21 demonstraram expressão alterada dos genes TGF-beta induced e dos genes BNIP3, staniocalcina 1 e podocalyxin, que também foram modulados nas células HUVECs com inibição da expressão de ARHGAP21. Em conclusão, o presente estudo identificou ARHGAP21 como uma proteína com importantes funções em células endoteliais e de adenocarcinoma de próstata, através da regulação da viabilidade, adesão e migração celular. Os achados aqui descritos sugerem que ARHGAP21 pode ser uma molécula alvo para a terapia de neoplasias, provavelmente através da sua função como reguladora da atividade de RhoA e RhoC / Abstract: One step in the path towards building a comprehensive molecular portrait of human cancer is the definition of differentially expressed genes and the function of their coding proteins. Rho GTPase activating protein 21 (ARHGAP21) is a RhoGAP protein, which interacts with ARF-GTPases and alpha-catenin, controlling actin dynamics on Golgi membranes and the integrity of adherens junctions, respectively. The aim of the present study was to investigate ARHGAP21 functions on endothelial and prostate cancer cells regarding to cell viability, cell cycle, migration, adhesion and gene expression. This study demonstrated that ARHGAP21 has RhoGAP activity for RhoA and RhoC. ARHGAP21 localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of HUVECs (Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells) and its depletion alteres the cell cycle phases. Furthermore, microarrays assays in HUVECs ARHGAP21 knockdown demonstrated modulation of genes such as PAI-1, BNIP3, stanniocalcin 1 and podocalyxin. In the prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines (LNCaP and PC-3), ARHGAP21 is also located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Depletion of this protein in PC-3 cells resulted in decrease of cell viability and migration in fibronectin. Regarding to cell viability, inhibition of ARHGAP21 has an additional effect on cisplatin chemotherapeutic agent. In LNCaP cells, a lower adhesion was observed in matrigel and fibronectin of cells subjected to inhibition of ARHGAP21 expression compared to control cells. DNA microarray and quantitative RT-PCR experiments on prostate adenocarcinoma cells ARHGAP21 knockdown showed modulation of TGF-beta induced gene expression. The expression of BNIP3, stanniocalcin 1 and podocalyxin was also altered in HUVECs cells ARHGAP21 knockdown. In conclusion, this study identified ARHGAP21 as a protein with important functions in endothelial cells and prostate adenocarcinoma, by regulating cell viability, adhesion and migration. The findings described here suggest that ARHGAP21 may be a molecule target for cancer therapy, probably due to its GAP activity for RhoA and RhoC / Doutorado / Doutor em Fisiopatologia Medica

O hormônio melatonina produzido pela glândula pineal no período de escuro, participa na regulação circadiana de processos, fisiológicos e fisiopatológicos envolvendo vasos sanguíneos. Alguns destes estudos sugerem que as células endoteliais, que revestem os vasos sanguíneos são alvo para a melatonina circulante e medeiam a regulação do tônus vascular, em condições fisiológicas, e da interação neutrófilo-endotélio, em resposta a um estímulo injuriante. O óxido nítrico produzido pelas células endoteliais é um dos responsáveis por grande parte dos eventos vasculares, e a melatonina inibe a produção de óxido nítrico em diversos modelos. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito da melatonina na produção de óxido nítrico induzido por bradicinina em células endoteliais em cultura. Para tanto, utilizamos uma técnica de cultura primária de células endoteliais de rato e através de um marcador fluorescente de óxido nítrico intracelular, mensuramos a fluorescência em microscópio confocal. Foi verificado que a melatonina e seu precursor N-acetilserotonina inibem a produção de óxido nítrico induzido por bradicinina e este efeito não ocorre pela inibição do aumento de cálcio que induz a produção de óxido nítrico. O análogo de receptores MT2 (4P-PDOT) e MT3 (5-MCA-NAT) não provocaram qualquer alteração sobre o aumento de óxido nítrico induzido por bradicinina, e a utilização do antagonista de receptores MT1 e MT2 (luzindol) não reverteu o efeito inibitório da melatonina. Portanto, nossos dados indicam que o efeito da melatonina sobre a atividade da NOS constitutiva não é mediado por receptores de membrana. Considerando que a melatonina é capaz de ligar-se à calmodulina, inibindo desta maneira a atividade da NOS endotelial constitutiva, poderíamos sugerir que este seria o mecanismo de ação. No entanto, é preciso ressaltar que tal atividade não é comprovada para a N-acetilserotonina, assim, apesar de ser este um possível mecanismo de ação, há a necessidade de demonstrar que a N-acetilserotonina está se ligando a calmodulina extraída de células endoteliais. Em resumo, neste trabalho mostramos que a melatonina em concentrações compatíveis com o pico noturno encontrado na circulação, pode modular eventos vasculares no organismo, através da inibição da produção de óxido nítrico em células endoteliais induzida por bradicinina. / Melatonin, the hormone synthesized by the pineal gland at night, signalizes darkness and modulates, in a circadian basis, blood vessels activity. Previous studies suggest that endothelial cells are the target for circulating melatonin and mediate changes in vascular tone and leukocyte-endothelial adherence properties. Melatonin effects can be mediated by several pathways, such as G protein-coupled receptors (MT1 and MT2 receptors), a putative membrane receptor, most probably an enzyme-binding site (MT3 receptor), and several intracellular mechanisms, including calmodulin binding and inhibition of constitutive and induced nitric oxide synthase. The aim of the present study was to characterize melatonin effect on the production of nitric oxide by bradykinin-stimulated endothelial cells in culture. Nitric oxide production was measured in real time at cellular level by detecting fluorescent stimulation of the probe DAF by confocal microscopy. After determining the ideal conditions for recording cumulative dose-response curves for bradykinin (1 – 100 nM) the effect of pre-incubated (1 min) melatonin and analogs was evaluated. Melatonin and its precursor, N-acetylserotonin, but not the selective ligands for receptors MT2 (4P-PDOT) and MT3 (5-MCA-NAT) receptors inhibited bradykinin-stimulated nitric oxide production. This effect was not blocked by the classical antagonist of MT1 and MT2 receptors, luzindol; excluding therefore the participation of membrane receptors. Taking into account that melatonin inhibits calmodulin activation of several enzymes, including constitutive nitric oxide synthase in brain and cerebellum, it could be suggested a similar mechanism for endothelial cells. However, this hypothesis is discussed taking into account that N-acetylserotonin was shown to do not bind neural cells calmodulin. In addition, here we discuss the relevance of the present finding according to physiological and physiopathological roles of endothelial nitridergic system. This analysis point melatonin modulation of constitutive nitric oxide synthase activity as a putative mechanism for explaining melatonin control of vascular tone.

O endotélio é a camada celular interna dos vasos sanguíneos, responsável pela homeostase vascular. Além disso, é a porta de entrada para as células de defesa frente a um quadro de inflamação. A camada endotelial é alvo de diversos estudos devido ao seu caráter de fácil expansão em cultura, porém sua biologia ainda não é completamente compreendida. Devido à sua localização privilegiada, o endotélio está susceptível a alterações da composição da corrente sanguínea. A melatonina, hormônio produzido ritmicamente pela glândula pineal e de forma não rítmica em diversos outros tecidos, tem propriedade citoprotetora. Diversos estudos já demonstraram que ela atua, por diferentes mecanismos de ação e faixas de concentração, como um mediador anti-inflamatório sobre o endotélio. Segundo a hipótese de trabalho de nosso grupo, o eixo imune-pineal, a glândula pineal e o sistema imunológico se interligam em uma comunicação bidirecional, na qual a produção rítmica de melatonina é inibida frente a um quadro de inflamação para que ocorra a montagem da resposta inflamatória independente da hora do dia. Assim sendo, esta dissertação se baseou na hipótese de que as células endoteliais apresentam um ritmo em sua maquinaria que altere a intensidade de resposta frente a um estímulo inflamatório, e propôs avaliar como a melatonina agiria na regulação desse ritmo. Dessa forma, avaliamos como o tratamento sistêmico com LPS afetaria a produção noturna de melatonina, modulando a reatividade de células endoteliais da microcirculação. Demonstramos que o tratamento com LPS diminui os níveis circulantes deste hormônio e inibe a transcrição gênica da enzima chave, AA-NAT. Na periferia, o tratamento com LPS aumenta a reatividade de células endoteliais independente da hora do dia de administração mesmo após 18 dias em cultura. Este efeito é transiente, pois quando o tratamento é realizado seis horas antes da morte, os parâmetros analisados retornam aos níveis basais. A melatonina, administrada juntamente com LPS, reverte o efeito do LPS sobre as células endoteliais, além de reduzir a concentração plasmática de TNF. Além disso, células endoteliais obtidas de animais mortos à noite possuem menor estado de ativação que células provenientes de animais mortos de dia. De maneira geral, o efeito observado sobre as células endoteliais é inversamente correlacionado com a concentração plasmática de melatonina. Esses dados sugerem que as células endoteliais possuem uma espécie de \"memória celular\", pois armazenam as informações do estado do animal doador mesmo após todos os procedimentos em cultura. Adicionalmente, demonstramos a dinâmica do eixo imune-pineal in vivo. Juntamente, nossos dados permitem concluir que a melatonina prima as células endoteliais, modulando sua reatividade de acordo com a hora do dia e o estado de saúde do animal. / The endothelium is the vascular internal cellular layer, responsible for vascular homeostasis. Additionally, it regulates immune cells entrance during an inflammatory response. The endothelial layer is the focus of many studies due to its facility of culture expansion, but its biology is not yet totally understood. Because of its privileged localization, the endothelium is susceptible to plasma compounds changes. Melatonin, rhythmically produced by pineal gland and in a non rhythm way in others tissues, has citoprotector properties. Many studies have already shown that melatonin acts on endothelium as an anti-inflammatory mediator, through different mechanisms of action and concentrations ranges. Considering our work hypothesis, the immune-pineal axis, that suggests that the pineal gland and immune system are integrated through a bidirectional communication, melatonin rhythm production is inhibited during an injury, permitting the mounting of immune response independently of the hour of the day. This dissertation is based on the hypothesis that endothelial cells presents a rhythm in its machinery that alters the response intensity due to an inflammatory stimuli. We analyzed how LPS systemic treatment affects the melatonin nocturnal production, modulating the endothelial cells reactivity of microcirculation. We demonstrated that LPS treatment reduced plasma melatonin level and inhibited gene transcription of key enzyme, AA-NAT. On the periphery, LPS treatment increased endothelial cells reactivity independently of the hour of the day even after 18 days in culture. This effect was transient, once the parameters analyzed returned to basal levels when the treatment was done six hours before the death. Melatonin administrated together with LPS, reverted LPS effects on the endothelial cells, and also reduced plasma TNF concentration. Endothelial cells obtained from animal killed at nighttime are more activated than cells obtained from animals killed at daytime. Generally, the endothelial cells effects are inversely correlated with plasma melatonin level. These data suggests that endothelial cells have a \"cellular memory\", because they are capable to retain the information of donor animal state even after all culture proceedings. Additionally, we demonstrated the immune-pineal axis dynamics in vivo. All together, our results permit to conclude that melatonin primes the endothelial cells, modulating their reactivity according to the hour of the day and donor animal health.

A melatonina é produzida pela glândula pineal somente durante o escuro e atinge rapidamente a circulação, além disso, outros tecidos e células são capazes de produzir melatonina. As células endoteliais, devido a sua localização, são excelentes alvos para as ações da melatonina. O entendimento dos mecanismos de ação pelos quais a melatonina desenvolve seus efeitos sobre as células endoteliais, possibilitaria o uso desta indolamina e de seus análogos como uma importante ferramenta farmacológica. No presente trabalho, demonstramos que a melatonina em concentrações compatíveis com as encontradas na circulação durante o pico noturno de produção pela pineal, atua sobre as células endoteliais inibindo a produção de NO proveniente da enzima constitutiva (eNOS), enquanto altas concentrações de melatonina, que podem ser atingidas por exemplo pela produção por células imunocompetentes ativadas, inibem a produção induzida de NO mediada pela iNOS. A melatonina (1 nM) inibe a produção constitutiva de NO induzida por agonistas que atuam através da ativação de receptores acoplados à proteína G (histamina, carbacol e ATP/P2Y), e este efeito deve-se à inibição do aumento de [Ca2+]i por liberação de estoques intracelulares, sendo independente da ativação de receptores de melatonina. A melatonina inibe os efeitos decorrentes da produção de NO induzida por bradicinina como a produção de GMPc por células endoteliais e a vasodilatação de arteríolas \"in vivo\". A melatonina inibe a produção de NO induzida por LPS também de maneira independente da ativação de seus receptores, porém, em concentrações muito maiores (1-10 µM) do que a necessária para inibir a produção constitutiva. Estes efeitos devem-se à inibição da expressão da enzima iNOS por impedir a translocação do NF-kB ao núcleo. A vasodilatação de aortas induzida por LPS também é inibida por melatonina. Podemos concluir até o momento que as células endoteliais, devido a sua localização, são excelentes sensores para as ações da melatonina e podem auxiliar no melhor entendimento do conceito \"eixo imune-pineal\". Os estudos sobre os mecanismos pelos quais a melatonina atua em condições fisiológicas e fisiopatológicas são essenciais para se conhecer o potencial terapêutico da melatonina. / Melatonin, the darkness hormone, produced at night by the pineal gland, is also synthesized in a non-rhythmic manner by other cells. Pineal and extra-pineal melatonin reaches endothelial layer, and the understanding of its mechanism of action will improve the possibilities of using this indolamine and derivates as pharmacological tools. Here we showed that melatonin, in concentrations compatible to nocturnal melatonin surge impairs the activity of eNOS, while much higher concentrations, which can be attained by activated immune competent cells, impair the induction of iNOS synthesis. As a consequence of inhibiting eNOS we showed that melatonin inhibits vasodilation of the microcirculation induced by bradykinin. The inhibitory effect of melatonin is observed only when eNOS is activated by triggering G protein-coupled receptors (bradykinin B2, muscarinic and P2Y purine receptors). Activation of eNOS by calcium-channel operated receptors (P2X) is not blocked by melatonin. Inhibition of the transcription of iNOS results in inhibition of the LPS-induced vasodilation of rat aorta. As a matter of fact, here we show that LPS effect is dependent on the endothelial layer. The mechanism of action of melatonin in inhibiting iNOS transcription is due to block of the NF-kB pathway. Our work contributed to unravel the role of endothelium cells as targets for melatonin and as a key player in the \"immune-pineal axis\". The understanding of the concentrations ranges reached by endogenous production, i.e., the discrimination between the levels achieved during physiological and physiopathological responses, are essential for using these substances as analogous therapeutical tools.

Increased exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) is associated with elevated morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases and cancer. We and others have shown that PM induces lung microvascular barrier dysfunction which potentially enhances the systemic toxicity of PM. However, the mechanisms by which PM disrupts vascular endothelial integrity remain incompletely explored. We hypothesize that PM induces endothelial cell (EC) cytoskeleton rearrangement via Rho GTPase-dependent pathways to facilitate vascular hyperpermeability. Fine PM induced time-dependent activation of cytoskeletal machinery with increases in myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation and EC barrier disruption measured by transendothelial electrical resistance (TER), events attenuated by the Rho-dependent kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 or the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Both Y-27632 and NAC prevented PM-induced stress fiber formation and phospho-MLC accumulation in human lung ECs. PM promotes rapid accumulation of Rho-GTP. This event is attenuated by NAC or knockdown of RhoA (siRNA). Consistent with ROCK activation, PM induced phosphorylation of myosin light chain phosphatase (MYPT) at Thr850, a post-translational modification known to inhibit phosphatase activity. Furthermore, PM activates the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rho, p115, with p115 translocation to the cell periphery, in a ROS-dependent manner. Together these results demonstrate that fine PM induces EC cytoskeleton rearrangement via Rho-dependent pathways that are dependent upon the generation of oxidative stress. As the disruption of vascular integrity further contributes to cardiopulmonary physiologic derangements, these findings provide pharmacologic targets for prevention of PM-induced cardiopulmonary toxicity.

During normal placental development, a primitive vascular network develops through vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, and is then remodelled through maturation and regression. The mechanism behind this regression is unknown, but data from other systems suggests that it could be due to an endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). If this is the case, then dysregulated EndMT could lead to increased vascular regression, which could result in placental hypovascularisation. As the placental vasculature is the area of exchange between maternal and fetal circulations, a reduction in its surface area could result in fetal growth restriction (FGR). The hypothesis of this thesis is that EndMT occurs during normal placental development, but is increased during FGR and contributes to placental hypovascularisation. A primary cell model consisting of endothelial and mesenchymal cells was isolated from human first trimester placental villous stroma. These cells were shown to lose CD31 mRNA (n = 1-3) and protein (n = 15) over 4 passages, with no loss of cell viability (n = 8). EndMT-associated transcription factors were also present in these cells at all 4 passages (n = 2-4). When cells were isolated from this mixed cell model based on their CD31-positivity and examined immediately after isolation, a small proportion also expressed αSMA (n = 5). Co-expression of endothelial and mesenchymal markers suggests that an EndMT was occurring. After 24 hours in culture, the proportion of these cells expressing αSMA increased (n = 5), and some cells co-expressed vWF and αSMA, while others lost their CD31-positivity, indicating that these cells had undergone EndMT. Cells isolated based on their CD31-positivity were treated with factors shown to inhibit EndMT in other systems. However, culture with 10µM SB431542 (TGFβ receptor inhibitor; n = 6), 10µM Dorsomorphin (BMP receptor inhibitor; n = 3), or 0.1µM PDGFR-β Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor IV (n = 3) did not inhibit gain of αSMA by these cells. Culture on Matrigel in endothelial growth medium containing VEGF and FGF also failed to stabilise the endothelial phenotype (n = 3). The possibility that EndMT occurs in placenta in vivo was examined; genes associated with EndMT were shown to be present in placenta (n = 5), and there was limited evidence of CD31 or vWF co-expression with αSMA in tissue. Preliminary evidence was obtained to suggest that expression of EndMT-associated genes was altered in FGR placentas compared to normal. In summary, the data presented in this thesis demonstrate that an EndMT occurs in primary placental microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Furthermore, these studies provide evidence to suggest that this transition also occurs in vivo and could be altered in placentas from pregnancies complicated by FGR.