The development of the IEEE 802.22 standard is aimed at providing broadband access in rural areas by effectively utilizing the unused TV band, provided no harmful interference is caused to the incumbent operation. This thesis presents the analytical framework to evaluate the number of active customer premise equipments (CPEs) in a wireless regional area network. Initial ranging is the primary process in IEEE 802.22 networks for CPEs to access the network and establish their connections with the base station (BS). A comprehensive analysis of initial ranging mechanism is provided in this work and initial ranging request success probability is derived based on the number of contended CPEs and the initial contention window size. Further, the average ranging success delay is derived for the maximum backoff stages. The collision probability is highly dependent on the size of the initial contention window and the number of contended CPEs. To keep it at a specific level, it is necessary for the BS to schedule the required size of the initial contention window to facilitate the maximum number of CPEs to establish their connections with reasonable delay. Therefore, the optimized initial window size is proposed that meets the collision probability constraint for a particular number of contended CPEs. An analytical model is also developed to estimate the ranging request collision probability depending upon the size of initial contention window and the number of contended CPEs. Moreover, this approximation provides the threshold size for contention window to start the initial ranging process in the IEEE 802.22 network.

Este trabalho investiga um procedimento para retroanálise utilizando Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNAs). Nesta pesquisa foram utilizadas 35.472 bacias de deflexões hipotéticas, criadas pelo programa ELSYM5. A base de dados de treinamento das RNAs consistiu dessas bacias de deflexão e dos módulos e espessuras que as geraram. A camada de entrada das RNAs foi compostas da(s) espessura(s) da(s) camada(s) do pavimento, da bacia de deflexão (na simulação com a viga Benkelman, além desses parâmetros, incluiu-se o raio de curvatura (R)) e a camada de saída foi composta pelos módulos resilientes das camadas do pavimento. Esses dados serviram de entrada para o processo de aprendizagem, utilizando-se o simulador EasyNN 3.2, que se baseia em redes Multilayer Perceptron e no algoritmo de treinamento Backpropagation. Para o procedimento de retroanálise proposto foram implementadas seis RNAs: duas simulando o procedimento para pavimento de duas camadas (uma simulando o ensaio da viga Benkelman e a outra a do Falling Weight Deflectometer), duas para pavimento de três camadas (simulação com os mesmos aparelhos) e duas para pavimento de quatro camadas (simulando os ensaios descritos anteriormente). Mediante as regressões lineares entre os módulos reais (ELSYM5) e os previstos pela RNA, obtiveram-se coeficientes de determinação (R2) e erros médios relativos (EMR). Estes parâmetros demonstraram uma boa correlação linear entre os módulos reais (ELSYM5) e os previstos (RNA). Com os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que as RNAs são ferramentas potentes para serem utilizadas como procedimento de retroanálise para pavimentos flexíveis de duas, três e quatro camadas. / This paper investigates a backcalculation procedure using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). In the research 35,472 hypothetical deflection basins were used, created by the program ELSYM5. The ANNs training database consisted of these basins, and of the moduli and thickness used to generate them. The input layer of these ANNs was composed by thickness(es) of the pavement layer(s), the deflection basin (in the simulation with the Benkelman beam, beyond of those parameters, the curvature radius included (R)) and the output layer was composed by the resilient moduli of the layers of the pavement. Those data were used as output for the learning process, using the easyNN 3.2 simulator, which is based on Multilayer Perceptron and in the training algorithm Backpropagation. For the backcalculation procedure proposed six ANNs they were implemented: two simulating the procedure for pavement of two layers (a simulating the testing of the Benkelman beam and the other the one of Falling Weight Deflectometer), two for pavement of three layers (simulation with the same equipments) and two for pavement of for layers (simulating the testing described previously). The values founds throught linear regression between the real moduli (ELSYM5) and the predicted of ones for ANN, were obtained determination coefficients (R2) and relative average errors (EMR). These parameters demonstrated a good linear correlation between the real moduli (ELSYM5) and the predicted of ones (ANN). The conclusion .is that ANNs are potent tools for they be used in backcalculation procedures flexible pavements of two, three and four layers.

Este trabalho investiga um procedimento para retroanálise utilizando Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNAs). Nesta pesquisa foram utilizadas 35.472 bacias de deflexões hipotéticas, criadas pelo programa ELSYM5. A base de dados de treinamento das RNAs consistiu dessas bacias de deflexão e dos módulos e espessuras que as geraram. A camada de entrada das RNAs foi compostas da(s) espessura(s) da(s) camada(s) do pavimento, da bacia de deflexão (na simulação com a viga Benkelman, além desses parâmetros, incluiu-se o raio de curvatura (R)) e a camada de saída foi composta pelos módulos resilientes das camadas do pavimento. Esses dados serviram de entrada para o processo de aprendizagem, utilizando-se o simulador EasyNN 3.2, que se baseia em redes Multilayer Perceptron e no algoritmo de treinamento Backpropagation. Para o procedimento de retroanálise proposto foram implementadas seis RNAs: duas simulando o procedimento para pavimento de duas camadas (uma simulando o ensaio da viga Benkelman e a outra a do Falling Weight Deflectometer), duas para pavimento de três camadas (simulação com os mesmos aparelhos) e duas para pavimento de quatro camadas (simulando os ensaios descritos anteriormente). Mediante as regressões lineares entre os módulos reais (ELSYM5) e os previstos pela RNA, obtiveram-se coeficientes de determinação (R2) e erros médios relativos (EMR). Estes parâmetros demonstraram uma boa correlação linear entre os módulos reais (ELSYM5) e os previstos (RNA). Com os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que as RNAs são ferramentas potentes para serem utilizadas como procedimento de retroanálise para pavimentos flexíveis de duas, três e quatro camadas. / This paper investigates a backcalculation procedure using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). In the research 35,472 hypothetical deflection basins were used, created by the program ELSYM5. The ANNs training database consisted of these basins, and of the moduli and thickness used to generate them. The input layer of these ANNs was composed by thickness(es) of the pavement layer(s), the deflection basin (in the simulation with the Benkelman beam, beyond of those parameters, the curvature radius included (R)) and the output layer was composed by the resilient moduli of the layers of the pavement. Those data were used as output for the learning process, using the easyNN 3.2 simulator, which is based on Multilayer Perceptron and in the training algorithm Backpropagation. For the backcalculation procedure proposed six ANNs they were implemented: two simulating the procedure for pavement of two layers (a simulating the testing of the Benkelman beam and the other the one of Falling Weight Deflectometer), two for pavement of three layers (simulation with the same equipments) and two for pavement of for layers (simulating the testing described previously). The values founds throught linear regression between the real moduli (ELSYM5) and the predicted of ones for ANN, were obtained determination coefficients (R2) and relative average errors (EMR). These parameters demonstrated a good linear correlation between the real moduli (ELSYM5) and the predicted of ones (ANN). The conclusion .is that ANNs are potent tools for they be used in backcalculation procedures flexible pavements of two, three and four layers.

With the increase in population and industrial growth, the need for power has increased manifold. A major share of India’s power generation is coal-based generation. Thermal power generation through coal combustion produces minute particles of ash that causes serious environmental problems. Most of the thermal power stations in India use bituminous coal and produce large quantities of fly ash. Fly ash is produced primarily by thermal power plants and, to a lesser extent, by cement and steel plants and railways. This poses problems in the form of land use, health hazards, and environmental dangers. Today the fly ash from thermal power plants is utilized to make cement. Cement industry needs fly ash with more fine particles. If these fine particles (of diameter in micro-meter range) are left out to atmosphere, it will be easily breathed into lungs, creating health hazard to human as well as animal life. If properly collected, it forms a valuable by product. Hence collecting fly ash is important to reduce pollution and also to increase revenue. Even though there are many devices like cyclones, fabric filters etc. the Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) is the most efficient device to capture the fly ash. It is at this juncture a need for such a simple ESP model was felt to facilitate prediction of the V-I characteristics of dust loaded precipitators, be it cement dust or fly ash. Given the fact that 99% of Indian ESPs are operated under DC energization and most of them are running inefficiently due to lack of proper diagnostic tools and also due to lack of interest to invest on an ESP. In such circumstances, the free availability of a simple model that combines the V-I curves with collection efficiency serves to improve the ESP performance in our Indian industries. In an ESP Voltage-Current (V-I) characteristics are used to diagnose any electrical problems occurring in it. Mathematical model of V-I characteristics under clean air and dust laden conditions will be helpful in diagnosing the ESP problems as well as in designing the ESP. The model will also indirectly reflect upon the collection efficiency of the ESP. The collection efficiency should be as high as possible not only to prevent pollution but also to collect maximum fly ash which is a valuable by-product. The modeling of collection efficiency will help the industries to design a new precipitator as well as to improve the performance the collection efficiency to meet the changing restrictions set by the government to reduce pollution. In this thesis a mathematical model of ESP based on Finite Difference Method is developed. The modeling is done in three sections. 1. Simulation of clean air V-I characteristics. 2. Simulation of dust laden V-I characteristics. 3. Simulation of collection efficiency. Simulation of clean air V-I characteristics is done by iteratively solving the Poisson’s equation and current continuity equation, using FDM in one quarter region of the ESP. Just by introducing the effect of particle charge into this solution the dust laden V-I characteristics are simulated. Finally, the collection efficiency is calculated using average charge density at the plates obtained from the above solution. The developed model is validated at first against published experimental and simulated data and then, with the data obtained through conduction of experiments, by the author, on commercial precipitators situated at a thermal power station and a cement plant, in India. The thesis discusses in detail these theoretical and experimental studies.

Cooling of electronic components is one of the most important issues concerned in the electronic industry for design of equipment. Maintaining the temperature of an electronic device within its safe operating temperature limits is essential to operate the equipment safely with proper functionality. According to the Arrhenious law of failure rate, for a device with activation energy 0.65eV, every 10°C increase in temperature doubles the failure rate. Recent miniaturisation of components and high device heat dissipation rates lead to high heat fluxes, which cause temperature rise. Hence, there is an increasing need for research to achieve high heat removal rates and optimal design. Several cooling techniques are used for cooling of electronics based on the application and cooling rate requirements. Air-cooling of electronics has a wide range of applications due to its greater reliability, simplicity, easy maintenance, low cost, easy availability of coolant (air), and light weight. Air-cooling is also free from boiling and dripping problems. Air-cooling is used in applications such as avionics, cooling of personal computers, cooling of data centers, and in automobile electronics. In a typical electronic cooling application, cooling fluid is driven by the combination of external pressure forces and buoyancy forces. Based on the relative contribution of these forces towards the total driving force, the cooling techniques can be categorized as forced, natural or mixed convection cooling. However, in many of the electronic cooling situations, such as in the applications with very high heat fluxes, tall Printed Circuits Boards (PCBs) with low forced convection velocity, and in large scale applications such as data centers, the contributions of the buoyancy forces and external pressure forces for the total driving force are comparable, which results in a mixed convection situation. In the present study, mixed convection in vertical channels heated with five heating configurations, which represent typical electronic cooling applications, is studied numerically. The five different heating configurations are channels with flush-mounted continuous heater, flush-mounted strip heaters, flush-mounted square block heaters, protruding rib heaters and protruding square heaters. The first three configurations are categorised as flush-mounted heating configurations and the latter two configurations are categorised as protruded heating configurations. One of the channel walls represents the substrate on which the heaters are mounted and the heat sources represent the heat generating electronic components. Heat transfer under steady state conditions is considered in the study. The study includes laminar as well as turbulent heat transfer. For a systematic study of mixed convection, an analytical or semi-analytical formulation is desirable for a simplified model, as it can highlight the effect of relevant non-dimensional parameters on the heat transfer characteristics of a system. The results of a simplified model can be used for benchmarking the results of practical situations. Hence, before numerically solving the governing equations for mixed convection in channels, mixed convection boundary layer flows over a heated vertical plate is considered for study. Perturbation technique is used to solve the boundary layer equations with non-isothermal boundary conditions. The perturbation analysis is carried out for an arbitrarily variation of wall temperature or heat flux. Subsequently, the results are extended to find heat transfer rates in the cases of power-law variation of temperature and heat flux, as special cases. It is always required to design a cooling system to remove maximum possible amount of heat, keeping the device temperature within its safe operating limits. Hence, optimization of heat transfer in boundary layers is attempted, whose results can be used as guidelines to achieve optimal heat transfer in practical situations of channels with continuous as well as discrete heating. Similarity analysis is used for the optimization of heat distribution in boundary layer flows. In the similarity analysis, in the search of optimal heat transfer from the plate, the boundary layer equations are solved for various power-law heat flux variations and the appropriate power-law variation of optimal heat transfer is found. Similarly, the heat flux variation for optimal heat transfer is found for the cases of natural and forced convection, as they are the limiting cases of mixed convection. In the numerical part of the study, the generalised three-dimensional governing equations for the five heating configurations considered for the study are solved numerically with appropriate boundary conditions. Separation of natural, forced and mixed convection regimes is carried out in all the heating configurations using a criterion based on individual contributions of pressure force and buoyancy force towards the total driving force for the fluid movement. Heat transfer characteristics are studied in laminar as well as turbulent regimes in terms of parameters such as Grashof number, Reynolds number, Nusselt number, maximum temperature of heaters, pressure drop across the channel, and so on. The influence of conjugate effects on the heat transfer characteristics is studied by varying the substrate thermal conductivity. A systematic comparison of various effects such as the effect of discrete heating in plain channels, effect of discrete heating in channels with heated ribs, and the effect of three-dimensional protrusions on heat transfer, is achieved. The parameters in the individual configurations, which affect heat transfer, are explored for better cooling solutions. Optimal heat distribution among the heaters to minimise the temperature of the hottest heater for a given total amount of heat generation in the channel is found for all the channel configurations, which are heated either continuously or discretely. In the process of finding the optimal heat distribution among heaters, guidelines are taken from the optimal heat distribution in boundary layer flows. Compared to usual optimization approaches such as genetic algorithm, the present physics based optimisation procedure requires fewer runs to arrive at the optimal distribution. The fluid flow characteristics in all the three configurations with flush-mounted heaters are found to be similar. However, heat transfer characteristics in channels with flush-mounted square heaters differ from those in the other two flush-mounted channel configurations. Hot spots with higher temperatures are found at heater locations in channels with flush-mounted square heaters. The effect of substrate follows the same trend in all the flush-mounted configurations. At lower thermal conductivities, the maximum temperature decreases sharply with increasing thermal conductivity. However, at higher conductivities, the influence reduces. In all the flush-mounted configurations, heat transfer will not be influenced by substrate thermal conductivity increment at conductivities more than 150 times the fluid thermal conductivity. The fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in channels with protruded heaters differ significantly from those in channels with flush-mounted heaters. The protrusions in the channels interact with the fluid flow and make it different from that of smooth channels. In turn, the protrusions affect heat transfer characteristics in the channels. The influence of the protrusions on the heat transfer and locations of hot spots in the domain is examined. Effect of thermal conductivity in channels with protruded square heaters is similar to that in channels with flush-mounted heaters. However, conductivity in channels with protruded rib heaters affects the heat transfer in a wider range of conductivities than in the other heating configurations. Unlike in the other configurations, at low thermal conductivities, maximum temperature does not drop sharply with increase of conductivity. In channels with protruded square heaters, staggering arrangement of heaters results in higher heat transfer rates than those with in-line heater arrangement. In all the configurations, pressure drop is found to be independent of Grashof number in the range of heat dissipation rates considered in the study. Heat transfer rates in turbulent region are much higher than the heat transfer rates in laminar regime. However, the pressure drops encountered are also high in the turbulent regime. Turbulent heat transfer results in a more uniform temperature distribution in channels. The cooling performances of the individual configurations are compared. For a given pressure drop the cooling performances decreases in the order of flush-mounted strip heating, protruded square heating, flush-mounted square heating, protruded rib heating. For a given inlet fluid flow rate, the cooling performances decreases in the order of protruded rib heating, protruded square heating, flush-mounted square heating, flush-mounted strip heating. However, for a given inlet fluid flow rate, the pressure drop increases in the order of increasing cooling performance.

[pt] Em decorrência do acirrado ambiente concorrencial, as empresas alimentícias de cárneos embutidos vêem-se obrigadas a melhorar seus sistemas produtivos de forma contínua, o que implica em definir de modo coordenado seu processo de busca e escolha de tecnologia dentro dos imperativos de higiene que devem vigorar nesse ramo industrial. Para que isso possa ser efetivamente implementado, faz-se necessário que a organização identifique as oportunidades mercadológicas reconhecendo, quando não os benefícios das novas tecnologias, ao menos a sua necessidade. Este trabalho apresenta a configuração da indústria de alimentos brasileira para então atingir o complexo carne, em especial o setor de cárneos embutidos. Em seguida, apresenta uma classificação da tecnologia e sua análise sob o ponto de vista estratégico. Adiante as formulações teóricas das etapas de absorção da tecnologia são avaliadas de acordo com a postura de empresas fornecedoras e compradoras de equipamentos do setor. Por fim, propõe uma estrutura de análise do funcionamento do processo de escolha de equipamentos, propiciando informações importantes à boa gestão das empresas e ao meio acadêmico. / [en] As a result of a strident competitive environment, food manufacturers of stuffed meat are required to improve their production processes continuouslly. The fact implies in defining, in a coordinated way, their procedures for technology search and selection, following higienic standards which must rule this industrial segment. For this purpose, food organizations need to identify market opportunities, recognizing the benefits of new technologies, or at least their usefulness. This study presents the actual configuration of the Brazilian food industry and sequentially the meat segment, more specifically the stuffed meat sector. It then discusses the concept of technology and overviews a methodology to technology strategic analysis. Moreover, the theorical formulations on the phases of technology use are evaluated in accordance with the attitude of equipment producers and their clients. Conclusivelly, it proposes an structured analysis of the process of equipment search, providing an important set of informations to a better industry management and also to academics. / [es] Debido a la alta competitividad, las empresas alimenticias de cárnicos embutidos se han visto obligadas a mejorar sus sistemas productivos de forma continua, lo que implica definir de modo coordinado el proceso de búsqueda y selección de tecnología dentro de las normas de higiene de esta rama industrial. Para poder implemetar efectivamente este preoceso, es necesario que la organización identifique las oportunidades mercadológicas reconociendo, cuando no los benefícios de las nuevas tecnologías, al menos su necesidad. Este trabajo presenta primeramente la configuración de la industria de alimentos brasilera, para después alcanzar el complejo carne, en especial el sector de cárnicos embutidos. Mas adelante, se presenta una clasificación de la tecnología y su análisis desde el punto de vista estratégico. Se evalúan las formulaciones teóricas de las etapas de absorción de la tecnología de acuerdo con la postura de empresas suministradoras y compradoras de equipos del sector. Finalmente, se propone una extructura de análisis de la funcionadad del proceso de selección de equipos, propiciando informaciones importantes a una buena gestión de las empresas y al medio académico.

Dans un marché mondial, de nombreuses sociétés sont passées d’une stratégie d’entreprise centralisée où les produits sont conçus dans un lieu central et fabriqués dans les centres régionaux à une entreprise décentralisée, puis à une organisation répartie sur les régions. Le contexte Industriel de la thèse est GE Renewable Energy – Hydro solutions qui conçoit et fabrique des centrales d’énergie hydraulique. L’organisation GE hydro est dispersée sur 5 régions (Amérique du Nord, Amérique Latine, Europe, Chine et Inde). Chaque région est devenue une partie de cette organisation distribuée où sont conçues et fabriquées des turbines hydrauliques / générateurs. Cependant, de nouveaux défis ont surgis dans ce processus de développement de produits distribués : les besoins spécifiques à un marché, les différentes pratiques de travail, des différentes méthodes de conception, en plus des différences culturelles entre les régions.Afin de rationaliser ces différences, le développement de produits distribués comportait plusieurs objectifs. Par exemple, la standardisation des processus d'ingénierie, le développement des guides de conception commune pour les outils d'ingénierie, l'harmonisation des procédures de qualité et de résolution des problèmes. L’organisation Hydro a confié ces objectifs aux collectifs d'ingénierie virtuels qui sont dispersés dans toutes les régions.Notre recherche vise à étudier et à soutenir les collectifs d'ingénierie virtuels dans la co-création des standards techniques propres à l'entreprise. Les collectifs d'ingénierie virtuels impliquent des concepteurs, des ingénieurs industriels, des techniciens ainsi que les utilisateurs finaux. Ils devaient collaborer à distance afin de co-développer les standards techniques et plus tard de les adopter dans les projets des clients.Les collectifs d'ingénierie virtuels ont été au cœur de notre démarche de standardisation, la thèse a abordé les questions de recherche suivantes :1."Quel processus et plateforme collaboratifs de standardisation pourront permettre aux collectifs d'ingénierie de co-développer leurs standards à distance ?"2."Quelles sont les caractéristiques des différents types de collectifs virtuels qui conviennent respectivement au processus collaboratif de standardisation ?"3."Quel processus opérationnel doit être défini pour faciliter le travail des collectifs d'ingénierie virtuels dans une organisation gérée par projets ?"De la littérature, nous avons défini et différencié les types des collectifs d'ingénierie virtuels en tant que communautés de pratiques ou d'intérêt virtuelles, des équipes virtuelles et des réseaux d'apprentissage. Grâce à des observations et des réflexions autour de la pratique, nous avons développé et testé nos propositions. Les contributions principales de la thèse sont résumées telles que :1.Un modèle de processus collaboratif de standardisation pour co-développer les standards techniques à distance.2.HySPeC - une plateforme collaboratif de standardisation - pour répondre aux différentes exigences du processus collaboratif de standardisation.3.Un modèle dynamique pour caractériser les collectifs virtuels en fonction de leurs phases de développement.4.Un cadre des collectifs virtuels pour sélectionner, différencier et adapter les collectifs virtuels en fonction des objectifs du projet.5.Un processus opérationnel des collectifs virtuels pour faciliter l'adoption et la mise en œuvre des standards d'ingénierie dans les projets.La direction chez GE Hydro a considéré les propositions comme un facteur de succès pour co-développer les standards d'ingénierie à distance. Les différents types des collectifs virtuels peuvent s’adapter au processus de standardisation collaboratif et utiliser intuitivement les fonctionnalités de la plateforme collaborative. L'approche a également fourni un processus opérationnel pour faciliter l'intégration et le travail des collectifs d'ingénierie virtuels au sein de l'organisation hydro. / In a global economy, the conquest of exploring and acquiring new markets has led many companies to expand their business around the globe. Many companies adopted a strategy of shifting from a centralized company where products were designed and manufactured in one region to a decentralized company, and then to a distributed organization over the regions. Our thesis context is GE Renewable Energy – Hydro solutions that designs and manufactures hydraulic power plants. GE hydro organization is scattered over 5 regions (North America, Latin America, Europe, China and India). Each region became part of this distributed organization where they participated in the designing and the manufacturing of the hydraulic turbines/ generators. However, new challenges arose in this distributed product development process: specific market needs, different working practices, various design methods, multitude of design tools in addition to the cultural differences among the regions.In order to rationalize the regional differences, the distributed development of hydraulic turbines and generators entailed several objectives. For example, standardization of engineering processes, development of common design guides for engineering tools, harmonization of quality sheets and troubleshooting procedures. Hydro organization has entrusted these objectives to the virtual engineering collectives who are dispersed in all the regions.Our research aimed at studying and supporting the virtual engineering collectives in the co-creation of corporate engineering standards and guidelines. The virtual engineering collectives involved the designers, industrial engineers, technicians as well as the end-users. They had to remotely collaborate in order to co-develop the engineering standards and later on to adopt them in customer projects.Since the virtual engineering collectives were at the core of our standardization approach, the thesis addressed the following research questions:1- “which collaborative standardization process and platform could enable the engineering collectives to co-develop their standards at distance?”2- “what are the characteristics of the different virtual collectives’ types which suit respectively the collaborative standardization process?”3- “which operational process has to be defined to ease the work of the virtual engineering collectives within a project based management style?”From the literature, we defined and differentiated the virtual engineering collectives’ types as virtual communities of practice and/or interest, virtual teams and networks of learning. Through observations and reflections from the practice, we have developed and tested our propositions. The main thesis’ contributions are summarized as follows:1- The collaborative standardization process to co-develop the engineering standards at distance.2- HySPeC templates – the collaborative standardization platform - to respond to the different requirements of the collaborative standardization process.3- The virtual collectives’ dynamics (VCD) model to characterize the virtual collectives in function of their development phases.4- The virtual collectives’ framework (VCF) to select, differentiate and fit the virtual collectives in function of the project’s objectives.5- The virtual collectives’ operational process to facilitate the adoption and the implementation of the engineering standards in the customers’ projects.The top management at GE Hydro found the proposed collaborative standardization approach able to co-develop the engineering standards at distance. The different virtual collectives’ types can fit and adapt to the collaborative standardization process and intuitively use the collaborative platform’ functionalities. The approach also provided an operational process to facilitate the integration and the work of the virtual engineering collectives within the distributed hydro organization.

Esta dissertação trata de Porto Alegre durante os anos de 1820 – 1890. Tem como objetivo realizar uma análise das transformações e características de seu espaço urbano a partir da leitura e do cruzamento das descrições da cidade contidas nos relatos dos viajantes estrangeiros. É um estudo que se apóia nos diários destes informantes, fontes não oficiais e pouco utilizadas nas pesquisas empreendidas por arquitetos e urbanistas sobre a capital, para valorizá-los como possibilidades de contribuição para o estudo da cidade. Nesse sentido a pesquisa busca alternativa às fontes utilizadas com mais freqüência como a cartografia histórica e os documentos oficiais e procura avaliar que estas outras fontes são importantes e devem ser mais exploradas pelos estudos urbanos. Seu uso permitiria, assim, uma aproximação mais íntima com o cotidiano da cidade, com seus espaços, com as sensações que eles transmitem. São buscados nos textos dos viajantes informações sobre Porto Alegre relativas aos seus aspectos locacionais (implantação, arrabaldes, malha urbana/arruamento e aparência geral do conjunto), seus serviços públicos e de infra-estrutura urbana (estradas, abastecimento de água, esgotamento sanitário e pluvial, limpeza urbana, transporte, calçamento, iluminação, policiamento, aterros), seus equipamentos e espaços públicos (hospitais, instituições de ensino, templos religiosos, cais e alfândega, quartéis e edificações de cunho militar, teatros, cemitério, presídio, mercado, edifícios administrativos, esporte e lazer, praças e parques) e outras características não enquadradas nas categorias anteriores (conjunto da arquitetura residencial, população, etc). Foram selecionados seis viajantes como fontes para subsidiar a pesquisa, dispersos em saltos de tempo mais ou menos regulares ao longo dos setenta anos do recorte temporal adotado. São eles: Auguste Saint-Hilaire, Arsène Isabelle, Robert Ave-Lallemant, Oscar Canstatt, Wilhelm Breitenbach e Moritz Schanz. / This thesis is about Porto Alegre during the years of 1820 – 1890. Its objective is to analize the transformations and characteristics of its urban space from the reading and crossing of the descriptions of the city contained in the reports of foreing travelers. It is a study that relies on diaries, unofficial sources little used in the researches from architects and planners about the capital, to value them as a possible contribution to the study of the city. In this sense the research seeks alternative sources to the used most often as the historical cartography and the official documents, and also to present that these other sources are important and should be more explored by urban studies. Its use would enable a more intimate approach to the daily life of the city, with its spaces and the feelings they convey. Are sought in the writings of travelers information about Porto Alegre regarding locational aspects (implantation, suburbs, urban network/streets and general appearance of the whole), its public services and urban infrastructure (roads, water supply, sewerage, urban sanitation, transportation, sidewalks, lighting, policing, landfill), its equipment and public places (hospitals, educational institutions, religious temples, wharf and customhouse, quarters and buildings of military nature, theaters, cemeteries, prisons, markets, administrative buildings, sports and recreation, squares and parks) and other characteristics not covered into the above categories (cluster of residential architecture, population, etc.). Were selected six travelers as sources to support the research, dispersed with certain regularity throughout the seventy years studied. They are: Auguste Saint-Hilaire, Arsène Isabelle, Robert Avé-Lallemant, Oscar Canstatt, Wilhelm Breitenbach and Moritz Schanz.

This thisis are projecting a technical and a technological equipments for the project of high-density horses stable near Chabičovice. I described the equipments at a book and I figured it in technical drawing. The technical drawings are in a attachement this work. I started with making a lists of a informations about the technical and technological equipments with a special literature, which are using in horses stable. I got lot of a importat informations. Than I described a technical information about the horses stable. I introduced using legislative conditions. I rectified a conditions of a city ground plan. Aftert I specifized the equipments, which I projected.

Esta dissertação trata de Porto Alegre durante os anos de 1820 – 1890. Tem como objetivo realizar uma análise das transformações e características de seu espaço urbano a partir da leitura e do cruzamento das descrições da cidade contidas nos relatos dos viajantes estrangeiros. É um estudo que se apóia nos diários destes informantes, fontes não oficiais e pouco utilizadas nas pesquisas empreendidas por arquitetos e urbanistas sobre a capital, para valorizá-los como possibilidades de contribuição para o estudo da cidade. Nesse sentido a pesquisa busca alternativa às fontes utilizadas com mais freqüência como a cartografia histórica e os documentos oficiais e procura avaliar que estas outras fontes são importantes e devem ser mais exploradas pelos estudos urbanos. Seu uso permitiria, assim, uma aproximação mais íntima com o cotidiano da cidade, com seus espaços, com as sensações que eles transmitem. São buscados nos textos dos viajantes informações sobre Porto Alegre relativas aos seus aspectos locacionais (implantação, arrabaldes, malha urbana/arruamento e aparência geral do conjunto), seus serviços públicos e de infra-estrutura urbana (estradas, abastecimento de água, esgotamento sanitário e pluvial, limpeza urbana, transporte, calçamento, iluminação, policiamento, aterros), seus equipamentos e espaços públicos (hospitais, instituições de ensino, templos religiosos, cais e alfândega, quartéis e edificações de cunho militar, teatros, cemitério, presídio, mercado, edifícios administrativos, esporte e lazer, praças e parques) e outras características não enquadradas nas categorias anteriores (conjunto da arquitetura residencial, população, etc). Foram selecionados seis viajantes como fontes para subsidiar a pesquisa, dispersos em saltos de tempo mais ou menos regulares ao longo dos setenta anos do recorte temporal adotado. São eles: Auguste Saint-Hilaire, Arsène Isabelle, Robert Ave-Lallemant, Oscar Canstatt, Wilhelm Breitenbach e Moritz Schanz. / This thesis is about Porto Alegre during the years of 1820 – 1890. Its objective is to analize the transformations and characteristics of its urban space from the reading and crossing of the descriptions of the city contained in the reports of foreing travelers. It is a study that relies on diaries, unofficial sources little used in the researches from architects and planners about the capital, to value them as a possible contribution to the study of the city. In this sense the research seeks alternative sources to the used most often as the historical cartography and the official documents, and also to present that these other sources are important and should be more explored by urban studies. Its use would enable a more intimate approach to the daily life of the city, with its spaces and the feelings they convey. Are sought in the writings of travelers information about Porto Alegre regarding locational aspects (implantation, suburbs, urban network/streets and general appearance of the whole), its public services and urban infrastructure (roads, water supply, sewerage, urban sanitation, transportation, sidewalks, lighting, policing, landfill), its equipment and public places (hospitals, educational institutions, religious temples, wharf and customhouse, quarters and buildings of military nature, theaters, cemeteries, prisons, markets, administrative buildings, sports and recreation, squares and parks) and other characteristics not covered into the above categories (cluster of residential architecture, population, etc.). Were selected six travelers as sources to support the research, dispersed with certain regularity throughout the seventy years studied. They are: Auguste Saint-Hilaire, Arsène Isabelle, Robert Avé-Lallemant, Oscar Canstatt, Wilhelm Breitenbach and Moritz Schanz.