This thesis examines Google’s Executive Chairman Eric E. Schmidt’s speech at the European Innovation Convention 2011 from the perspectives of Kenneth Burke’s dramatism and identification theories. In the wider context it aims to contribute to the analyses of human progress traced through the history of our technologies and inventions. These breakthroughs do not happen or spread without beneficial influences from societal institutions in spheres like culture, philosophy, politics and law. Language is the creator and carrier of these institutions. A complicated “ecosystem” of culture, science, financing, laws and regulations, affects the possibilities for economic growth through innovation. Perhaps due to the contested legitimacy of corporations in the democratic process, the study of the messages of corporate entities in the political arena seems to be a fairly unexplored dimension of traditional rhetorical analysis of politics. Through rhetorical criticism the author seeks to better understand Google’s communication in this area, and to gain further insights into the communication strategies that companies may use to influence such complex fields of politics as Innovation Policy.

[pt] Uma das temáticas mais fascinantes e recorrentes nas Ciências Sociais e, mais especificamente na Antropologia, é a problemática da ordem. Essa dissertação foca a sua análise em como os homens empreendem a imprescindível tarefa de dar significado às suas vidas, às suas instituições, às suas sociedades. Ordenar, nesse contexto, nada mais é do que dar uma justificação, um fundamento à todas as coisas que compõem a vida humana. Assim, parto da ideia de que a maneira mais eficaz de dar ordem e significado (seja a vida individual ou a sociedade e suas instituições) se encontra na religião. Admito, porém, que as estruturas de significado presentes nas diferentes culturas não possuem a firmeza necessária para se impor a todos com a mesma intensidade e da mesma forma. Portanto, para evitar que o mundo social perca a sua eficácia, é necessário nomizar ou ordenar a sociedade de uma forma estável e duradoura. A religião, admitida aqui como a forma mais eficaz de dar ordem ao meio social, aparecerá no contexto do que o filósofo Eric Voegelin chamou de sociedades cosmológicas, ou nas chamadas sociedades frias como denominou o antropólogo Claude Lévi-Strauss. A ordem e a construção dos significados nas diferentes sociedades serão analisadas através das obras desses dois autores. / [en] One of the most fascinating and recurring themes in Social Sciences and, more specifically, in Anthropology, is the problem of order. This dissertation focuses its analysis on how men undertake the essential task of giving meaning to their lives, their institutions and societies. To order, in this context, is nothing more than to give a justification, a ground for all things that make up human life. Thus, I take off from the idea that the most effective way of ordaining and establishing meaning (whether to individual life or society and its institutions) lies in religion. I admit, however, that the structures of meaning present in different cultures do not have the necessary firmness to enforce all with the same intensity and in the same manner. Therefore, to prevent the social world from losing its effectiveness, it is necessary to normalize or order society in a stable and lasting way. Religion, admitted as the most effective way to provide order to social life, appears in the context of what the philosopher Eric Voegelin called cosmological societies., or cold societies as Claude Lévi-Strauss called in his works. The order and the construction of meanings in the different societies will be analysed through the works of this two authors.

Salmonella spp. é reconhecida como uma das bactérias que mais causam doenças de origem alimentar no mundo. Dentre as diversas sorovariedades de Salmonella, a Typhimurium é uma das sorovariedades de maior ocorrência no mundo. Várias metodologias de tipagem fenotípicas e genotípicas foram desenvolvidas com o intuito de se delinear a epidemiologia e diversidade genotípica de Salmonella Typhimurium. Entretanto, a tipagem fenotípica é muitas vezes limitada por sua baixa capacidade de diferenciação de subtipos pertencentes a uma mesma sorovariedade de Salmonella, um problema minimizado pelos métodos genotípicos. No Brasil, foram realizados poucos estudos que genotiparam linhagens de S. Typhimurium. Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar linhagens de S. Typhimurium isoladas de humanos, alimentos, animais e ambiente do animal no Brasil quanto ao seu potencial patogênico, perfil de resistência a antimicrobianos e diversidade genotípica. Foram estudadas 119 linhagens de S. Typhimurium, isoladas de material clínico de humanos (43), alimentos diversos (49), material clínico de suínos (22) e do ambiente de suínos (5), entre 1983 e 2013, provenientes de várias Estados do Brasil. A presença de 12 genes de virulência foi pesquisada por PCR. O perfil de resistência a 13 antimicrobianos foi realizado pelo método de discodifusão. A tipagem molecular foi realizada por Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR), Multiple-locus variablenumber tandem-repeats analysis (MLVA), Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats - Multi-virulence locus sequence typing (CRISPR-MVLST), Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) e sequenciamento do genoma completo para 92 linhagens de S. Typhimurium isoladas de humanos (43) e alimentos (46). As metodologias PFGE, ERIC-PCR e MLVA foram realizadas para 70 linhagens de S. Typhimurium isoladas de humanos (43), animais (22) e ambiente do animal (5). Todas as 119 linhagens apresentaram os genes sipA, flgK, flgL e invA. O gene sipD e o gene sopE2 foram encontrados em 118 (99,2%) linhagens. O gene fljB foi encontrado em 117 (98,3%) linhagens. O gene sopD foi presente em 114 (95,8%) linhagens, o gene sopB em 111 (93,3%) linhagens, o gene ssaR em 102 (85,7%) linhagens, o gene sifA em 86 (72,3%) linhagens e 45 (37,8%) linhagens apresentaram o gene plasmidial spvB. De um total de 119 linhagens, 64 (62,2%) linhagens foram resistentes a pelo menos um dos 13 antimicrobianos testados, sendo que 36 (30,3%) linhagens foram multi-droga resistentes (MDR). Na comparação dos isolados de humanos e alimentos, as linhagens isoladas de humanos antes de meados 1990, ficaram alocadas nos grupos PFGE-A, PFGE-B1, PFGE-B2, ERIC-A, ERIC-B, MLVA-A, MLVA-B1, MLVA-B2 e G1, G2, H para CRISPRMVLST. As linhagens isoladas de humanos após esse período ficaram alocadas nos grupos PFGE-B1, ERIC-A, MLVA-B1, MLVA-B2 e G2. As linhagens isoladas de alimentos ficaram alocadas nos grupos PFGE-A, PFGE-B1, ERIC-A, ERIC-B, MLVA-A, MLVA-B1, MLVAB2, G1 e G2. Por MLST, do total de 92 linhagens isoladas de humanos e alimentos, 77 linhagens foram tipadas como ST19. Pelo sequenciamento do genoma completo, as linhagens isoladas de alimentos e humanos ficaram alocadas no grupos I e J independente das datas de isolamento. Na comparação dos isolados de humanos e animais, as linhagens das duas origens ficaram alocadas nos grupos PFGE-D1, PFGE-D2, ERIC-C1, MLVA-C1 e MLVA-D. ii Conclui-se que a grande prevalência de genes de virulência nas linhagens de S. Typhimurium estudadas reforça o potencial das mesmas causarem doenças em humanos, bem como, os riscos de sua presença em alimentos, animais para consumo humano e ambiente. A ocorrência de S. Typhimurium multi-droga resistentes isoladas de alimentos diversos e de suínos para consumo é um alerta para o possível risco de humanos ingerirem alimentos contaminados por tais linhagens. Em conjunto os resultados de PFGE, ERIC-PCR, MLVA, CRISPR-MVLST sugerem que as linhagens de S. Typhimurium isoladas de humanos eram geneticamente mais diversificadas antes de meados de 1990, o que pode sugerir a seleção de um subtipo de S. Typhimurium mais adaptado, depois que Salmonella Enteritidis tornou-se a sorovariedade de maior ocorrência no Brasil após esse período. Com relação às linhagens isoladas de alimentos, os resultados de PFGE, ERIC-PCR, MLVA e CRISPR-MVLST sugerem que durante o período estudado houve a circulação de mais de um subtipo no país. Os resultados de MLST sugerem que tais linhagens tenham uma origem filogenética comum. Os resultados do sequenciamento do genoma completo sugerem que houve a circulação de mais de um subtipo de S. Typhimurium no país, com relação às linhagens de humanos e alimentos. Também alerta para o possível risco de linhagens MDR isoladas de alimentos contaminarem humanos e/ou disseminarem genes de resistência a antibióticos para linhagens de origem clínica e não clínica. Na comparação dos isolados de humanos e animais, os resultados de PFGE, ERICPCR e MLVA sugerem que algumas linhagens isoladas de suínos e humanos podem descender de um subtipo comum. Ademais, as linhagens MDR isoladas de suínos e do ambiente de suínos alertam para o possível risco de porcos usados para consumo contaminarem humanos, o ambiente e outros porcos. / Salmonella spp. is recognized as one of the most involved bacteria that cause food-borne diseases in the world. Among the various serovars of Salmonella, Typhimurium is one of the most frequent serovars worldwide. Several phenotypic and genotypic typing methods have been developed in order to delineate the epidemiology and genotypic diversity of Salmonella Typhimurium. However, phenotypic typing is often limited by its low capacity to differentiate subtypes belonging to the same serovar of Salmonella, a problem minimized by genotypic methods. In Brazil, few studies have been conducted that genotyped S. Typhimurium strains. The aims of this study were to characterize S. Typhimurium strains isolated from humans, food, animals and animal\'s environment in Brazil regarding its pathogenic potential, antimicrobial resistance and genotypic diversity. We studied 119 S. Typhimurium strains isolated from human clinical material (43), different foods (49), clinical material from pigs (22) and pigs environment (5), between 1983 and 2013 from various States of Brazil. The presence of 12 virulence genes was investigated by PCR. The resistance profile against 13 antimicrobial was performed by the disk diffusion method. Molecular typing was performed by Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR), Multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis (MLVA), Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats - Multi-virulence locus sequence typing (CRISPR-MVLST), Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and whole genome sequencing for 92 S. Typhimurium strains isolated from humans (43) and food (46). PFGE, ERIC-PCR and MLVA methods were performed for 70 S. Typhimurium strains isolated from humans (43), animals (22) and the animal\'s environment (5). All 119 strains showed the sipA, flgK, flgL and invA genes. The sipD and sopE2 genes were found in 118 (99.2%) strains. The fljB gene was found in 117 (98.3%) strains. The sopD gene was present in 114 (95.8%) strains, the gene sopB in 111 (93.3%) strains, the ssaR gene in 102 (85.7%) strains, the gene sifA in 86 (72.3%) strains and 45 (37.8%) strains showed the plasmid gene spvB. From a total of 119 strains, 64 (62.2%) strains were resistant to at least one of the 13 antimicrobials tested, and 36 (30.3%) strains were multi-drug resistant (MDR). In the comparison of isolates from humans and food, the strains isolated from humans before mid-1990s were allocated in PFGE-A, PFGE-B1, PFGE-B2, ERIC-A, ERIC-B, MLVA-A, MLVA-B1, MLVA-B2 and G1, G2, H for CRISPR-MVLST. The strains isolated from humans after this period were allocated in PFGE-B1, ERIC-A, MLVA-B1, MLVA-B2 and G2 clusters. The strains isolated from food were allocated in PFGE-A, PFGE-B1, ERIC-A, ERIC-B, MLVA-A, MLVA-B1, MLVA-B2, G1 and G2 clusters. By MLST, of the total of 92 strains isolated from humans and food, 77 strains were typed as ST19. By whole genome sequencing, the strains isolated from food and humans were allocated in I and J clusters independently of its isolation date. In the comparison of isolates from humans and animals, strains of the two origins were allocated in PFGE-D1, PFGE-D2, ERIC-C1, MLVA-C1 and MLVA-D clusters. In conclusion, the high frequency of virulence genes in the S. Typhimurium strains studied reinforces their potential hazard to cause disease in humans, as well as the risk of its presence in food, animals for human consumption and the environment. The occurrence of S. Typhimurium multi-drug iv resistant isolated from various food and pigs for consumption is an alert of the possible risk for humans to ingest contaminated food with those strains. Together the results of PFGE, ERIC-PCR, MLVA e CRISPR-MVLST suggest that S. Typhimurium strains isolated from humans were genetically more diverse before mid-1990s, which might indicate the selection of a more adapted S. Typhimurium subtype after Salmonella Enteritidis became the most prevalent serovar in Brazil. Regarding the strains isolated from food, the results of PFGE, ERIC-PCR, MLVA and CRISPR-MVLST suggest that during the studied period there was circulation of more than one subtype in the country. The MLST results suggest that these strains have a common phylogenetic origin. The results of the whole genome sequencing suggest that there may be more than one subtype circulating in the country, with respect to the strains of human and food origins. Also, alerts for the possible risk of MDR strains isolated from food to contaminate humans and/or disseminate antibiotic resistance genes for strains of clinical and non-clinical origin. In the comparison of isolates from humans and animals, the results of PFGE, ERIC-PCR and MLVA suggest that some strains isolated from pigs and humans may descend from a common subtype. In addition, the MDR strains isolated from pigs and pig environment warn for the possible risk of pigs used for human consumption to contaminate humans, the environment and other pigs.

Cas à part dans le cinéma britannique contemporain, depuis 30 ans la société de production Working Title Films connaît un succès régulier sur la scène internationale. Son box-office cumulé se compte en milliards de dollars pour une centaine de longs métrages, qui lui ont valu des dizaines d'Oscars et de BAFTA, ainsi que quelques distinctions à Cannes, Berlin ou Venise. Ce succès attire pourtant les critiques de certains commentateurs, qui lui reprochent de se laisser submerger par les conventions du cinéma hollywoodien et de manquer d'ambitions culturelles, notamment à cause de son contrat avec la major Universal et de ses stratégies de distribution. Ils déplorent les représentations stéréotypées de la « britannicité » de certains de ses films, à l'instar des comédies de Richard Curtis ou de Rowan Atkinson. En effet, si Working Title a débuté avec un film audacieux, My Beautiful Laundrette (Stephen Frears, 1985), son premier grand succès commercial est Four Weddings and a Funeral (Mike Newell, 1994). Néanmoins, malgré leurs ambitions commerciales mondiales, Tim Bevan et Eric Fellner, les directeurs de Working Title, revendiquent leur britannicité et une « sensibilité européenne ». Celle-ci est concrétisée par un partenariat avec PolyGram Filmed Entertainment puis avec StudioCanal. Cette dimension transnationale – plutôt que transatlantique – n'est pas sans influence sur les films eux-mêmes, et concourt également à leur succès international. Plusieurs intrigues mettent même en scène des relations interculturelles. Les films affichent des stratégies de compromis entre spécificité culturelle et universalité, avec des équilibres changeants. En effet, on ne peut nier la diversité déconcertante de la filmographie, tant du point de vue des contenus culturels que du degré de créativité. Working Title collabore avec des réalisateurs britanniques d'horizons variés, comme Richard Curtis, Stephen Frears, Edgar Wright ou Joe Wright. De plus, elle franchit souvent les frontières nationales, essentiellement outre-Atlantique, en particulier grâce à son partenariat avec les frères Coen, mais aussi en Australie, en Afrique du Sud ou dans d'autres pays européens. Tout cela place donc Working Title au cœur des débats sur les enjeux du cinéma britannique actuel, concernant son identité (cinéma national / post-national), l'équilibre entre les aspects économiques et artistiques, les relations avec Hollywood, ou encore le rôle des politiques culturelles. Ainsi, cette thèse tâche de comprendre l'évolution et le succès de cette société phare du cinéma britannique, en s'attachant autant à l'étude de son fonctionnement (partenariats, développement, production, distribution) qu'à l'analyse textuelle de ses films. / A unique entity in today's British film industry, production company Working Title Films has been responsible for many international hits since its creation in 1984. Its films have earned billions of dollars, and they have won many film awards, including dozens of Academy Awards and BAFTA Awards, but also accolades in Cannes, Berlin or Venice. Yet, some commentators criticize Working Title for being excessively influenced by Hollywood, hence lacking cultural ambitions. They blame the company's partnership with Universal and underline that some of its films broadcast a stereotypical view of Britishness, especially successful comedies by Richard Curtis, or the ones starring Rowan Atkinson. Indeed, the company's first film was My Beautiful Laundrette (Stephen Frears, 1985), a creative, committed film, but its more recent films tend to be more mainstream and its first international hit was Four Weddings and A Funeral (Mike Newell, 1994). However, Working Title seems to draw some of its strength from its British identity. Tim Bevan and Eric Fellner, the two producers behind Working Title, also defend its “European sensibility”. The latter is reinforced by a partnership with PolyGram Filmed Entertainment in the nineties, and then with StudioCanal. So it is a transnational rather than a transatlantic company. Its films are transnational too, and some plots even include intercultural relationships. They use various strategies to broaden their audience, such as crossover and polysemy, and they try to balance cultural specificity with universality. However, most importantly, one cannot deny the incredible diversity of the films – regarding both their national identity and their level of creativity. Therefore, Working Title offers a fascinating case study to learn more about the issues of British cinema, about its identity (national / post-national cinema), the balance between art and industry, its relationship with Hollywood, and the role of cultural policies. In other words, this dissertation will study the evolution of Working Title Films, focusing on its methods, its strategies and also on the textual analysis of its diverse films, as a way to investigate contemporary British cinema and its issues.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The problem of understanding political foundings is situated at the nexus between political philosophy and political science. This thesis rethinks founding by asking both the philosophical question of how political order comes into being, and the political science question of how to understand particular founding moments. These two questions stimulate and structure a dialogue between the works of Leo Strauss, Hannah Arendt and Eric Voegelin. The approach of founding in all three has a common starting point: they begin from ordinary experience and outline a political science that is mindful of the phenomenality of political life. I show that Strauss’s return to ordinary experience is partial. By limiting political life to the normative claims raised in it and submitting them to philosophical judgment, Strauss moves too quickly beyond political phenomena. His account of founding, as a consequence, vacillates between understanding particular founding acts and conceiving the perfect founding moment in abstract thought. Arendt’s work decisively shifts the problem on the side of practical understanding. Yet, her ontological account of action as appearance subtly displaces her concern for understanding historical actions. I move away from approaching historical foundings as a mode of appearing in the world, by recovering an account of action as experience. On that basis, I suggest a hermeneutics of experience which approaches foundings in light of the quest for meaning. With Voegelin founding is recovered as a symbol that exists only in the quest of understanding. Founding occurs in the experience of struggle to restore a reality that has become symbolically opaque. This experience is shared by the philosopher and the political actor; therefore to understand moments of founding requires the interweaving, and not separation, of political philosophy and political science. At the end, the quest of understanding founding moments is neither derivative, nor preparatory, but encompassing the philosophical question of how order comes into being.

The aim of this paper it to observe different approaches to human beings. Two major points of view will be that of Karl Marx and of Sigmund Freud. In which apects are their deffinitions of human being, behavior and thinking processes different and in which are they similar? How are their ideas transferred in the work of oher authors and where does it lead? Is it possible to find similar streams in the work of their followers? These are the two major questions that this paper will try to answer. Another meaning this paper should have is to create a meanigful and coherent source of various authors who were involved in examination of human being.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Estudios Latinoamericanos / La tesis que a continuación se presenta es una aproximación al campo de las apropiaciones de The Tempest de William Shakespeare, en el cual destacan dos versiones afrocaribeñas articuladas por George Lamming y Aimé Césaire en The Pleasures of Exile (1960) y Une tempête (1969), respectivamente. Se trata de un análisis literario y comparativo entre los dos textos con el propósito de investigar la manera en que los dos pensadores antillanos resisten y desmantelan el legado colonial para los afrodescendientes y sus países dependientes en el periodo tanto de los procesos de descolonización caribeña, como del movimiento por los derechos civiles en los Estados Unidos. El análisis se conduce por las líneas de las propuestas teóricas de pensadores caribeños anticoloniales del siglo XX que denuncian las secuelas del colonialismo para los colonizados y en sus países dependientes. Estudia, además, la representación de afrodescendientes en el personaje de Calibán, el cual los dos autores vinculan con líderes antillanos y norteamericanos de la lucha anticolonial: Toussaint Louverture y Malcolm X. Desarrolla también los temas de la transculturación y la revalorización de las identidades culturales y el desmantelamiento de la construcción de alteridad de sus Calibanes negros. Así, la tesis propone que las contraescrituras de The Tempest por estos autores afrocaribeños logran agregar al drama canónico los mecanismos para la liberación del personaje de Calibán, representante del sujeto negro del siglo XX.

Enzo Cucchi--Martin Disler--Sandro Chia--A.R. Penck (Ralph Winkler)--Rolf Winnewisser--Jonathan Borofsky Francesco Clemente--John Baldessari--Eric Fischl. / English and German. Includes bibliographical references.

The foundation of Tailoring for the Visual Learner is the exploration of new and creative approaches to preserve, promote, and pass on the art of individually handcrafted menswear for theatre and film. This project culminated in the creation of an instructional video guide unlike anything currently available on the market. Using high definition cameras and a team of highly skilled professionals, I produced, wrote, directed and hosted an instructional video that takes the viewer through every step of the creation of a hand tailored vest: from fabric preparation and drafting to the final fitting. Instruction utilizes a modern voice aimed at early career sewing professionals who wish to advance, and seek an alternative to confusing drafting books or incomplete online tutorials that avoid the features of a truly well constructed garment. By combining up close camera work with textual explanations, graphics, and verbal explanations, I have created a new approach to tailoring instruction aimed at visual learners, who make up a large majority of costuming professionals. By taking the viewer through the tailoring process up close and step-by-step, the time-honored tradition of tailoring is now available and affordable to countless artisans who seek to advance and/or teach their craft. / text