A presente pesquisa analisou a acurácia posicional horizontal das bases do Bing Maps, Google Maps e da World Imagery da Esri quando utilizadas como referência espacial on-line em um Sistema de Informação Geográfica no Município de São Paulo (MSP). A metodologia adotada foi a baseada no Decreto Federal no 89.817/84 e na Análise Estatística proposta por Merchant (1982). A análise da acurácia foi desenvolvida a partir das diferenças entre as coordenadas de 240 pontos nas cartas 1:1.000 do Mapa Digital da Cidade de São Paulo (MDC) em relação às coordenadas homólogas nas três bases, considerando separadamente as coordenadas do eixo Norte e Este. A base do Google Maps para o MSP foi dividida em duas (mosaico de ortofotos na área central e mosaico de imagens de satélite nas regiões periféricas), devido à grande diferença de acurácia entre os dois produtos. Para classificar cada base a partir do Decreto 89.817 foi definida a escala na qual somente 10% das discrepâncias tivessem seu valor superior ao PEC, e a escala na qual o Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) da amostra das discrepâncias fosse igual a 60,8% do PEC. A escala final selecionada foi a menor (menos detalhada) entre as definidas em cada um dos processos. A Análise Estatística foi baseada nos testes de tendência e precisão. Como as três bases apresentaram tendência, a escala definida pelo teste de precisão não foi considerada no cômputo final das escalas, devido à dificuldade de se eliminar a tendência nessas bases quando utilizadas no SIG. As escalas finais obtidas, relativas à classe A, foram: Google Maps (imagens de satélite): 1:12.400; Google Maps (ortofotos): 1:3.588; Bing Maps: 1:10.881 e Word Imagery da ESRI: 1:8.420. Concluiu-se que os três produtos com escalas próximas a 1:10.000 apresentam acurácia para serem utilizados como bases em SIGs nos estudos para planejamento urbano e que o Google Maps (ortofotos, com escala próxima a 1:4.000) pode ser igualmente utilizada para planejamento, mas em função de sua acurácia maior, pode servir também para a gestão de serviços urbanos. A principal limitação encontrada para as bases no uso como referência espacial em SIGs foi a inclinação das feições distantes do nadir da imagem ou da ortofoto e o consequente recobrimento de áreas adjacentes a essas feições. Entretanto, essa limitação se mostrou quase desprezível para as escalas definidas para as bases na análise da acurácia. / This research has analyzed the horizontal positional accuracy of basemaps Bing Maps, Google Maps and ESRIs World Imagery when used as an online spatial reference within a Geographic Information System for the municipality of São Paulo. The methodology was based on criteria defined by Brazil Federal Decree 89817/84 and in the analysis proposed by Merchant (1982). The accuracy analysis was developed observing the discrepancies between coordinates of selected 240 points from the 1:1000 digital map of São Paulo compared to corresponding points in the three basemaps, (coordinate directions North and East were considered separately). The Google Maps basemap for the city of São Paulo was divided in two (ortophoto mosaic for the central area and satellite images mosaic in the remainder peripheral areas), due to the considerable differences in their accuracy patterns. In order to classify each basemap as per Federal Decree 89.817, we have defined a scale in which only 10% of discrepancies were above the LMAS90 and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the discrepancies sample was equal to 60,8% of LMAS90. The final selected scale was the smallest (less detailed) of those obtained in each of the processes. The statistical analysis was based on the test of bias error and by a test of precision. Because the three basemaps have presented biases, the final scales defined by the precision test were not considered in the results, for it is difficult to eliminate biases in these basemaps when used in a GIS. We have obtained the following final scales to class A of the Brazilian Decree: Google Maps (area covered by satellite images): 1:12.400; Google Maps (area covered by ortophotos): 1:3.588; Bing Maps: 1:10.881 and ESRIs Word Imagery: 1:8.420. In conclusion, (a) the three products with scales around a 1:10.000 present accuracy to be used as basemap in GIS for urban planning studies and (b) Google Maps (area covered by ortophotos, scale around 1:4.000) can be equally used for planning studies, as well as urban services manager, due to its greater accuracy. The key limitations for the use of such basemaps as spatial references in GIS was the inclination of features which are distant from the image or ortophoto nadir (off-nadir effects) and the consequent shadowing of adjoining areas. However, this limitation is almost irrelevant to the scales defined for the basemaps in the accuracy analysis.

Geographic data is often used and a necessary part for various tasks, examplescould be city planning, air-traffic control and navigation. In today’s modernworld computer systems are an integral part for accomplishing such tasks. Consequently, software is required to handle geographic data.This report is a study of a number of map engines used in such software.The choice of which map engine to use for producing the desired software isimportant. A particular map engine might not live up to the requirementsset up.

Warning systems with the ability to predict floods days in advance can benefit tens of millions of people. Because of these potential impacts there have been efforts to improve prediction systems such as the United States’ Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service and European-developed Global Flood Awareness System. However, these projects are currently limited to relatively coarse resolutions. This thesis presents a method for downscaling and routing global runoff forecasts generated by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts using the Routing Application for Parallel computatIon of Discharge program that make possible orders of magnitude increases in the density of the resolution of stream forecasts. The processing method involves using the Amazon Web Services to distribute execution in a cloud-computing environment to make it possible to solve for large watersheds with high-density stream networks. Using the Amazon Web Services, the number of streams that can be used in the downscaling process in a twelve-hour period is approximated to be close to five million. In addition, an application for visualizing large high-density stream networks has been created using the Tethys Platform of water resources modeling developed as part of the CI-WATER NSF grant. The web application is tested with the HUC-2 Region 12 watershed network with over 67,000 reaches and is able to display analyzed results to the user for each reach.

Hedonic pricing methods and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) were used to evaluate relationships between sale price of single family homes and landscape fragmentation and natural land cover. Spatial regression analyses found that sale prices increase as landscapes become less fragmented and the amount of natural land cover around a home increases. The projected growth in population and employment in the Richmond, Virginia region and subsequent increases in land development and landscape fragmentation presents a challenge to sustaining intact healthy ecosystems in the Richmond region. Spatial regression analyses helped illuminate how land cover patterns influence sale prices and landscape patterns that are economically and ecologically advantageous.

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Planning departments are besieged with temporal/historical information. While for many institutions historical information can be relegated to archives, planning departments have a constant need to access and query their historical information, particularly their historical spatial information such as zoning. This can be a cumbersome process fraught with inaccuracies due to the changing organizational methods and the extended historical legacies of most municipalities. Geographic Information Systems can be a tool to provide a solution to the difficulties in querying spatio-temporal planning data. Using a data model designed specifically to facilitate the querying of historical zoning information, queries can be performed to answer basic zoning questions such as "what is the zoning history for a specific parcel of land?" This work outlines this zoning data model, its implementation, and its testing using queries basic to the needs of planning departments.

Bei der Bewältigung der Folgen des demographischen Wandels stehen viele Länder vor der Herausforderung, staatliche Dienstleistungen weiterhin flächendeckend anzubieten. Hierbei geht es darum, Dienstleistungen des öffentlichen Sektors wie Schulen, Krankenhäuser, Feuerwachen, etc. möglichst gleichwertig und kosteneffizient bereitzustellen, wenn die Standorte optimal gewählt sind. Bei dieser Optimierung sind Bevölkerungsdaten eine wichtige Eingangsgröße. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand darin, die sehr spezifische und aufgrund ihrer multifaktoriellen Problemstellung hochkomplexe Thematik der Standortanalyse und -planung zu generalisieren und eine benutzerfreundliche Desktop-Applikation auf Basis der von Esri Inc. bereitgestellten ArcGIS-Technologie (Location-Allocation-Analyse, Einzugsgebiet-Analyse etc.) zu entwickeln. Dabei wurde sich auf die Location-Allocation-Funktionalität fokussiert. Die beiden Hauptkomponenten dieser sind Einrichtungen und Bedarfsstellen bzw. -punkte. Einrichtungen können sowohl bestehende als auch potenzielle Standorte darstellen. Bedarfsstellen repräsentieren die Anzahl der Bürger oder Verbraucher in einem bestimmten Gebiet. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, wurde ein generisches Modell für Standortanalysen und -planungen entwickelt und bereitgestellt. Dies geschah nach einer Exploration von Ausgangsdatenquellen zu Einrichtungen öffentlicher Dienstleistungen und Bedarfsstellen zur Bevölkerungsverteilung in Deutschland. Die benutzerfreundliche Applikation wurde gemäß der Methodik des Software Engineerings entwickelt. Hierbei wurden eine Anforderungsanalyse und Entscheidungen des Entwurfsprozesses, konkret, berücksichtigt. Die Implementierung wurde als Add-in namens „LA-Application“ in ArcGIS Pro integriert. Ein Add-in ist eine Erweiterung des Desktop-GIS auf Basis des ArcGIS Pro SDK for .NET. Abschließend wurde ein Testdatenbestand für die Komponenten „Einrichtungen“ und „Bedarfsstellen“ erstellt, um Lösungen für die Analyse und Planung von Standorten aufzuzeigen.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis Vorwort 1. Einleitung 2. Theorie und verwandte Arbeiten 3. Exploration von Ausgangsdatenquellen 4. Bereitstellung eines generischen Modells für Standortanalysen und -planungen 5. Implementierung einer benutzerfreundlichen Applikation 6. Anwendung der Applikation und Auswertungen 7. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Glossar Literaturverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis A. Geschäftsverteilungsplan der Landeshauptstadt Dresden B. Anforderungsspezifikation C. Erklärungen zur Testdatenbestandskomponente 'Network Dataset' D. Digitale Anlagen Erklärung über die eigenständige Erstellung der Arbeit

This thesis focuses on the design and implementation of a software system enabling out-of-core rendering of multiple map datasets mapped on virtual globes around our solar system. Challenges such as precision, accuracy, curvature and massive datasets were considered. The result is a globe visualization software using a chunked level of detail approach for rendering. The software can render texture layers of various sorts to aid in scientific visualization on top of height mapped geometry, yielding accurate visualizations rendered at interactive frame rates. The project was conducted at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), New York and serves the goal of implementing a planetary visualization software to aid in public presentations and bringing space science to the public. The work is part of the development of the software OpenSpace, which is the result of a collaboration between Linköping University, AMNH and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) among others.

The diploma thesis is focused on Location Based Services technology and its use in the field of citizen activism. The aim of thesis is to define field of citizen activism and its old and new form, moreover to describe how LBS work. In the practical part is presented multi-case study which analyses 5 examples of use LBS as a medium for new forms of civic activism (project Let's Do It 2008, project Uchaguzi, project ESRI Australian Flood Map, application Appapa and Occupy Wall Street movement). Thesis also contained conceptual draft of application, which uses LBS for fulfilment of activist goals. The possible ways of progress of LBS are described in the last part.

Site selection decisions remains a complex yet crucial process for strong business performance. Despite the extensive number of publications in this field, the emergence of new data collection technique, improved location analytics, and changes in consumers’ preferences call for testing of new models and hypothesis. This study compares traditional site selection indicators (e.g. property size, proximities, competition, and demographic profiles) with novel site-selection indicators (e.g. environmental sustainability performance and socio-demographic characteristics from Tapestry data). By investigating a case study of Starbucks coffee stores in Los Angeles, we argue that environmental sustainability performance and socio-demographic Tapestry segments correlate with business performance indicators of small retail shops in two ways. First, higher sustainability scores result in increased foot traffic, and by extension increased business performance. Second, Tapestry segmentation stands as significant indicator of business performance in site selection modeling – specifically, by demonstrating the significant correlation between socio-demographic consumers’ segments and the number of visitors per location. The output of this study offers an alternative location-driven site selection method, important for businesses and key industry-players in sharpening location-allocation decision-making processes.