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Doctor Legum - LLD / Decentralisation of political, financial, and administrative powers to sub-national units has been, and remains to be, a major trend in both developing and developed states. Very often decentralisation is not optional for a state. However, a state has the option to choose what to achieve through its decentralisation programme. After choosing what it intends to achieve through its decentralisation programme, a state may design it in such a way that it may attain the intended purpose. Many countries design their decentralisation programmes with the purpose of ‘deepening’ democracy and empowering their citizens. Other states decentralise power with the purpose of achieving development. They do so based on the postulate that development is preferable when it is achieved through the participation of those who benefit from it and that decentralisation enhances the extent and quality of citizen’s direct and indirect participation. States also decentralise powers based on the assumption that decentralisation brings efficiency in planning and implementing development projects. Several states also use their decentralisation programme to respond to the ethnic, religious, or other diversities of their people. They use territorial and non-territorial arrangement to accommodate the diversity of their people. Therefore, in some cases they create ethnically structured regional and local units and transfer to such unit political powers including the power to decide on cultural matters. Like in so many countries, the wind of decentralisation has blown over Ethiopia. The country has been implementing a decentralisation programme starting from 1991. Ethiopia has selected to achieve two principal purposes through its decentralisation programme namely, to achieve development and to respond to the ethnic diversity of its people. It is axiomatic that the success of a decentralisation programme, whether for achieving development or accommodating ethnic diversity, is greatly impacted on by its institutional design. This thesis, therefore, examines whether Ethiopia’s decentralisation programme incorporates the institutional features that are likely to impact the success of the decentralisation programme for achieving its intended purposes.

While multiple studies have been conducted assessing rape myth acceptance among Whites, few studies have examined rape myth acceptance among a broad range of ethnic minorities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess and examine rape myth acceptance among a diverse set of ethnic minorities. This study had 150 participants divided into four categories: Black, Hispanic, White, and Multi-Racial. Six scales were examined rape myth acceptance, own sex role satisfaction, sex role stereotypes, sexual conservatism, adversarial sexual beliefs, and acceptance of interpersonal violence. Participants were predominately single, young adult, low income, highly educated, African-American females who live in an urban area. Participants were heavily recruited through online social networks which included Craigslist, the root.com, BlackPlanet.com, and amightyriver.com. Also, participants were recruited at a private university in South Florida through posters sharing a link to the survey. Dr. Martha Burt's Rape Myth Scale was used and demographic information was obtained. Results showed that gender significantly impacted rape myth acceptance, adversarial sexual beliefs, and acceptance of interpersonal violence. When gender was held constant, race was significant with Blacks endorsing higher sex role satisfaction, sex role stereotypes, and sexual conservatism compared to Hispanics. Blacks had greater sex role satisfaction and sex role stereotyping compared to Multi-Racial individuals. Lastly, Blacks had greater sex role stereotyping and sexual conservatism when compared to White individuals. Additionally, Hispanic individuals endorsed higher sex role satisfaction when compared to Whites and sexual conservatism when compared to Multi-Racial individuals. These results could impact rape prevention programs and clinical work that targets rape myths.

No abstract available. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / gm2014 / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

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Yes / Objectives: The Alzheimer's Society has culturally adapted an Information Programme for South Asian families (IPSAF) who support an individual living with dementia. The objectives of this evaluation were to establish whether IPSAF had an immediate and medium‐term impact on those who attended and how it impacted on the wider family and the person with dementia.Methods: An inclusive, pluralistic approach was adopted. Seven focus groups were conducted with 42 participants, and 37 participated in a pre‐post knowledge quiz. Seven family interviews were conducted with 17 participants, and 3 families were followed up after 6 months. Thematic analysis was conducted on the data.Findings: The IPSAF was found to improve participants' knowledge of dementia leading to increased understanding of the person with dementia. Participants became more aware of available services and accessed services to make use of practical support. IPSAF was reported to have an impact for people living with dementia, with carers' newfound understanding resulting in some changes in care practice that promoted empowerment and independence for people living with dementia. There was also some evidence to suggest that IPSAF had an impact on the wider family, with participants sharing information about dementia with family members who had not attended the programme. Families were continuing to make changes to improve the lives of people living with dementia 6 months later, suggesting IPSAF had a sustained impact.Conclusion: This culturally adapted programme was found to have a significant impact on carers, the person with dementia, and the wider family. / Alzheimer's Society

In this multi-methodological (Gee, 2011; Hult & D. Johnson, 2015) study, I examine Richard Ruiz's (2014) original concept of the epiphenomenal nature of language in language policy and planning (LPP) across social scales (Hult, 2013) in Hong Kong. While research in Hong Kong has focused on interactions between schools, teachers, students, parents, business, and the government, the work on non-profits and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) remains a neglected social scale. Addressing this gap, I examine the role of a local NGO, Hong Kong Unison (Unison), as a social actor involved in the negotiation of language-in-education policies for the city's ethnic minority students. Through the collection of one decade of publically accessible documents, I created a corpus of Unison's work. Corpus linguistics approaches and a wider-angle perspective to critical discourse analysis (cf. Tian, 2006, 2008) were combined in order to highlight salient patterns and discourses within the data (cf. Baker, 2016). Corpus and discursive analyses indicate that Unison is primarily involved in transforming language policies through their active role in increasing public awareness about the social, political, and educational difficulties ethnic minority students encounter in Hong Kong. Furthermore, the NGO’s ideologies reveal the epiphenomenal nature of LPP. Epiphenomenality reflects how decisions made about language are influenced and shaped by non-linguistic phenomena. Unison's negotiation of LPP demonstrates how their decisions about language are connected to issues of equality, justice, economic opportunity, educational attainment, and social advancement. These ideologies manifest themselves in dialogue across social scales, demonstrating Unison's impact in negotiating LPP in Hong Kong. This study, while providing more insight into LPP research by examining the role of a local NGO, continues to raise questions on how to best understand how multiple scales intersect in the policymaking process, and how the epiphenomenal nature of language shapes decision-making.

<p>Teching aid in form of schoolbooks plays an importent role. The teacher uses schoolbooks as a tool in its tutoring. I have examined how and whether the pictures in the schoolbooks are presenting people and ethnic minorities biased and stereotypical. The material I have examined consisted of a series of schoolbooks (So-direkt 1-3, samhällskunskap av Bonnier 2003).</p><p>To find out if that is the case I have used a theory by Stuart Hall, his theory is about people and how they are represented in different types of media, like pictures and text. I studied it by using the method of image analysis where I investigated and interpreted the denotation and konnontation of the pictures. Through image analysis I have looked at, examined and interpreted pictures that shows people in rich or poor contexts. From that I discoverd that people does not depict stereotypicaly in the pictures, but i did find myself seeing that people are positivly and/or negatively depicted depending on who are shown in the picture. Ethnic minorities are underrepresented in this series of books. Pictures which are depicting ethnic minorities are only shown in a total of nine pictures. In the way that these books are presenting Swedes they are only showing one typ of Swede. That Swede is nearly always light-skinned and has either blond or brown hair. The diversity that exist in reality is not representet in these schoolbooks. These schoolbooks tend to present certain people more positively then others through the pictures they depict. When it comes to show the environment and people it is done by showing the swedish population living in wealth. Swedish people are seen consuming and producing commodities, you can also see a variety of technological machines as tv:s, cellphones, phones, cars, computers, airplanes and trains surrounding them. Other people who are dark-skinned tend to be presented in a poor enviroment and in a negativ way in pictures.</p>

Teching aid in form of schoolbooks plays an importent role. The teacher uses schoolbooks as a tool in its tutoring. I have examined how and whether the pictures in the schoolbooks are presenting people and ethnic minorities biased and stereotypical. The material I have examined consisted of a series of schoolbooks (So-direkt 1-3, samhällskunskap av Bonnier 2003). To find out if that is the case I have used a theory by Stuart Hall, his theory is about people and how they are represented in different types of media, like pictures and text. I studied it by using the method of image analysis where I investigated and interpreted the denotation and konnontation of the pictures. Through image analysis I have looked at, examined and interpreted pictures that shows people in rich or poor contexts. From that I discoverd that people does not depict stereotypicaly in the pictures, but i did find myself seeing that people are positivly and/or negatively depicted depending on who are shown in the picture. Ethnic minorities are underrepresented in this series of books. Pictures which are depicting ethnic minorities are only shown in a total of nine pictures. In the way that these books are presenting Swedes they are only showing one typ of Swede. That Swede is nearly always light-skinned and has either blond or brown hair. The diversity that exist in reality is not representet in these schoolbooks. These schoolbooks tend to present certain people more positively then others through the pictures they depict. When it comes to show the environment and people it is done by showing the swedish population living in wealth. Swedish people are seen consuming and producing commodities, you can also see a variety of technological machines as tv:s, cellphones, phones, cars, computers, airplanes and trains surrounding them. Other people who are dark-skinned tend to be presented in a poor enviroment and in a negativ way in pictures.

This Bachelors thesis has been written with the goal to learn how five Namibian newspapers are portraying ethnic minorities. A secondary goal has been to earn knowledge in how Namibian journalists think when writing about ethnic minorities. The analysed newspaper, Informanté, Namibian Sun, New Era, The Namibian and Windhoek Observer, are all written in English and has their head offices in the capital of Namibia, Windhoek. Both editors and reporters have been interviewed from these five newspapers.Two methods have been used in this thesis. Quantitative content analysis of articles found in newspapers during three weeks in November, 2011, a total of 55 articles were found containing the names of minorities. A qualitative method of interviews was then conducted with reporters and editors at the newspapers that were part of the research.The main theories of the thesis are Denis McQuail‟s version of agenda-setting, McQuail‟s theory on communicator-audience relations and Teun A. van Dijk‟s theory about the media‟s role as a reproductive part in the construction of stereotypes.The results show that 12.3 % of the analysed articles are mentioning ethnic minorities. In these, persons from the minorities seldom play an active part. The most featured minority was the Herero. Politics is the dominant subject in articles mentioning ethnic minorities, followed by racism/tribalism and tribal culture.In the interviews with the Namibian journalists, it is evident that there is a great will to emphasize the issues of the ethnic minorities. Most journalists regard their role as important in influencing people and therefore have a responsibility towards their readers.