Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1974. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Delaware, 2007. / Principal faculty advisor: Christopher Rasmussen, Dept. of Computer & Information Sciences. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

Fair face lime-based brickwork is one of the most popular types of fa?ade in early colonial buildings in Hong Kong. A good proportion of such buildings are slowly but inexorably disappearing. Since the sixties, the awareness of the general public in heritage preservation of Hong Kong started in its embryonic form, gradually evolved through the seventies and eighties, gaining momentum to active involvement in the nineties, and finally to the organized and pragmatic approach of today. In 1976, the Hong Kong Government enacted the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance to ensure that the best examples of Hong Kong’s heritage are protected. With the establishment of the Antiquities and Monuments Office in at the same year, a number of buildings with historical and architectural values have been declared as monument or included in the list of graded heritage buildings since then and their conditions are being concerned. However, conservation principles have not been highlighted in our local heritage building maintenance practices. Perhaps, due to client’s intention, funding constrains, and/or lacking of skillful craftsmen and expert supervision, incompatible building materials and inappropriate methods have been applied on those fair face brickwork fa?ade. More and more evidence shows that such maintenance practices worsen the condition of the historic fa?ade and causing damages to the heritage. No doubt, fa?ades of those deteriorating heritage buildings are deserved proper maintenance and repair under appropriate conservation approaches. The focus of this dissertation is upon the understanding the issue of brickwork failure particularly owning to the saturation of soluble salt in brickwork attributed to various inappropriate maintenance approaches. To establish a guideline for lime-based brickwork fa?ade maintenance to ensure longevity, reduce costs and improve value. / published_or_final_version / Conservation / Master / Master of Science in Conservation

Presently, there exists a large number of historic houses that have had their walls insulated with loose-fill cellulose and can now be studied 10, 20 or 30 years after they were insulated. The wood siding of these houses can be evaluated for types of paint failure and compared to comparable historic houses that have not had their sidewalls insulated. A methodology for defining common paint failure types, their presence and possibly their severity was designed. A methodology for the selecting of historic houses with both insulated and uninsulated walls was also designed. A visual documentation process was carried out, results compiled and analyzed in order to determine if a difference could be observed between the types of paint failures on the insulated versus the uninsulated historic houses. In addition this study looked at the most common sources for moisture intrusion into a wall cavity, how this moisture moves, and how little the role of vapor diffusion plays in the wetting of the wall cavity. / Moisture and paint failure -- Understanding moisture movement in buildings -- How frame walls get wet -- How insulation might affect how frame walls get wet and how they dry -- Strategies for controlling moisture -- Other causes of exterior paint failure unrelated to moisture within the wall -- Field work -- Types of paint failure -- Case study houses -- Summary and conclusion. / Department of Architecture

Purpose: The goal of this study is to conduct an LCA and LCC analysis of an additional insulation panel and a sandwich panel, to see which panel has the most benefits regrading environmental effects and economical effects. The purpose of this study is to conduct a research regarding the economical and environmental effect a refurbishment on the exterior walls of an industrial building, is it more beneficial to add insulation to the existing walls or remodel the exterior walls. The European Union has sat a target to reduce the emission of the greenhouse gases within all sectors including the construction sector. The goal is to reduce the emissions by 80-95 % by the year 2050, calculated by the emission rate from the year 1990. Approximately 20 % of the heating produced within in a building seeps out from the exterior walls, this adds to the importance of optimizing a buildings insulating capabilities. The study can be broken down in to three subcategories. (1) How do you add insulation the exterior walls of an industrial building? (2) Which is more economically benefitable, the reconstruction of existing walls or using prefabricated panels with common goal of adding insulting to an existing industrial building. (3) Which alterative has more impact on the environment, using prefabricate panels or reconstruct the existing walls of a building. Method: Methods used to answer the question above include a literature analysis, a document analysis and a case study with the purposes of conducting a life cycle analysis and life cycle cost analysis.     Findings: The results of the study points towards that insulating on externally was a much better option in our case study, it reduced the chances of having to deal with both thermal bridges and damages caused by structural dampness in the walls. The results from the LCA an LCC analysis showed that the additional insulation panels had a significant advantage. When using the additional insulation panels the overall cost of the project was reduced by 30,3% and Carbon dioxide emissions where deducted by 50,8% in comparison with the sandwich panels, when both alternatives had a combined u-value of 0,16 W/m2K. Implications: The study shows the importance of conducting an LCA and LCC analysis in the start-up process of project, to determine which alternative are more beneficial for the project and the environment. The study also shows that with a relative low investment and environmental impact you can improve the U-value of a building Limitations: The study was focused solely around industrial buildings and the study is limited to the exterior walls. No other building components where taken in consideration. Keywords: Insulation, LCA, LCC, Exterior walls, additional insulation, industrial buildings / Syfte:. Målet med studien var att genomföra en LCA- och LCC-jämförelse avtilläggsisolerings panel och sandwichelement för att utvärdera vilken som var merlönsamt ut ett ekonomiskt- och miljöperspektiv. Syftet med studien var att undersökavilket som var mer lönsamt ur ett ekonomiskt- och miljöperspektiv, att tilläggsisoleraeller en ombyggnation av ytterväggarna på en befintlig industrilokal. EU:s mål är att isamverkan med andra utvecklade länder minska utsläppen av växthusgaserna inomalla sektorer däribland även byggbranschen med 80–95 procent fram till år 2050jämfört med 1990 års nivå. Cirka 20 % av värmen från en byggnad går ut genomytterväggar, därför är det viktig att optimera isoleringsförmågan av ytterväggarna.Detta bryts ner i tre frågeställningar: (1) Hur tilläggsisoleras ytterväggar iindustrilokaler? (2) Vilket är mer lönsamt, ombyggnationer av befintliga väggar elleranvändning av prefabricerade element med tilläggsisolering ur ett ekonomisktperspektiv? (3) Hur påverkas miljön vid användning av prefabricerade element kontraombyggnationer av befintliga byggnader?Metod: För att besvara ovanstående frågeställningar har en litteraturstudie, endokumentanalys, ett flertal beräkningar och en fallstudie med livcykelsanalys (LCA)och livcykelskostnadsanalys (LCC) genomförts.Resultat: Resultatet av denna studie visade att tilläggsisolera utvändigt var ett bättrealternativ för vår industrilokal. Värmen från lokalen värmde upp väggen inifrån ochpå det viset minskades risken för köldbryggor och att fuktskador uppstod. Utifrånbåde LCA- och LCC-analysen som genomförts visade den på att tilläggsisoleringspaneler hade ett övertag. Att använda tilläggsisolerings paneler skulle minskakostnaden med 30,3% och koldioxidutsläppen med 50,8% jämfört med enombyggnation med hjälp av sandwichelement då båda produkterna hade ett beräknatU-värde på 0,16 W/m2K.Konsekvenser: Studien visar hur viktigt det är att utföra en LCA samt LCC analys vidbörjan av ett projekt för att kunna avgöra vilket av alternativen som finns tillgängligasom är mest fördelaktiga för projektet. Studien visar också att med relativt litenmiljöpåverkan samt kostnad kan en befintlig lokals U-värde förbättras.Begränsningar: Denna studie behandlar enbart renoveringen av en industrilokal. Denhar avgränsat till ytterväggarna på lokalen och andra byggnadsdelar ingår inte iberäkningen.Nyckelord: Isolering, LCC, LCA, ytterväggar, tilläggsisolering, industrilokal

To save energy it’s popular to build houses with low energy loss. In these houses the walls are keeping a lower temperature in the external side which leads to a higher relative humidity. In addition more material, such as wood studs, are used which means that there is more moisture to dry. More moisture in combination with higher relative humidity may pose a higher risk of microbial growth. The purpose of this study was to investigate what is a reasonable moisture content in wood studs in four different well-insulated exterior walls. It has also been investigated how moisture rearrangements effect the exterior walls. The software Wufi2D, which does moisture-simulations, was used to collect data. The results have been analyzed in Wufi Bio which showed that the moisture content should be somewhere between 12.5 to 18.5%, depending on how the wall is built. The conclusions are that windbreaks vapor resistivity is essential for what is a reasonable built in moisture content in the wood studs. Depending on the materials that are used, it´s important to consider how much moisture the wall construction contains.

Работа посвящена изучению многослойных наружных ограждающих конструкций наружных стен многоэтажных жилых каркасных зданий. В современном строительстве такие конструкции выполняются как правило на основе блоков из ячеистого бетона (газозолобетонные блоки). Применение подобных решений оправдано благодаря своей тепловой эффективности. Однако дискуссионным остается вопрос о рациональности использования существующих решений стеновых ограждений, так как необходимость устройства нескольких слоев из различных конструкционных материалов приводит к увеличению трудоемкости возведения. Кроме того, многослойные решения наружных стен зданий предъявляют повышенные требования к качеству выполнения работ, к качеству решений по обеспечению совместной работы нескольких разнообразных по физическим параметрам слоев, и порой такие решения снижают эксплуатационную надежность стенового ограждения, что, к сожалению, нередко приводит к авариям и обрушениям конструкций. Основным вопросом, решенным в исследовании является нахождение наименее трудозатратного варианта ограждающей конструкции, который бы имел сопоставимые с существующими стенами характеристики, а также снижал вероятность ошибки при сооружении наружных стен, которые могут приводить к авариям конструкций. / Present work is devoted to the study of multilayer external enclosing structures of external walls of multi-storey residential frame buildings. In modern construction, such structures are usually made on the basis of aerated concrete blocks. The use of such solutions is justified due to its thermal efficiency. However, the question of the rationality of using existing solutions for wall fences remains debatable, since the need to install several layers of various structural materials leads to an increase in the complexity of construction. In addition, multilayer solutions for the outer walls of buildings place increased requirements for the quality of in place works and overall construction technical quality to ensure the proper action of joints consisted of several layers with various physical parameters, and sometimes such solutions reduce the operational reliability of the wall enclosure, which, unfortunately, often leads to accidents and collapse of structures. The main issue solved in the study is to find the least labor-intensive version of the enclosing structure, which would have characteristics comparable to existing walls, and also reduce the likelihood of errors in the construction of external walls, which can lead to structural failures.