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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Executive Functioning in Middle Childhood: The Role of Early Adversity

January 2018 (has links)
abstract: This study examined whether early adversity at 30-months moderated the heritability of common and individual components of EF at 8 years. It was hypothesized that early adversity would not moderate the common EF factor, but instead moderate individual EF components. The sample included 208 twin pairs from the Arizona Twin Project. Early Adversity, assessed at 30 months of age, included Parenting Daily Hassles, low perceived MOS social support, punitive punishment (Parental Responses to Child Misbehavior), home chaos (Confusion, Hubbub, and Order Scale), CES-D maternal depression, and low maternal emotional availability. EF at 8 years included the Eriksen Flanker Task, Continuous Performance Task, Digit Span Forward and Backward, and parent-reported Attentional Focusing and Inhibitory Control (Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire). For both early adversity and EF, the first principal components were extracted as composites. A confirmatory factor analysis was also conducted to index common EF. Genetic analyses were tested on the common EF composites as well as each individual task using umx. Univariate models revealed genetic influences on all individual measures and common EF, with broad sense heritability from .22 (Digit Span Backwards) to .61 (parent-reported inhibitory control). Shared environmental influences were found for the Flanker Task (.13) and parent-reported inhibitory control (.24), and E was moderate to high (.40-.73) for all measures except parent-report inhibitory control (.15) and attentional focusing (.31). Moderation of heritability was not observed in for Digit Span Forward, Digit Span Backward, and Attentional Focusing. However, the nonshared environment was moderated for Common EF, and the Flanker Task, and additive genes and the nonshared environment were moderated for the Continuous Performance Task and Inhibitory Control. Generally, total variance decreased as early adversity increased, suggesting that homes with low levels of adversity may allow children to interact with more proximal processes that can promote EF development. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2018
2

Understanding Maternal Sensitivity: Early Adversity, Arginine Vasopressin 1a Receptor Gene and Gene-environment Interplay

Bisceglia, Rossana 29 August 2011 (has links)
The purpose of these studies was to examine mediation and moderation processes for the influence of early adversity and current stressful circumstances on maternal sensitivity. Evidence of mediation was found in Study 1 where maternal depression and mothers’ negative appraisal of their infant mediated the influence of early adversity and low family income on maternal sensitivity. Study 1 also examined the influence of the neighborhood. A moderate-mediation model was tested where the mediating influence afore-stated was hypothesized to vary across levels of neighborhood quality. Partial evidence of moderation was found. In the context of a high quality neighborhood, mothers’ early adversity was not associated with maternal depression. Across levels of neighborhood quality, complex relationships emerged between the variables low family income, maternal depression and mothers’ appraisal of infant temperament. In a context of low neighborhood quality, there was no evidence of a direct association between low family income and maternal sensitivity, rather, low family income operated indirectly through maternal depression. In a context of high neighborhood quality, there was evidence for a direct and indirect association between low family income and maternal sensitivity. Study 2 examined associations between variation in the Arginine Vasopressin 1a receptor gene (AVPR1a) and maternal sensitivity, and whether variation in this gene moderated the influence of mothers’ early adversity on sensitivity. Mothers homozygous for the long alleles of the RS3 microsatellite were significantly less sensitive than mothers heterozygous for the long alleles and those homozygous for the short alleles. Homozygosity for the RS3 long alleles moderated the influence of mothers’ early adversity on their sensitivity; the influence of early adversity on maternal sensitivity was most pronounced for mothers with the RS3 long/long genotype. These results suggest that variation in the AVPR1a gene may be important not only for human maternal behavior, but also for stress reactivity.
3

Understanding Maternal Sensitivity: Early Adversity, Arginine Vasopressin 1a Receptor Gene and Gene-environment Interplay

Bisceglia, Rossana 29 August 2011 (has links)
The purpose of these studies was to examine mediation and moderation processes for the influence of early adversity and current stressful circumstances on maternal sensitivity. Evidence of mediation was found in Study 1 where maternal depression and mothers’ negative appraisal of their infant mediated the influence of early adversity and low family income on maternal sensitivity. Study 1 also examined the influence of the neighborhood. A moderate-mediation model was tested where the mediating influence afore-stated was hypothesized to vary across levels of neighborhood quality. Partial evidence of moderation was found. In the context of a high quality neighborhood, mothers’ early adversity was not associated with maternal depression. Across levels of neighborhood quality, complex relationships emerged between the variables low family income, maternal depression and mothers’ appraisal of infant temperament. In a context of low neighborhood quality, there was no evidence of a direct association between low family income and maternal sensitivity, rather, low family income operated indirectly through maternal depression. In a context of high neighborhood quality, there was evidence for a direct and indirect association between low family income and maternal sensitivity. Study 2 examined associations between variation in the Arginine Vasopressin 1a receptor gene (AVPR1a) and maternal sensitivity, and whether variation in this gene moderated the influence of mothers’ early adversity on sensitivity. Mothers homozygous for the long alleles of the RS3 microsatellite were significantly less sensitive than mothers heterozygous for the long alleles and those homozygous for the short alleles. Homozygosity for the RS3 long alleles moderated the influence of mothers’ early adversity on their sensitivity; the influence of early adversity on maternal sensitivity was most pronounced for mothers with the RS3 long/long genotype. These results suggest that variation in the AVPR1a gene may be important not only for human maternal behavior, but also for stress reactivity.
4

Early exposure to parental bipolar illness and risk of mood disorder

Doucette, Sarah Margaret 19 August 2013 (has links)
The objective of this thesis was to determine the association between exposure to parental BD during childhood and risk of mood disorder. Offspring of one parent with BD completed annual clinical assessments as part of a 16-year prospective cohort study. Clinical data in the parents from Ottawa and Halifax were mapped onto the first decade of their offspring’s life to estimate the timing, duration and severity of exposure to their illness. The duration of parental BD was associated with a 2 to 2.5 fold increased risk of any psychopathology (HR: 1.9, 95%CI: 1.0-4.0), and unipolar depression (HR: 2.6, 95%CI: 0.9-7.5), and a 7 fold increased risk of substance use disorders (HR: 7.1, 95%CI: 1.8-37.0). A longer duration of exposure to parental BD may be an important indicator of mood and non-mood psychopathology risk in offspring. This has implications for early intervention and preventive efforts in high-risk youth.
5

L’adversité familiale durant la petite enfance est associée à une performance de mémoire réduite lors d’une tâche de navigation virtuelle

Cloutier-Guimond, Kevin 08 1900 (has links)
L’adversité précoce présente une variété de conséquences nuisibles d’ordre cognitif, émotionnel, comportemental ou reliées à la santé. Plusieurs formes d’adversité durant l’enfance peuvent perturber le développement et générer du stress. L’adversité précoce est associée à de moindres volumes hippocampiques, ce qui pourrait être expliqué par l’effet neurotoxique de taux élevés de glucocorticoïdes générés par du stress chronique et l’influence d’expériences précoces et aversives. Les stratégies de navigation représentent la méthode selon laquelle un individu navigue dans l’environnement. En explorant un nouvel environnement, on peut choisir d’utiliser une stratégie spatiale dépendant de l’hippocampe basée sur une carte cognitive ou une stratégie réponse dépendant du noyau caudé basée sur une succession de virages. Nous voulions vérifier s’il existe une association entre les stratégies de navigation et l’adversité familiale précoce. Nous avons donc supposé que les individus utilisant une stratégie spatiale durant le Labyrinthe Virtuel 4/8 (une tâche de navigation à double solution) obtiendraient des scores d’adversité familiale précoce plus faibles que ceux employant une stratégie réponse. Nous supposions aussi que les enfants ayant des scores d’adversité familiale plus élevés présenteraient une performance de mémoire réduite comparativement à ceux aux scores plus faibles. Nous avons observé que les enfants avec un score élevé d’adversité familiale avaient une performance de mémoire réduite dans le Labyrinthe Virtuel 4/8 lorsque comparés au groupe à faible score. Cela soutient que la mémoire serait négativement affectée par l’adversité familiale vécue précocement. Cela suggère aussi l’existence potentielle d’une interaction plus complexe entre l’adversité précoce et les systèmes de mémoire. / Experiencing early adversity presents many varied detrimental consequences, whether they be cognitive, emotional, behavioral or health related. Various forms of adverse manifestations can perturb a child’s development and generate stress. Early adversity shows a lot of associations with lesser hippocampal volumes, which could be explained by the neurotoxic effect of elevated glucocorticoid levels due to chronic stress and the influence of adverse experience at an early age. Navigation strategies represent an individual’s method to navigate in an environment. When exploring a new environment, they may choose to use a hippocampus-dependent spatial strategy, which relies on a cognitive map, or a caudate nucleus-dependent response strategy based on a succession of turns. We wanted to verify if there was an association between navigation strategies and early family adversity. We hypothesised that individuals who use a spatial strategy on the 4/8 Virtual Maze (a dual-solution navigation task) would have a lesser cumulative score of early family adversity. It was also supposed that our group with a high risk of family adversity would manifest a reduced memory performance. We found that our group with a high risk of family adversity had shown reduced memory performance in the 4/8 Virtual Maze when compared to the low-risk group. This supported our initial supposition that memory would be affected by family adversity during early childhood. Our findings support the detrimental effect of early family adversity on memory performance. This also suggests the lingering of a more complex interaction between early adversity and the memory systems.
6

Early adversity, brain development and emotion processing in monozygotic twins

Lévesque, Mélissa 11 1900 (has links)
No description available.
7

Early adversity, psychosis risk and brain response to faces

Lieslehto, J. (Johannes) 30 October 2018 (has links)
Abstract Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders are severe and disabling mental disorders that break out during early adulthood, often when a person is in his/her early 20s. Furthermore, functional decline in many cognitive areas, including the ability to communicate in social interactions and impaired facial expression recognition, is typical to patients with schizophrenia. Understanding the risk factors of psychosis is essential as these disorders may be more amenable to treatment in their early stages. However, recognition of those at the highest risk of psychosis is challenging as no definitive biomarkers are available. Functional MRI is a promising tool that can potentially identify neural signals relating to the individual’s risk of psychosis onset. Psychotic disorders are etiologically heterogeneous disorders — both environmental and genetic factors have been linked to the onset of psychotic disorders. The most influential risk factor for a psychotic disorder is familial risk with genetic loading. The present study examines whether familial risk of psychosis (FR), the polygenic risk score for schizophrenia (PRS) and early adversity associate with brain response to faces. We used fMRI to measure blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response to faces. Our study showed that FR associated with deviant prefrontal cortex BOLD responses. In addition, we detected that interregional BOLD signal and grey matter volume varied as a function of PRS; the lowest functional and structural covariance was detected in individuals with high PRS. We also detected that early adversities associated with brain response to faces and that this association varied as a function of glucocorticoid receptor gene expression. Our findings indicate that the above risk factors of psychosis associate with brain response to faces. / Tiivistelmä Skitsofrenia ja muut psykoosisairaudet ovat vakavia mielenterveyden häiriöitä, jotka puhkeavat usein nuorella aikuisiällä. Eräs tyypillinen piirre psykoosisairauksille on vaikeus tunnistaa muiden ihmisten kasvonilmeitä. Psykoosisairauksien riskitekijöiden ymmärtäminen on tärkeää, sillä hoito tehoaa parhaiten sairastumisen alkuvaiheessa. Suurimmassa psykoosivaarassa olevien henkilöiden tunnistaminen on kuitenkin haastavaa, sillä luotettavia tautiin liittyviä biomarkkereita ei ole saatavilla. Toiminnallinen magneettikuvaus (fMRI) on lupaava työkalu, jolla saattaa olla tulevaisuudessa käyttöarvoa psykoosivaaraan liittyvien aivomuutosten tunnistamisessa. Etiologialtaan psyykoosisairaudet ovat heterogeenisiä: sekä ympäristö että perinnölliset tekijät vaikuttavat yksilön sairastumisriskiin. Voimakkain riskitekijä on suvullinen psykoosialttius. Tässä osajulkaisuväitöskirjassa tutkitaan suvullisen psykoosialttiuden, skitsofrenian polygeenisen riskipisteen (PRS) sekä varhaisten vastoinkäymisten yhteyttä aivojen kasvonilmeitä tulkitsevaan järjestelmään. Tutkimuksessa on hyödynnetty fMRI-kuvausta kasvonilmestimuluksen aikana. Tutkimuksessamme suvullinen psykoosialttius oli yhteydessä etuotsalohkon fMRI-signaalimuutoksiin. Tämän lisäksi havaitsimme, että kasvonilmejärjestelmän fMRI-signaalin ja harmaan aineen kovarianssi oli yhteydessä PRS:ään: matalin aivoalueiden välinen korrelaatio havaittiin henkilöillä, joiden PRS oli korkea. Havaitsimme myös, että varhaiset vastoinkäymiset ovat yhteydessä kasvonilmeiden aikaansaamiin aivovasteisiin. Tämä assosiaatio oli myös yhteydessä glukokortikoidireseptorin geenin ilmentymiseen. Väitöskirjan löydökset viittaavat siihen, että edellä mainitut psykoosin riskitekijät ovat yhteydessä kasvonilmeitä tulkitsevaan järjestelmään.
8

Maternal history of early adversity and child emotional development : investigating intervening factors

Bouvette-Turcot, Andrée-Anne 03 1900 (has links)
L’objectif de cette thèse était de contribuer à l’avancement des connaissances quant aux circonstances permettant une transmission intergénérationnelle du risque émanant de l’adversité maternelle et aux mécanismes sous-tendant cette transmission, dans quatre articles empiriques. Le premier visait à explorer la relation entre un historique d’adversité maternelle, la sécurité d’attachement mère-enfant et le tempérament de l’enfant. Les mères ont complété une entrevue semi-structurée portant sur leurs représentations d’attachement avec leurs parents, à 6 mois, et ont évalué le tempérament de leur enfant à 2 ans. La sécurité d’attachement fut également évaluée à 2 ans. Les résultats ont démontré que les enfants dont les mères rapportaient des niveaux supérieurs d’adversité présentaient de moins bons niveaux d’activité comportementale, uniquement lorsqu’ils avaient un attachement sécurisant avec leur mère. Ces résultats suggèrent une transmission intergénérationnelle des effets d’un historique d’adversité maternelle sur le tempérament des enfants. Le deuxième article visait à investiguer si le transporteur de sérotonine (5-HTTLPR) module la transmission de risque intergénérationnelle de l’adversité maternelle sur le tempérament des enfants. L’historique d’adversité maternelle fut évalué en combinant deux mesures auto-rapportées. Les mères ont également évalué le tempérament de leur enfant à 18 et à 36 mois. Le génotype des enfants fut extrait à 36 mois. Les résultats ont révélé un effet d’interaction entre l’adversité maternelle et le génotype de l’enfant sur le tempérament, suggérant une transmission intergénérationnelle des effets de l’adversité maternelle sur le fonctionnement émotionnel des enfants. Le troisième article visait à explorer la relation entre les difficultés d’adaptation psychosociale des mères, la sensibilité maternelle et les symptômes intériorisés de leurs enfants. Les mères ont complété plusieurs questionnaires desquels un score composite de difficultés d’adaptation psychosociale fut extrait. La sensibilité maternelle fut observée à 12 mois. Les symptômes intériorisés des enfants furent évalués par les deux parents à 2 et à 3 ans. Les résultats ont démontré qu’une augmentation des difficultés maternelles d’adaptation psychosociale étaient associée à davantage de symptômes intériorisés chez les enfants, mais seulement chez ceux dont les mères étaient moins sensibles. Ces résultats ont été observés par les mères à 2 ans et par les deux parents à 3 ans. Ces résultats suggèrent que les enfants peuvent être différemment affectés par l’adaptation émotionnelle de leur mère tout en mettant l’emphase sur le rôle protecteur de la sensibilité maternelle. Le quatrième article visait à investiguer les rôles médiateurs de la dépression et de la sensibilité maternelle dans la relation entre un historique d’adversité maternelle et le tempérament de l’enfant. L’historique d’adversité maternelle fut évalué en combinant deux mesures auto-rapportées. Les mères ont également rapporté leurs symptômes dépressifs à 6 mois. La sensibilité maternelle fut évaluée de façon concomitante. Les mères ont évalué le tempérament de leur enfant à 36 mois. Les résultats ont révélé une transmission intergénérationnelle des effets d’un historique d’adversité maternelle à la génération suivante suivant une médiation séquentielle passant d’abord par la dépression maternelle et ensuite par la sensibilité maternelle. Finalement, les résultats des quatre articles ont été intégrés dans la conclusion générale. / The main goal of this dissertation was to document more extensively the circumstances under which intergenerational risk transmission of maternal adversity occurs and to identify underlying processes. The dissertation is comprised of four empirical articles. The first article examined the relation between maternal history of early adversity, mother-child attachment security, and child temperament. Mothers completed a semi-structured interview pertaining to their childhood attachment experiences with their parents at 6 months and rated their children’s temperament at 2 years. Mother-child attachment was also assessed at 2 years. Results showed that children whose mothers received higher scores of early life adversity displayed poorer temperamental activity level outcomes but only when they also showed high concomitant levels of attachment security, suggesting intergenerational effects of maternal early life experiences on child temperament. The second article examined the intergenerational effects of maternal childhood adversity on child temperament targeting the serotonin transporter polymorphism, 5-HTTLPR, as a potential moderator of those maternal influences. Maternal history of early adversity was assessed with an integrated measure derived from two self-report questionnaires. Mothers also rated their children’s temperament at 18 and 36 months. Child genotyping was performed at 36 months. Results yielded a significant interaction effect of maternal childhood adversity and child 5-HTTLPR genotype on child temperament, suggesting intergenerational effects of maternal history of adversity on child emotional function. The third article investigated the interactive effects of maternal psychosocial maladjustment and maternal sensitivity on child internalizing symptoms. Families took part in four assessments between ages 1 and 3 years. Mothers completed several questionnaires from which a composite score of maternal psychosocial maladjustment was derived. Maternal sensitivity was rated by an observer at 12 months. Child internalizing symptoms were assessed by both parents at 2 and 3 years. Results revealed that increased maternal psychosocial maladjustment was related to more internalizing symptoms in children, however only among children of less sensitive mothers whereas children of more sensitive mothers appeared to be protected. This was observed with maternal reports at 2 years, and both maternal and paternal reports at 3 years. These results suggest that young children may be differentially affected by their parents’ emotional adjustment, while highlighting the pivotal protective role of maternal sensitivity in this process. Finally, the fourth article examined the mediating roles of maternal depression and maternal sensitivity in the relation between maternal history of early adversity and child temperament. Maternal history of early adversity was assessed with an integrated measure derived from two self-report questionnaires. Mothers also reported on their depression symptoms at 6 months. Maternal sensitivity was rated concurrently. Mothers also completed a questionnaire on their children’s temperament at 36 months. Results suggested the intergenerational transmission of the effects of maternal childhood adversity to offspring occurs through a two-step, serial pathway, specifically through maternal depression, first, and, then, to maternal sensitivity. Finally, the results of the four articles were integrated into a general conclusion.
9

Effets de l’adversité précoce sur le système physiologique de stress et la cognition chez l’adulte en santé : le rôle modulateur de l’âge d’exposition à l’adversité

Raymond, Catherine 04 1900 (has links)
L’exposition à l’adversité précoce (AP) a été suggérée comme augmentant le risque de souffrir de psychopathologies associées à une dérégulation du système physiologique de stress ainsi qu’une altération de certains processus cognitifs. Cela dit, les études rapportent des résultats divergents quant à la direction de l’association entre l’AP, la sécrétion de cortisol (la principale hormone de stress chez l’humain) ainsi que la nature de ces dérèglements cognitifs chez l’adulte. Le ‘modèle du cycle de vie’ souligne l’importance de considérer le moment où l’AP a eu lieu pour la première fois (c.-à-d. l’âge minimal d’exposition) en vue d’expliquer ces discordances, considérant que les régions cérébrales importantes à la régulation du stress physiologique et possédant des récepteurs à cortisol (l’hippocampe, l’amygdale et le cortex préfrontal) ne se développent pas au même rythme. En vue de tester le modèle du cycle de vie, le but de cette thèse est d’évaluer le rôle modulateur de l’âge de la première exposition à l’AP sur le système physiologique de stress de même que sur les processus cognitifs soutenus par l’hippocampe, l’amygdale et le cortex préfrontal d’adultes en santé. Précisément, l’objectif de la première étude était de déterminer si l’âge minimal d’exposition à l’AP modulait le cortisol basal et réactif d’adultes en santé, et ce, en comparaison avec un modèle compétitif : celui de l’accumulation de l’AP, qui considère qu’il est important de considérer le nombre d’AP auquel l’individu a fait face au cours de son développement. Pour ce faire, nous avons mesuré le cortisol basal à l’aide d’échantillons de salive récoltés à la maison de même qu’en réaction à un stresseur psychosocial validé, le Trier Social Stress Test, chez 85 adultes en santé. Nous avons démontré que l’âge minimal d’exposition à l’AP module bel et bien le cortisol basal et réactif d’adultes en santé, et que ce modèle est un meilleur prédicteur du système physiologique de stress que celui du modèle d’accumulation mesuré via le Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire. En effet, nous avons démontré qu’être exposé pour la première fois à l’AP entre 3 et 7 ans (importante fenêtre de développement de l’amygdale) mène à une réponse cortisolaire au réveil plus élevée ainsi qu’à une réactivité cortisolaire plus faible en comparaison aux adultes ayant été exposés pour la première fois avant 3 ans ou après 7 ans. Ensuite, étant donné que l’hippocampe, l’amygdale et le cortex préfrontal possèdent des récepteurs à cortisol qui sont affectés par la sécrétion chronique d’hormones de stress en lien avec l’AP, l’objectif de la seconde étude était d’évaluer l’effet de l’âge minimal d’exposition à l’AP sur les processus cognitifs soutenus par ces structures. Pour ce faire, nous avons mesuré la mémoire déclarative (hippocampe), les biais attentionnels vers les informations menaçantes (amygdale) et la régulation émotionnelle (connexion frontoamygdalienne) en fonction de l’âge minimal d’exposition à l’AP chez les mêmes sujets en santé. Nous avons démontré que les femmes exposées à l’AP pour la première fois après l'âge de 8 ans (fenêtre de développement de la connectivité frontoamygdalienne) présentent un biais attentionnel vers les informations menaçantes. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats de cette thèse soutiennent partiellement le modèle du cycle de vie et offrent une perspective nouvelle sur certaines fenêtres développementales qui semblent plus sensibles aux effets de l’AP sur certaines régions du cerveau responsables de réguler le stress et les émotions. / Early adversity (EA) has been shown to be a potent risk factor in the development of psychopathologies associated with a deregulation of the physiological stress system as well as cognitive functions. However, studies report divergent results as to the direction of the association between EA, the secretion of cortisol (the main stress hormone in humans) and the nature of these cognitive dysfunctions in adulthood. The Life cycle model of stress underlines the importance of considering the moment at which EA first occurred, given that the brain regions that are necessary to regulate the stress response and that are dense in cortisol receptors (the hippocampus, the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex) do not develop at the same rhythm. In order to test the Life cycle model of stress, the aim of this thesis is to evaluate the modulating role of the age at first exposure to EA on the physiological stress system as well as on the cognitive processes sustained by the hippocampus, the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex in healthy adults. Precisely, the goal of the first study was to determine if the minimal age at exposure to EA modulated basal and reactive cortisol levels in 85 healthy adults, and to compare these results to a competing model: the Accumulation model (which suggests that the number of EA predicts patterns of cortisol dysregulations). To do so, we measured basal cortisol using saliva samples collected at home as well as in response to a validated psychosocial stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test. We have shown that minimal age at exposure to EA does indeed modulate the basal and reactive cortisol patterns in healthy adults, and that this model is a better predictor of the physiological stress system as opposed to the Accumulation model measured using the Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire. Indeed, results showed that although the number of EA was not associated with patterns of basal or reactive cortisol secretion, adults first exposed to EA between the ages of 3 and 7 – an important time window for amygdala development – showed greater cortisol awakening response and lower cortisol reactivity relative to those first exposed to EA before 3 or after 7. Then, given that the hippocampus, the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex possess cortisol receptors that are affected by the chronic secretion of stress hormones following EA, the goal of the second study was to evaluate the effect of minimal age at exposure to EA on the cognitive processes sustained by these structures. To do this, we measured declarative memory (hippocampus), attentional bias to threat (amygdala) and emotional regulation (frontoamygdala connection) as a function of minimal age at exposure to EA in the vi same healthy subjects. Results revealed increased attentional bias to threat in women first exposed to EA after 8 years (prefrontal cortex and frontoamygdala connectivity development). Overall, the results of this thesis partially support the Life cycle model of stress and highlight the importance of considering the age at first exposure to EA when investigating the long-lasting effects of EA on physiological stress and cognitive processes in healthy adults.

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