Early plastic shrinkage cracking of concrete is an important factor affecting the durability of modern concrete structures. Early cracking (within 24 hours after pouring) may become a problem for any concrete structure. It will promote the entry of harmful materials, destroy the beauty of concrete members, and reduce their durability and performance. In addition, due to long-term shrinkage and/or load, these cracks may gradually expand in the service life of components. Scientific research and engineering technicians often have to face the difficulties caused by early plastic shrinkage cracking of concrete. From the aspects of shrinkage mechanism, measurement method, prediction model and strength development, this paper reviews the scientific and technological status of plastic shrinkage and strength development of early-age concrete, and based on this, summarizes the important conclusions in existing research and establishes the relevant concrete strength prediction model.:1 Introduction 2. Shrinkage in concrete 2.1 Classification and mechanism of concrete shrinkage 2.2 Main factors causing concrete shrinkage 2.3 Concluding remarks 3. Plastic shrinkage in early age concrete 3.1 Method for determining the time of initial and final setting 3.2 Mechanism of plastic shrinkage 3.3 Evaporation 3.4 Capillary pressure 3.5 Main factors affecting plastic shrinkage cracking 3.6 Concluding remarks 4. Different methods for determining the resistance to plastic shrinkage cracking 4.1 Rectangular mould test setup 4.2 ASTM C 1579 4.3 Ring test method (NT BUILD 433) 4.4 Capillary pressure test 5. Development of early age strength of concrete 5.1 Mechanical properties 5.1.1 Compressive strength 5.1.2 Tensile strength 5.1.3 Early-age shrinkage of concrete 5.2 Test and prediction model evaluation 6. Test and quantitative model 6.1 pullout tests on early-age concrete 6.1.1 Tests principle 6.1.2 test result 6.2 Compilation of existing pullout capacity prediction models 6.2.1 Strength and pullout force model based on 𝒉𝒆𝒇 6.2.2 Strength and pullout force model based on 𝒉𝒆𝒇 and ∅𝒉 6.2.3 Tensile strength and pullout force model 6.3 Application of existing prediction model in early age concrete 7. Conclusions 8. Literature

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The early age cracking of concrete, which includes plastic shrinkage cracking (PShC) and plastic settlement cracking (PSeC), commonly occurs in flat concrete elements such as bridge decks and slabs or at the change of a concrete section depth. These cracks typically occur once the concrete has been cast and consolidated up to the final setting time, and initiate when the tensile stresses developed in the concrete exceeds its ultimate tensile strength or, alternatively phrased, when the restrained shrinkage induced strain in the concrete exceeds its tensile strain capacity. These cracks have a premature detrimental effect on the durability and strength of concrete structures as they allow deleterious materials to penetrate the concrete, which could cause the corrosion of steel reinforcing. With this in mind, the objective of this study is to gain a fundamental understanding of the tensile properties of early age concrete, up to the point of final setting, as well as the variables that affect these properties. This is done to better understand, and ultimately reduce the risk of early age cracking. To achieve this, experimental assemblies found in literature were evaluated and built upon to create a multi-component uniaxial tensile testing setup that is able to capture the complete stress-strain behaviour of early age concrete, while still in a plastic state. The following significant findings were attained from this study: • Reducing the coarse aggregate size in a concrete mix increases both the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of early age concrete, while reducing both its fracture energy and fracture process zone (FPZ) characteristic length. • The low volume addition of microfibres to a conventional concrete mix increases both the fracture energy and the FPZ characteristic length of early age concrete. • The low volume addition of microfibres to a conventional concrete mix increases the strain capacity of early age concrete shortly before and after the initial setting time. This increased strain capacity is believed to be of great significance for the prevention of PShC. • The addition of an accelerator to a conventional concrete mix accelerates the development of the tensile properties of early age concrete, while a retarder reduces it. • The addition of a retarder to a conventional concrete mix increases the strain capacity of early age concrete shortly before and after the initial setting time. This provides a reason for the reduced PShC severity observed in retarded mixes in certain instances. From this study it is concluded that the results from the tensile tests provide a greater understanding of the tensile properties of early age concrete as well as the variables that affect them. When interpreting these results in combination with those obtained from PShC experiments, it is suggested that it is possible to determine when and if PShC will occur. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vroëe-ouderdom kraking van beton, wat plastiese krimp krake (PKK) en plastiese versakkings krake (PVK) insluit, kom algemeen voor in plat betonelemente soos brug-dekke en blaaie, of by die die verandering in die deursnit diepte van betonelemente. Die krake kom tiepies voor vandat beton gegiet en gekompakteer is totdat dit die finale settyd bereik, en vind plaas sodra die trekspanning wat in die beton ontstaan sy treksterkte oorskry of, anders bewoord, wanneer die verhinderde krimp geinduseerde vervorming van die beton, die vervormings-kapasiteit van die beton oorskry. Hierdie krake het ʼn voortydige nagelige uitwerking op die duursaamheid en sterkte van betonstrukture aangesien hulle toelaat dat skadelike stowwe die beton binnedring, wat die korrosie van staalbewapening veroorsaak. Met dit ingedagte is die doel van die studie om fundamentele kennis rakende die vroëe-ouderdom trekeienskappe van beton, tot by die punt van finale set, asook die veranderlikes wat die eienskappe beinvloed, te verwerf. Om vroëe-ouederdom krake beter te verstaan en uiteindelik, te voorkom, is hierdie kennis nodig. Eksperimentele opstellings in literatuur is ge-evalueer en op voortgebou vir die bou van ʼn multi-komponet eenassige terktoetsopstelling om die volledige spanning-vervorming gedrag van vroëe-ouderdom beton vas te vang. Die volgende bevindings het uit die studie aan die lig gekom: • ʼn Kleiner aggregaat grootte in n betonmeng verhoog beide die trekstrekte en Young se modulus van vroëe-ouderdom beton, terwyl dit beide die fraktuur-energie en die fraktuur proses sone (FPS) se karakteristieke lengte verminder. • Die lae volume byvoeging van mikrovesels tot ʼn betonmeng verhoog beide die fraktuur-energie en die FPS se karakteristieke lengte van vroëe-ouderdom beton. • Die lae volume byvoeging van mikrovesels tot ʼn betonmeng verhoog die vervormings kapasiteit van vroëe-ouderdom beton kort voor en na die aanvanklike settyd. Daar word geglo dat hierdie verhoogde vervormings-kapasiteit van groot belang is vir die voorkoming van PKK. • Die byvoeging van ʼn versneller tot ʼn betonmeng versnel die ontwikkelingstempo van die trekeienskappe van vroëe-ouderdom beton, terwyl ʼn vertrager dit verlaag. • Die byvoeging van ʼn vertrager tot ʼn betonmeng verhoog die vervormings-kapasiteit van vroëe-ouderdom beton kort voor en na die aanvanklike settyd. Dit verskaf die rede vir die bevinding dat die byvoeging van ʼn vertrager PKK in sekere gevalle verminder. Hierdie studie het bevind dat die die trektoetse ʼn groter begrip rakende die trek-eienskappe van vroëe-ouderdom beton, en die veranderlikes wat die eienskappe beinvloed, gelewer het. Wanneer die resultate van die studie tesame met PShC toetse geinterpreteer word, will dit voorkom dat dit moontlik is om te bepaal wanneer, en of PKK sal plaasvind.

In bridge deck concrete, early-age cracking can lead to substantial serviceability and structural integrity issues over the lifespan of the bridge. An understanding of the temperature, stress, and strength development of concrete can aid determining the early-age cracking susceptibility. This project, funded by the Texas Department of Transportation, evaluated these properties for various bridge deck materials and mixture proportions. The research presented in this thesis involved a laboratory testing program that used a combination of semi-adiabatic calorimetry, rigid cracking frame, free shrinkage frame, and match cured cylinder testing program that allowed the research team to simulate the performance of common bridge deck mixture designs under hot and cold weather conditions. In this program, the semi-adiabatic calorimetry was used, with previously generated models, to generate the temperature profile of the mixture. The rigid cracking frame and free shrinkage frame were used to evaluate the restrained stress development and the unrestrained volume changes, respectively, under the simulated temperatures. The match-cure cylinder testing program allowed the research team to generate a strength development profile for the concrete mixtures under the various simulated temperature profiles. Results from the laboratory program revealed that in hot weather simulations, ground granulated blast furnace slag mixtures developed the lowest stress / strength ratios, and in cold weather simulations, Class F fly ash mixtures developed the lowest stress / strength ratios. In general, use of SCMs and limestone coarse aggregate results in mixtures that generate less heat and lower stress / strength ratios. Isothermal testing showed that shrinkage reducing admixtures were effective in reducing early-age strains from chemical shrinkage. In addition to the laboratory testing program, a field testing program was completed to measure the temperature development of four bridge decks during the winter and summer months. The recorded concrete temperatures and the effects of the environmental conditions at the time of the pour will aid in the calibration and validation of the temperature prediction component of ConcreteWorks for bridge deck construction. In addition, experience gained through these field pours resulted in an optimized instrumentation procedure that will aid in the successful collection of data in future projects. / text

Beståndsdelarna som bildar betong är ballast, cement, vatten och ibland olika tillsatsmedel och tillsatsmaterial. När betongen blandas startar hydratationen som leder till att cementpastan expanderar och värme frigörs. Hydratationshastigheten avtar med tiden vilket gör att cementpastan efter en viss mognad kommer kontrahera. Dessa töjningsrörelser kan under olika omständigheter bidra till att sprickor uppstår. Sprickorna kan begränsas eller elimineras med hjälp av olika åtgärder.   Genom redogörelse för hur ingjutna kylrör minskar risken för att temperatursprickor uppstår i ung betong vid uppförandet av en simbassängkonstruktion kan syftet uppnås. Rapporten avgränsas till den första och andra fasen i betongens hårdnandeprocess.   En fallstudie har genomförts där metoden innefattar en intervju och dialog med sakkunniga, läsning i rekommenderad litteratur från företaget samt observation av arbetet innan, under och efter gjutning. Datan har verifierats för att bibehålla korrekt information.   Förekomsten av sprickor påverkas av olika faktorer som betongreceptet, mängden armering och temperatur. En konstruktions geometri med planerade gjutetapper är också betydelsefull för minimering av sprickor.   Ingjutna kylrör fördelar temperaturen i betongkroppen för att undvika att en för hög temperaturdifferens uppstår mellan betongens kärna och yta. Detta gör att betongens inre delar inte kommer expandera lika mycket och skapa ett inre tvång, på grund av värmen som hydratationen bidrar till. Värmeutvecklingen för de olika delarna har registrerats med hjälp av temperaturmätare, vilka resulterade i olika diagram.   I simbassängen uppkom inte några temperatursprickor. Dock var det svårt att urskilja om det var på grund av det specifika betongreceptet som användes eller om kylningen var den bidragande faktorn till resultatet.

Betong är ett av våra idag absolut viktigaste och vanligaste byggnadsmaterial. Betong har väldigt låg draghållfasthet och på grund av detta spricker betongkonstruktioner oftast. Att helt förhindra att betong spricker är svårt och ofta kostsamt istället ställs krav för hur vida sprickorna får vara. Sprickviddsbegränsning görs genom att konstruktionerna armeras. Detta examensarbete granskar uppkomsten av sprickor i ung betong (ålder lägre än 28 dygn) som orsakas av förhindrad rörelse. Rörelser som förhindras kallas för tvång. När betongkonstruktioner utsätts för tvång uppstår spänningar i betongen. Dessa spänningar kan leda till sprickor. Tvångsfallet som studerats är när en ny betongvägg gjuts mot en platta av betong som redan uppnått dimensionerad hållfasthet. Examensarbetet fokuserar på tvångsspänningar som uppstår på grund av den värmeutveckling som sker när betong hårdnar samt uttorkningen som sker efter formrivning. I arbetet har 3D modeller i FE-programmet Atena arbetats fram. Dessa modeller simulerar fuktutvecklingen, värmeutvecklingen och avkylningen som sker under betongens hårdnande. De beräknar även de spänningar och sprickor som uppstår på grund av tvånget som uppstår mellan den nygjutna väggen och den befintliga plattan. Det finns sedan tidigare arbeten som studerat dessa fenomen men de har enbart modellerats som 2D problem. Ett antal fall med olika randvillkor har upprättats för att jämföras och nå en sprickbild som stämmer med verkligheten. Att begränsa sprickvidder är viktigt eftersom de påverkar betongens hållfasthet och livslängd. Hur breda sprickor blir är extra viktigt i täta konstruktioner, som exempelvis vattenmagasin. Vida sprickor leder till läckage, försämrad hållfasthet och livslängd. Rapporten tar upp regler från Eurokod gällande hur täta konstruktioner ska konstrueras. En handberäkningsmall för beräkning av sprickvidder orsakade av tvång har skapats. Denna mall har baserats på Eurokods regelverk. Då Eurokod saknar metod för att beräkna värmeutveckling har detta gjorts separat i FE-programmet ConTeSt R&D, som är utvecklat för att specifikt beräkna värme i ett 2D-tvärsnitt. Syftet med arbetet är att ta fram en fungerande metod för att modellera uppkomsten av sprickbildning orsakad av tvångsspänningar. Resultaten från FE-modelleringen ska jämföras med de resultat som fås från handberäkningar enligt eurokodmetoden. Rapporten visar att det är möjligt att simulera en förväntad utveckling i spänningar och sprickor, men åstadkommer ingen generell modell då rapportens lösningen är fallspecifik. Eftersom vi enbart nått fallspecifika lösningar och inga generella metoder har det inte gått att göra någon jämförelse mellan handberäkningar och sprickmodellering i Atena. / Concrete is one of the most important and common building materials today. Concrete has very low tensile strength and because of this some amount of cracking is to be expected. Completely preventing cracking in concrete is complicated and costly. This report examines cracks in concrete caused by restraint. When the natural movement in a construction is restrained this will cause stress. This stress might lead to cracking. This report examines cracks that appear in concrete that has yet to reach its full tensile strength. The case that is being studied is that of a new wall that is cast on a slab that has reached full maturity. The report focuses on stresses that appear because of the heat production during hardening, as well as the drying that occurs after the cast is removed. For this purpose 3D models in the finite element software application Atena have been developed. These models simulate the heat and moisture development as well as the cooling that will occur during the hardening of the concrete. These models are also used to simulate the stress and cracking that will occur because of the relationship between the newly cast wall and the slab in place. Studies have previously been published based on this subject, but only in a 2D context where the shrinkage is applied as a boundary condition. A number of cases with varying boundary conditions have been compared in order to reach a crack pattern that corresponds to actual behavior. Reducing crack widths is important as they affect the strength as well as the lifetime of the concrete. The width of cracks that appear is even more important in constructions that need to be impermeable, for example water containers. Wide cracks are a cause of leakage, as well as reduced strength and longevity. The study looks at rules from Eurocode for designing impermeable structures. A template for calculating crack widths has been produced. This template is based on the Eurocode rule set. Since Eurocode is lacking any formulas to calculate heat development this has been done in the FE-software ConTeSt R&D, which is specifically designed to calculate heat development in a 2D section. The purpose of the study is to achieve a working model for the simulation of crack widths due to restraint. These results are to be compared to the results of the Eurocode calculations. The study shows that we are able to simulate an expected development in stresses and cracks, but does not result in a general model as the solution becomes specific to the case. As we have only achieved case specific solutions and no general method we have been unable to compare modelled results with manually calculated results.

This study investigates the tensile behavior of anchor pull-out tests from super early age concrete(less than 12h) by finite element(FE) software ANSYS Workbench. In previous experiment, several series of pull-out tests were finished and analyzed. In each per hour, different speeds(1mm/s, 0.2mm/s, 0.1mm/s and 0.833mm/s) were evaluated, getting the results about correlation of pull-out force and displacement(F-D curve). It is difficult to evaluate the specific development of tensile strength in super young concrete, due to the super plasticity that makes itself soft and unstable. The first step of this study is to collect relevant empirical formula, theoretical varying material properties with time and pull-out force of experimental applied anchors. Comparison of simulation analysis results and empirical formulas determines whether the establishment of the finite element model and adapted constitutive model of known natural hardened concrete(NHC) are valid or not. The second procedure is that the material properties of NHC are replaced by different age values and modified until getting the same simulation results as experiment outcome. The propose of this paper is to investigate a more accurate modified formula to describe the development of tensile behavior in super early age concrete:1. Introduction 2. Background 2.1 Modes of failure 2.2 A new failure mode 2.3 Finite Element Numerical Simulation 3. Research Questions 4. Aims/Objectives of the Research 5. Proposed Research Method 5.1 Previous Empirical theory 5.1.1 Cubic Compressive strength of Early Age Concrete 5.1.2 Tensile Strength of Early Age Concrete 5.1.3 Modulus of Elasticity in Early Age Concrete 5.1.4 Prediction of pull-out maximum force to headed studs from concrete 5.2 Pervious Experiment 5.3 Numerical Simulation 6. Significance/Contribution to the Discipline 7. Experiment Program 7.1 Experiment Setup 7.2 Experiment Result 8. Numerical simulation and analysis 8.1 Material Properties 8.2 Modelling Setup 8.3 The first pull-out test 8.4 Comparison Results at different stages 9. Discussion and Results 10. Summary and Conclusion 11. Recommendation for future studies 12. References 13. Appendix

As ações presentes durante a construção de estruturas de edifícios em concreto armado são significantemente influenciadas pelo processo construtivo e podem ultrapassar a capacidade resistente definida no projeto estrutural. Os pavimentos recém concretados são suportados por pavimentos previamente concretados, através de um sistema de fôrmas, escoras e reescoras. Se houver fissuração prematura os pavimentos terão maiores deformações ao longo do tempo. Assim sendo, o trabalho apresenta um procedimento de análise estrutural que leva em conta a seqüência natural de construção. A definição das ações nos pavimentos durante a construção estabelece a história de carregamentos dos elementos estruturais do início ao fim da obra. Os modelos tridimensionais (utilizando o método dos elementos finitos) aqui apresentados consideram que o tempo altera as propriedades de resistência e deformabilidade do concreto antes dos 28 dias. Com isso, é definido um novo método para a determinação da distribuição das ações de construção entre o sistema de escoramento e os pavimentos interligados (Método Aproximado). Além disso, propõe-se uma nova metodologia para verificação dos estados limites considerando a existência das etapas de construção. / The loads during construction of multistory reinforced concrete structures are significantly influenced by the construction schedule and can exceed the supporting structure\'s design capacity. The fresh floors are supported by previously cast floors, through a system of forms, shores and reshores. If cracked prematurely, the floors will have larger time-dependent deflections. Then, the text presents a procedure for structural analysis that takes into account the natural sequence of construction. Definition of the loads on floors during construction provides a view of the history of structural element loads from the beginning to the end of construction work. The tridimensional models (using the finite element method) presented herein considers that the time affects the strenght and deformability properties of concrete before 28 days. Then, a new method for determining how the construction loads are distributed among the shoring system and the interconnected floors is defined (Approximated Method). Further, a new methodology for the limit states verification taking into account the construction phases is proposed.

As ações presentes durante a construção de estruturas de edifícios em concreto armado são significantemente influenciadas pelo processo construtivo e podem ultrapassar a capacidade resistente definida no projeto estrutural. Os pavimentos recém concretados são suportados por pavimentos previamente concretados, através de um sistema de fôrmas, escoras e reescoras. Se houver fissuração prematura os pavimentos terão maiores deformações ao longo do tempo. Assim sendo, o trabalho apresenta um procedimento de análise estrutural que leva em conta a seqüência natural de construção. A definição das ações nos pavimentos durante a construção estabelece a história de carregamentos dos elementos estruturais do início ao fim da obra. Os modelos tridimensionais (utilizando o método dos elementos finitos) aqui apresentados consideram que o tempo altera as propriedades de resistência e deformabilidade do concreto antes dos 28 dias. Com isso, é definido um novo método para a determinação da distribuição das ações de construção entre o sistema de escoramento e os pavimentos interligados (Método Aproximado). Além disso, propõe-se uma nova metodologia para verificação dos estados limites considerando a existência das etapas de construção. / The loads during construction of multistory reinforced concrete structures are significantly influenced by the construction schedule and can exceed the supporting structure\'s design capacity. The fresh floors are supported by previously cast floors, through a system of forms, shores and reshores. If cracked prematurely, the floors will have larger time-dependent deflections. Then, the text presents a procedure for structural analysis that takes into account the natural sequence of construction. Definition of the loads on floors during construction provides a view of the history of structural element loads from the beginning to the end of construction work. The tridimensional models (using the finite element method) presented herein considers that the time affects the strenght and deformability properties of concrete before 28 days. Then, a new method for determining how the construction loads are distributed among the shoring system and the interconnected floors is defined (Approximated Method). Further, a new methodology for the limit states verification taking into account the construction phases is proposed.

The heat development that occurs due to the hydration of cement is important to consider during casting of massive concrete structures. By using computer programs that are based on finite element methods (FEM), simulations can be performed on the heat- and strength development. In this project, a FE program called ConTeSt has been used in order to predict the temperature- and strain development in a massive concrete wall. If the potential risks in a concrete structure are evaluated before casting, economical savings, including a better casting plan could be obtained. The structure under investigation was a concrete wall behind one of the spillways in the hydro power dam of Storfinnforsen. Due to a re-construction of the wall, an opportunity occurred to develop a measurement plan of the casting and perform simulations on the wall. A sensitivity analysis was performed in order to investigate the effects on the temperature- and strain development, by varying the cement content, ambient temperature, wind speed and degree of restraint in translation. The results showed, that a higher cement content increased the rate of hydration and hence the temperature in the concrete. Higher wind speeds contributed to more cooling of the concrete which, in some cases, resulted in cracking due to contraction of the material. Cracking due to contraction also occurred when the ambient temperature was decreased. The ambient temperature did not have a significant impact on the rate of hydration, but instead the impact was larger from the initial temperature of the fresh concrete. A higher initial temperature of the fresh concrete increased the rate of hydration, which increased the temperature in the material. The degree of restraint could only be varied in translation in ConTeSt and hence the effect on the strain development was not that significant. A crack risk analysis was performed where the developed tensile stresses were compared with the tensile strength of the concrete. The same factors were varied as in the sensitivity analysis. The results showed that the tensile strength was exceeded for most of the cases and thus that the crack risk was high. The required equipment, in order to perform the measurements on site, consisted of 7 strain gauges of the module KM-100B from TML Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo, 2 data loggers of the module Spider-8 from HBM, at least a 25 m ø9 mm 5-core shielded cable and a computer with the software Catman Easy. / Värmeutvecklingen som uppstår på grund av hydratationen av cement är viktig att beakta vid gjutning av massiva betongkonstruktioner. Detta brukar göras genom simuleringar av värmeutvecklingen och hållfasthetstillväxten med hjälp av olika finita element (FE) program. I detta projekt har programmet ConTeSt använts för att på förhand kunna förutse temperatur - och töjningsutvecklingen i en massiv betongvägg. I och med detta kan bl.a. gjutningen planeras bättre samtidigt som ekonomiska besparingar kan åstadkommas om eventuella risker kan kartläggas innan gjutningen påbörjas. En ledmur bakom ett av utskoven i Storfinnforsens kraftverk undersöktes närmare i samband med en ombyggnad. Möjligheten uppstod att planera en mätning av gjutningen av ledmuren samt att utföra simuleringar av väggen i ConTeSt. En känslighetsanalys utfördes för att undersöka effekterna på temperatur- och töjningsutvecklingen genom att variera cementhalten, omgivningstemperaturen, vindhastigheten och graden av tvång i förskjutningen i längdriktningen av väggen. Resultaten visade att högre cementhalter ökade graden av hydratation vilket ökade temperaturen i betongen. Högre vindhastigheter bidrog till snabbare kylning av betongen vilket i vissa fall lett till sprickor på grund av kontraktion av materialet. Sprickor till följd av kontraktion uppstod även då omgivningstemperaturen sänktes. Omgivningstemperaturen hade ingen större påverkan på hydratationen, utan istället var det temperaturen av den färska betongmassan som visade större påverkan. Högre temperatur av den färska betongmassan ökade graden av hydratation vilket ökade temperaturen i betongen. Graden av tvång kunde i ConTeSt endast varieras i förskjutningen i längdriktningen av väggen vilket inte hade någon större effekt på töjningsutvecklingen. En sprickrisk analys utfördes där den utvecklade dragspänningen jämfördes med draghållfastheten. Analysen utfördes genom att variera samma faktorer som varierades i känslighetsanalysen. Resultaten visade att draghållfastheten överskreds i de flesta fall och att därmed sprickrisken var hög. För att genomföra mätningen blev slutsatsen att det behövs 7 st töjningsgivare av modell KM-100B från TML Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo, 2 st data logger av typ Spider8 från HBM samt minst en 25 m ø9 mm skärmad 5-kärnkabel, inklusive en dator med programvaran Catman Easy.