Region Gotland har påbörjat digitalisering av samhällsbyggnadsprocessen där kvalitetssäkring av digitala fastighetsgränser ingår. Rapporten tar upp teori, metod, resultat och analys av transformationsmetoder.En del av arbetet går ut på att ta fram lämpliga transformationsmetoder för ej återfunna gränsmarkeringar.Regionen har långa väntetider på bygglov. För att underlätta och minska handläggningstiden kommer de digitala detaljplanerna tolkas efter nymätta eller transformerade gränser. Digitala registerkartan som används i kartframställning har idag bristande kvalitet i form av felaktigt placerade gränser. I arbetsgruppen på regionen har beslut fattats att återfunna gränsmarkeringar inom detaljplanerade områden kommer att mätas och övriga kommer att transformeras med hjälp av data från förrättningsakter för att säkerställa att det digitala underlaget stämmer.  Därefter kommer en webbapplikation skapas där fastighetsägare snabbt kan få svar på om den tänkta byggnationen är planenlig.Inmätning av fastighetsgränser utfördes med N-RTK-mätning samt fri totalstationsmätning som etablerades med GNSS-inmätta punkter.Koordinater för gränspunkter har tagits fram med transformationsmetoder där gränsmarkeringar inte har hittats exempelvis på grund av att stenmurar och vägar byggts över gränsmarkeringarna, gränsmarkeringar som inte längre har samma placering på grund av trädrötter som flyttat dem och gränsmarkeringar som placerats tillbaka felaktigt efter grävning vid avloppsbyte.Efter analysen av data konstateras att i detaljplanen 09-NÄR-366 är unitär transformation att föredra därför att skillnaderna i grundmedelfelen samt skalfaktorerna i transformationerna inte är stora samt att unitär transformation inte ändrar längder mellan gränsmarkeringarna och arealerna i fastigheterna. / Region Gotland has begun digitisation of the community building management, which include quality assurance of property boundaries. This report addresses theory, method, results and an analysis of the transformation methods.To require a building permit, the region has long waiting times. In order to facilitate and reduce the processing time, zoning plans will be interpreted according to their documents. Property boundaries within the zonings will be measured and transformed to improve quality and to verify the property boundaries.The measurements were performed with N-RTK measurement and setup of total station with GNSS-measured points.Coordinates for boundary markings have been updated with transformation methods where boundary markings have not been found. For example, where stone walls and roads have been built over the boundary markings, where boundary markings no longer have the same location due to tree roots moving them, or where boundary markings have been placed incorrectly after excavations.This report shows, that in this specific case, the difference between the transformation methods are small, therefore suggesting that the Unitary transformation is preferred because of the minor difference in distance and scale factors, and because Unitary transformation does not change lengths and areas.

In this study, I used quantitative content analysis to analyze the materiality matrixes of sustainability reports to identify the sustainability priorities of major companies in Sweden. I focus on the 131 largest listed companies in the country within six industries: material, consumer goods, capital goods, daily goods, banks, and investment companies. The research questions include: (1) What are the primary focus areas of materiality for the largest listed companies in Sweden by industry? (2) On an overarching level, is the focus among all companies more environmental or social? (3) What are the primary applications of materiality analysis in the context of corporate decision-making in Sweden? The findings reveal that the primary materiality topics for Swedish companies are business ethics and climate impact. The focus is slightly more environmental, with 54% of companies having more of an environmental focus. Interestingly, only 22% of companies mentioned using materiality strategically, while a larger portion (40%) use materiality to identify their sustainability priorities. This research highlights the need for companies in Sweden to prioritize strategic sustainability in the face of new legislation, such as the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). Overall, this study demonstrates the value of analyzing materiality matrixes for identifying sustainability priorities in different industries and provides insights into using materiality analysis in corporate decision-making. The results can inform future sustainability strategies for Swedish companies and contribute to the broader conversation around sustainable business practices.

This manuscript reports on an exploration of whether shade provision is valued by urban users of cycling infrastructure. A description of the elicitation process has been outlined in order to build a general but detailed analysis of the different stages included in the exercise of attribute elicitation. As a departure point, a thorough literature review was conducted in order to establish a state of the art’s scenario. Different kinds of attributes that have been evaluated previously within discrete choice experiments and other relatable methods linked to bicycle commuting and bike route choices were compiled, however, shade appeared as an overlooked attribute. From this, a theoretical and methodological approach based on welfare economics and, the concept of willingness to pay as an indicator of shade provision’s value is proposed for the context of Neiva, Colombia, a medium size city in a developing country. Preliminary focus groups were conducted to build a surveying tool for eliciting the proposed attribute and gathered more contextual information. Finally, a pilot survey was launched in order to test the perceived value of shade and its importance for commuters. Special attention is devoted to the description of how the tools and methods were used in order to help future efforts. Several sets of data and information were reviewed and contrasted in order to build an accurate image of the current status of shade within the local commuters’ minds, what barriers were found while executing the research plan, and what can be some important implications for future urban planning studies and sustainable mobility research. Several different commuting conditions and individual realities were found, nonetheless, the existence of valuing shade provision was pervasive across all the surveyed university students and graduated staff. Furthermore, the benefits were perceived as socially broad, even by motorized, non-walking, and cycling commuters. Other valuable insights were found, like the effect of corruption when asking for policy implementation, further research needs to be conducted due to sampling limitations, the scarcity of previous research aimed at the subject, and for gathering more information about how acknowledging the attribute might be potentially critical for the future.

Considered the most cost and energy-efficient mode of transportation, the shipping industry is responsible for 90% of trade and is predicted to grow. Although it has been central for the development of nations, this activity is not exempt of negative externalities, largely contributing for unsustainability. A sustainable transition is, thus, required to address the overall supper wicked problem of the sustainability challenge. This thesis employed qualitative research composed of two main research phases. The first one assesses the alignment of IMO´s legislation with a sustainable transition for the shipping industry. A document analysis of this regulation was done by applying a methodology based on sustainability principles from the FSSD. Our findings point to multiple misalignments with both social and ecological principles, as well as a lack of a systems perspective of the industry. The second phase of the research explores what different practitioners perceive is needed for the sustainability transition. For this, nine semi-structured interviews were conducted. An inductive data analysis resulted in 15 main findings, addressing different topics perceived as relevant for this transition. This included the need for a just and equitable transition; enhanced governance and more stringent regulations; as well as fair and unbiased treatment of seafarers.

Transitioning to renewable energy is critical for reaching global sustainable development goals. As an oil-rich country, Azerbaijan has recognized the need to develop its renewable energy sector. It has set ambitious goals for increasing the share of renewables in its energy mix and establishing a green energy zone in the Karabakh region. The purpose of this master's thesis is to assess the potential of wind energy in Azerbaijan's Karabakh region and surrounding areas and identify the best scenario for its development. Four scenarios were evaluated via the PROMETHEE II Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method based on their economic, environmental, technological, and social factors. Interviews with real stakeholders were undertaken to elicit weights for the criteria, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the robustness of the results. The findings were shared with the stakeholders, and their input was integrated into the final analysis. According to the findings, Scenario 4, which includes more installed capacity and increased investment, is best suited for the growth of wind energy in the Karabakh and surrounding areas from the perspective of developer and governmental body. In contrast, renewable energy expert and the public prefer Scenario 1, with less land use and less capacity. The findings indicate that for the effective development of wind energy in the area, a balanced approach taking into account the opinions of all stakeholders, is essential. This study contributes to Azerbaijan's long-term development by offering valuable insights into the potential of wind energy in the Karabakh region and surrounding areas and supporting informed decision-making for its expansion.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the largest carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems, which plays an important role in climate change by regulating atmospheric carbon dioxide. Sweden’s forest management has led to a decrease in old growth forests. This change in land use can affect SOC levels in these forests. This report quantified SOC stocks among different wetness classes in 10 old growth forests across multiple regional environmental gradients in Sweden. I tested for the effects of some different environmental factors on SOC: temperature, precipitation, altitude, stem basal area, latitude, and normalized difference vegetation index. Soil measurements were taken from three different horizons: the O-, E-, and B-horizon. The results showed that the mean SOC stock in old growth forests (5.25 ± 0.60 kg m-2)  is a bit higher than the regional average (4.1 ± 0.5 kg m-2) and that local variation within forests, mainly due to hydrology, appears to drive variation that is often as big or larger than regional variations. There were no significant differences between the different forests, but there were significant differences found between the different wetness classes. There were several correlations found between the different regional environmental factors and SOC stocks. The most prominent relationship was a positive link between the O-horizons’ SOC stocks and temperature (R2adj = 0.58). Overall, these results indicate that SOC stocks in old growth forests are affected by both soil wetness at a local scale and air temperature at a regional scale; and that they might contain a slightly larger amount of SOC than managed forests.

It is well established that mining and metallurgy on a larger scale in Sweden originated in Bergslagen. The historical mining district Garpenberg in Bergslagen presently show the oldest signs of mining in Sweden (2300 BP) based on a study of a lake sediment profile from Gruvsjön. This report focuses on the mining history around Finnhytte-dammsjön (Garpenberg) to assess when the first signs of mining occur, what type of ore was being mined, when the first sign of modern mining was observed and when the lake development stabilized. A complete sediment profile was sampled from Finnhytte-dammsjön which was analyzed with X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy. An age-depth model was created for the sediment profile using the introduction of Norway Spruce (Picea Abies) pollen and by matching known peaks in historical atmospheric pollution of Pb as points of reference. Increased Fe concentrations (3.6 ± 0.4 %) compared to deeper sections (2.6 ± 0.2 %) was observed which were well correlated with Ca (R2: 0.73). Indications of increased Fe concentrations relative to Ca was found from 2000 BP. Stabilization of LOI550 and changes in sediment geochemistry indicates that a steady state in the lake development was reached around 4600 BP. Major increases in Zn and Cu that was presumed to be from modern mining was observed from 1800 CE. This report concludes that Fe-rich dolomite or skarn was mined from 500 CE with indications that mining started as early as 2000 BP.

Stable isotopes of oxygen (O18) and hydrogen (H2) are used as proxies of past climates when ice preserved in the polar icecaps. The main assumption when doing paleoclimatic reconstructions using these isotopes is that the isotopic composition of the snow that turned into ice reflect the present temperature of the planet during deposition. In this study, I investigate to what extent the composition of O18 and H2 varies as a function of precipitation. I tested the following hypotheses: i) δO18 and δH2 decreases due to fractionation during orographic fallout, and ii) the electric conductivity in the snow decreases with distance from sea due to fading marine inputs. The hypotheses were tested with field samples gathered along a precipitation gradient from the Norwegian coast to Kiruna, Northern Sweden. To support my first hypothesis, I found a decrease from -9.32% δO18 (-54.85% δH2) to -25.48% δO18 (-109.54 % δH2) due to orographic deposition over the Scandes with a drastic drop in Abisko caused by a rain shadow. Similarly, I found a considerable variation and decreasing trend of conductivity along the precipitation gradient. My study raises awareness that δO18 in snow is in fact dependent on precipitation regimes rather than temperature regimes in this area, which should be considered when interpreting environmental records of δO18 in a paleoclimatic context. Lastly, I suggest further studies targeting the effects of post-depositional processes (melting, sublimation, and anthropogenic influence) on the isotopic composition and conductivity, especially with a changing climate.

In order to be able to use the operational Moldavian GNSS Positioning System MOLDPOS efficiently for the determination of normal heights in surveying engineering, e.g. during the construction of a road, an accurate quasigeoid model is needed. The main goal of this thesis is to present a new gravimetric quasigeoid model for Moldova (Mold2012), which has been determined by applying the Least Squares Modification of Stokes’ formula with Additive corrections (LSMSA), also called the KTH method. Due to limited coverage of gravity data, the integration area is often limited to a small spherical cap around the computation point, which leads to a truncation error for geoid height. Molodensky et al. (1962) showed that the truncation error can be reduced by the modification of Stokes’ formula, where the measured gravity data are combined with the low-frequency component of the geoid from a Global Gravitational Model (GGM). The LSMSA technique combines the GGM and the terrestrial data in an optimum way. In order to find the most suitable modification approach or cap size it is necessary to compare the gravimetric height anomalies with the GPS/levelling derived height anomalies, and for this purpose we use a GPS/levelling dataset that consists of 1042 points with geodetic coordinates in the MOLDREF99 reference system and normal heights at the same points given in the height system Baltic 77. The magnitude of the additive corrections varies within an interval from -0.6 cm to -4.3 cm over the area of Moldova. The quasigeoid model which results from combining the ITG-Grace02s solution (with n = M = 170, ψ0 = 3° and σΔg = 10 mGal) and the solution obtained from the modified Stokes’ formula together with the additive correction gives the best fit for the GPS/levelling data with a standard deviation (STD) of ±7.8 cm. The evaluation of the computed gravimetric quasigeoid is performed by comparing the gravimetric height anomalies with the GPS/levelling derived height anomalies for 1042 points. However, the above heterogeneous data include outliers, and in order to find and eliminate these, a corrector surface model is used. This surface provides a connection to the local vertical when the GNSS technique is used. After the elimination of the suspicious outliers (170 points) according to a 2-RMS test, a new corrective surface was computed based on the remaining 872 GPS/levelling points, and the STD of residuals became ±4.9 cm. The STD value for the residuals according to the order of the levelling network for the Mold2012 fitted to the local vertical datum is 3.8 cm for the I-order, 4.3 cm for the II-order, 4.5 cm for the III-order and 5.0 cm for the IV-order levelling network. But the STD of the residuals for the 18 control points indicates a better result where the STD is 3.6 cm and RMS is 3.9 cm and the min and max value of residuals is -5.3 cm and 9.0 cm, respectively. As the STD of the differences in height anomaly are not just the standard error of the height anomalies (quasigeoid model), but it contains also the standard errors of GPS heights and of normal heights. Assuming that the latter STDs are 3 cm and 3.5 cm, respectively, the STD of Mold2012 is estimated to 1.7 cm. / <p>QC 20121127</p>

Countries across the globe have started taking measures to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions andto power the future with more sustainable forms of energy. One such initiative towards sustainableenergy generation is through wind energy. The wind energy contribution has shown a drastic increasein Sweden during the last few years. However there are several issues due to improper siting of windmills. This thesis aims to conduct a multi-criteria evaluation to determine suitable wind farm sites inVästernorrland County. The spatial planning through multi-criteria evaluation is done jointly usinganalytical hierarchy processing and weighted linear combination in ArcMap. There are 29 criteriataken into account and the buffer zones from each criterion are decided based on Swedish legislation,discussions with stakeholders and from similar previous studies. Three scenarios namely green,economy and tourism are created giving emphasize on the aspects as the title implies. The scenarioeconomy has the least area with very high suitability scores when compared to the other two scenarios.The results obtained for the three scenarios are grouped into classes with suitability scores. About 60%of the total area is unsuitable for wind farm installations and most of the area has less to moderaterange of suitability. The major constraints that restrict the wind mill installations are spaces with landcover like water, roads and national protected areas. Based on the suitability scores, the best three sitesare finally selected which covers the three scenario aspects. Other sites are excluded due to reasons likelow suitability, closeness to the county boundary and too small in size. Among the best three sites, twosites already have permission to build wind farms. The proposed third site is about 2.5 squarekilometres located to the south-east of the county. In conclusion, the project result not only shows thatthere are more potential / Länder över hela världen har börjat vidta åtgärder för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser och att iframtiden övergå till mer hållbara energikällor. Ett sådant initiativ mot en hållbar energiproduktion äratt satsa på vindkraft. Vindenergi har visat en drastisk ökning i Sverige under de senaste åren. Detfinns dock flera problem på grund av olämplig placering av vindkraftverk. Avhandlingen syftar till attgenomföra en utvärdering av flera kriterier för att bestämma lämpliga lägen för vindkraftparker iVästernorrlands län. Den fysiska planeringen genom utvärdering av flera kriterier görs gemensamtmed hjälp av en analytisk hierarki-bearbetning och vägd linjär kombination i ArcMap. Det tas hänsyntill cirka 29 kriterier och buffertzoner för varje kriterium bestäms utifrån svensk lagstiftning,diskussioner med intressenter och liknande tidigare studier. Tre scenarier, med respektive tonvikt påekologi, ekonomi och turism skapas och analyseras. Scenario ekonomi har det minsta området medmycket höga lämplighetspoäng jämfört med de andra två scenarierna. Resultaten som erhållits för detre scenarierna grupperas i klasser med olika lämplighetsresultat. Cirka 60% av den totala arealen ärolämplig för vindkraftsanläggningar och majoriteten av området har mindre till måttligt lämpligtutbud. De stora begränsningarna som sätter gränser för vindkraftsanläggningar är de områden somupptas av exempelvis vatten, vägar och nationella skyddsområden. Baserat på lämplighetspoängen ärde bästa tre platserna utvalda som representerar de tre scenarierna. Andra platser utesluts på grund avskäl som låg lämplighet, närhet till länets gräns och alltför små områden. Bland de utvalda områdenahar två redan tillstånd att bygga vindkraftparker. Den föreslagna tredje platsen är cirka 2,5kvadratkilometer belägen i sydöstra delen av länet. Sammanfattningsvis visarprojektet resultatet intebara att det finns fler potentiella platser men identifierar också de mest lämpliga platserna förinstallation av vindkraftverk i Västernorrlands län.