This thesis focuses on the Manyi Fault in Northern Tibet which experienced a M_w 7.6 earthquake in 1997. The remoteness of the area limits the feasibility of measurements in the field, however the climate makes it ideal to study by remote sensing, specifically Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). The mechanics of the earthquake have been well documented however there are still numerous questions about the other stages of the earthquake cycle (postseismic and interseismic) across the fault. Previous studies of the postseismic motion across the Manyi Fault using four years of ERS SAR data show the deformation can be explained by either viscoelastic relaxation of a Standard Linear Solid body with a viscosity of 4x10¹⁸ Pa s or afterslip. We use the ERS timeseries and ratemaps formed from a network of ENVISAT SAR scenes from 2003-2010 to analyse the postseismic deformation. We create a series of afterslip models based on rate-and-state frictional laws, along with series of viscoelastic models with various rheologies (Maxwell and Burgers). Our results show that an afterslip model fits the data slightly better than a Burgers rheology but not within resolvable errors. A range of afterslip models fit the data well, with frictional parameters ranging from 8x10^-4 to 2x10^-3 and a preseismic slip rate of 8 to 20 mm/yr. The best-fitting Burgers rheology has a Kelvin element viscosity of 4x10¹⁸ Pa s and Maxwell element viscosity of 6x10¹⁹ Pa s. We analyse the interseismic InSAR signal observed before the 1997 earthquake using ERS data from 1992-1997 to find that the Manyi Fault was accumulating strain at 3+/-2 mm/yr. We also find the seismic locking depth was 22+/-15 km which correlates with the maximum depth of slip during the earthquake. We show there is no significant deformation across the fault to the north of the Manyi Fault which may be an extension to the Kunlun fault. We discuss an analytical 2D thin viscous channel model from literature that has been shown to match the data in this thesis. We show that, once errors are properly accounted for, their model cannot explain both the post and preseismic datasets.

This study investigates the recovery efforts provided for low income and ethnic minority populations by organizations during the permanent housing phase of recovery in Watsonville, California, following the Loma Prieta earthquake of October 17, 1989. The case study format is used to discover what activities were performed and why each organization chose to perform them. Dynes and Quarantelli's (1968) typology of organization is used to explain how and why established, expanding, extending and emergent organizations participated in the recovery efforts. The findings indicate that the type of organization dictated the kind of tasks each organization performed. Organizations maintained activities during recovery for which they had experience, expertise and proficiency.

Le cycle sismique s'étend de la centaine à quelques milliers d'années mais les mesures géodésiques et sismologiques s'étendent sur moins d'un siècle. Cette courte échelle de temps d'observation rend difficile la mise en évidence du rôle des paramètres sismotectoniques clefs qui contrôlent la dynamique des failles actives. Pour pallier ce problème d'échelle temporelle, j'ai développé un nouveau modèle expérimental qui reproduit des microséismes le long d'une faille décrochante sur plusieurs centaines de cycles sismiques. Il est constitué de deux plaques de polyuréthane latéralement en contact, reposant sur une couche basale de silicone, simulant le comportement mécanique d'une croûte supérieure élastoplastique couplée avec une croûte inférieure ductile, respectivement. Pour chaque expérience, environ 4000 mesures du champ de vitesses horizontales sont enregistrées. L'analyse des déplacements de surface au cours des phases intersismiques, cosismiques et postsismiques et leur comparaison aux failles sismogéniques montrent que le modèle reproduit correctement les déformations proches de la faille et en champ lointain. J'ai aussi effectué des inversions du champ de vitesses en surface pour évaluer la distribution spatiale du glissement en profondeur le long du plan de faille. Pour comparer les expériences, j'ai développé plusieurs algorithmes permettant d'étudier l'évolution spatio-temporelle des principaux paramètres physiques et les processus de déformation de surface qui caractérisent le cycle sismique. Mes premiers résultats suggèrent que la vitesse de chargement tectonique imposée en champ lointain joue un rôle sur le cycle sismique en influençant la magnitude des séismes, leur temps de récurrence, ainsi que la capacité de la faille à générer des séismes caractéristiques. Une vitesse de chargement lente favorise l'occurrence de forts évènements caractéristiques et une vitesse rapide de nombreux microséismes de magnitude faible à modérée plus distribués le long de la faille. Ma première hypothèse est que ce comportement est contrôlé par le couplage fragile/ductile à la base des plaques de polyuréthane. Pour une vitesse rapide, les forces visqueuses dans la couche basale augmentent de même que ce couplage. Ce processus contraint la base de la faille à glisser à une vitesse proche de sa vitesse long-terme et induit un champ de contrainte plus hétérogène le long de son plan qui favorise les microséismes de magnitude faible à modérée. Pour une vitesse lente, le silicone se comporte comme un fluide newtonien et les forces visqueuses diminuent considérablement, permettant à la faille de rester bloquée sur une plus longue période et d'accumuler plus de déformation élastique. Les contraintes sont ensuite relaxées par de plus larges évènements sismiques. Enfin, j'ai étudié le rôle joué par les variations de contrainte normale le long de la faille sur le glissement cosismique et le comportement long terme du système. Les résultats montrent que la distribution spatiale du glissement cosismique est fortement contrôlée par les variations de résistance de la faille et de l'accumulation des contraintes cisaillantes qui en résultent. Les évènements majeurs se produisent préférentiellement dans les zones d'aspérité de contrainte cisaillante et leur distribution spatiale du glissement suit une tendance similaire à celle de la variation de contrainte normale le long de la faille. L'analyse révèle aussi que l'hétérogénéité de l'état de contrainte initial influence la régularité du cycle sismique et le comportement long terme du modèle. Les résultats de cette étude paramétrique conforte ainsi l'hypothèse selon laquelle la distribution du glissement cosismique le long des ruptures peut fournir des informations pertinentes sur l'état de contrainte initial et pourrait améliorer notre compréhension de l'aléa sismique. Notre approche expérimentale apparaît donc, comme une méthode complémentaire et efficace pour étudier la dynamique des séismes. / Average seismic cycle duration extends from hundred to a few thousands years but available geodetic measurements, including trilateration, GPS, Insar and seismological data extend over less than one century. This short time observation scale renders difficult, then, to constrain the role of key parameters such as fault friction and geometry, crust rheology, stress and strain rate that control the kinematics and mechanics of active faults.To solve this time scale issue, I have developed a new experimental set-up that reproduces scaled micro-earthquakes along a strike-slip fault during several hundreds of seismic cycles. The model is constituted by two polyurethane foam plates laterally in contact, lying on a basal silicone layer, which simulate the mechanical behaviour of an elastoplastic upper crust coupled with a ductile lower crust, respectively. For each experience about 4000 horizontal-velocity field measurements are recorded. The analysis of model-interseismic, coseismic and postseismic surface displacements and their comparison to seismogenic natural faults demonstrate that our analog model reproduces correctly both near and far-field surface strains. I also performed surface-velocity field inversions to assess the spatial distribution of slip and stress at depth along the fault plane. To compare the experiences, we have developed several algorithms that allow studying the spatial and temporal evolution of the main physical parameters and surface deformation processes that characterise the seismic cycle (magnitudes, stress, strain, friction coefficients, interseismic locking depth, recurrence time, ...). My first results suggest that far-field boundary-velocity conditions play a key role on the seismic cycle by influencing earthquake magnitudes and recurrence time, as well as the capability of the fault to generate characteristic earthquakes. We observed that low loading rate favors rare but large strong characteristic events and high loading rate numerous low to moderate magnitude more distributed microquakes. My first hypothesis is that this behaviour may be controlled by the brittle/ductile coupling at the base of foam plates. For a high loading rate, viscous forces in the silicone layer increase as well as coupling at the base of the foam plates. These features force the base of the fault to slip at a velocity close to the far field velocity and induce a more heterogeneous stress field along the fault favoring low to moderate microquakes. For a low loading rate, silicone almost behaves as a newtonian fluid and viscous forces strongly decrease, allowing the fault to remain locked for a longer period and to accumulate more elastic strain. Stresses are then relaxed by larger seismic events.Finally, I investigate experimentally the role played by along fault initial normal stress variations on coseismic slip and long term fault behavior. Results show that coseismic slip patterns are strongly controlled by variations in fault strength and subsequent accumulated shear stress along fault strike. Major microquake events occur preferentially into zone of major shear stress asperities and coseismic slip distributions follow similar trends than initial normal stress variations along the fault. Moreover, our experiment suggest that the heterogeneity of initial stress state along the fault influence the regularity of the seismic cycle and, consequently, long term fault slip behavior. Results of this parametric study comfort, then, the hypothesis that coseismic slip distribution along earthquake ruptures may provide relevant informations on unknown initial stress state and could thus improve our understanding of seismic hazard.Our experimental approach appears then, as an efficient complementary method to investigate earthquake dynamics.

Earthquake safety engineering of nuclear power plant structures poses several challenges to the analyst and designer. These problems are characterized by highly transient and dynamic nature of earthquake induced excitations, random nature of details of support motions (in terms of duration, frequency content, amplitude modulation, multiple components, and spatial variability), nonlinear nature of structural behavior, geometrical complexity of the primary and a large number of secondary systems (such as, for example, piping, rotors, and machine panels), soil-structure interactions, demands on high level of safety expected of these structures, and general paucity of recorded data on strong ground motions appropriate for the given site. Probabilistic methods offer the most rational framework to base design decisions for this class of problems. The work reported in the present thesis belongs to this broad area of research. We focus attention on studying two classes of nuclear power plant components, namely, a pipework in the heat exchanger segment, and, control and safety rod drive mechanism (CSRDM) and investigate their performance by taking into account complicating features such as differential seismic support motions across multiple supports, nonlinearities at support locations, random nature of dynamic loads and uncertainties in system parameters. Response measures include peak responses, reliability against specified performance criterion, measures of uncertainties in response variables of interest. Chapter-1 provides the functional details of nuclear power plant structures that includes reactor assembly and heat transport system assembly, CSRDM, heat transfer piping networks, and nonlinear supporting devices (such as rod, spring, guide supports, limiters, and snubbers). The discussion brings out the structural mechanics issues that need attention while analyzing seismic response of some of these components. Chapter-2 provides a brief review of literature covering the following topics: Monte Carlo simulation based methods for static and dynamic reliability analysis problems, digital simulation of random variables and processes, treatment of non-Gaussianity in simulations, strategies for variance reduction, models for uncertainty in response using limited samples, data based extreme value analysis, studies on multi-supported piping networks under differential seismic inputs and seismic performance of CRDM structures. The study identifies specific issues related to numerical simulation of nonlinear dynamic response of multisupported pipeworks to differential seismic inputs, uncertainty propagation and reliability modeling in seismic response of pipeworks and CSRDM using Monte Carlo simulations with variance reduction, data based extreme value analysis, and uncertainty propagation using limited samples as topics requiring further research. The problems of numerical simulation of nonlinear multisupported piping systems subjected to differential seismic support motions and drop time characterization of CSRDM structure during a seismic event are considered in Chapter-3. It is noted that commercially available professional finite element analysis (FEA) softwares do not offer a direct means to tackle this class of problems. On the other hand, FEA packages are best suited to produce acceptable FE models which take into account the geometrical complexities of the structures. Thus, the reasonable way to move forward would be to develop external interfaces that take advantage of FE modeling capabilities of professional packages and at the same time enable treatment of complexities associated with differential support motions, nonlinearities and axial rigid motions of subsystems as in CSRDM. The work reported in Chapter-3 describes the efforts expended in achieving this objective. Here the given built-up structure is divided in to a set of linear substructures each of which are modeled using FE analysis procedures. The proposed scheme allows for these FE models to reside in professional FE analysis codes. An iterative time domain scheme for modeling the interaction forces between these substructures is discussed. The set of governing equations of motion are developed in terms of normal modes of substructures in their uncoupled states. A suite of benchmark problems are first employed to validate the procedure developed. Subsequently, the earthquake induced dynamic response of CSRDM structure and the pipeline running between IHX and secondary sodium pump in a typical fast breeder reactor is simulated. The algorithm for simulation of dynamic response of CSRDM and multi-supported pipelines under differential support motions developed in Chapter-3 is employed in Chapter-4 to investigate the questions concerning influence of uncertainties in specifying the loads and the system parameters on the system response. Specifically, the study focuses on quantifying uncertainty in system response characteristics based on limited number of Monte Carlo simulations of the response. For this purpose we draw upon an earlier work by Wilks which specifies the number of samples needed to estimate γ th percentile point of a random variable with β level of confidence. We explore in this Chapter, the application of this idea in the analysis of nonlinear, randomly parametered, dynamical systems under stochastic excitations. In Chapter-5 we turn our attention to the modeling of aseismic reliability of the nonlinear pipework under differential support motions and the CSRDM structure. The performance functions considered for the piping structure are in terms of highest displacements and stresses over a specified time durations while for CSRDM, the performance function is in terms of scram time being less than a specified time duration. We tackle the first problem by using theory of data based extreme value analysis while the second problem is addressed using an adaptive importance sampling strategy. The contributions here pertain to the exploration of data based extreme values analysis as applied to an industrial scale structure and improvisation of algorithmic modifications in the development of adaptive importance sampling density functions. This improvisation consists of selection of sampling points as a judicious mix of points from both safe and unsafe regions. This is shown to reduce the strong correlations that otherwise would be present if samples are taken only from the unsafe region. These studies demonstrate how Monte Carlo simulations with limited samples can be utilized to draw useful conclusions on structural reliability. Chapter-6 summarizes the main contributions made in the thesis and makes a few suggestions for further research. There are five annexures in the thesis. Annexure-1 contains listing of Matlab m-files used for solving illustrative problems in Chapter-2. The details of FE modeling of multisupported system under differential support motions and the details of substructuring scheme used in modeling of such systems with local nonlinearities are provide in Annexure-2. The details of material and geometry of CSRDM structure are provided in Annexure-3. Annexure-4 summarizes the main details of hypothesis tests used in data based extreme value analysis. The algorithms used for converting response spectra into compatible power spectral density functions are described in Annexure-5.

Strong evidence suggests that the Cascadia subduction zone, off the west coast of Canada and the United States, is strongly seismically-coupled and that a possible megathrust earthquake might occur in that area in the near future. A study of tsunami hazards along the Canadian west coast associated with such a hypothetical earthquake is presented in this report. Numerical simulations of tsunami generation and propagation have been carried out using three models based on shallow water wave theory. Three cases of ground motion representing the ruptures of different crustal segments in the area have been examined. Computed results provide information on tsunami arrival times and a general view of the wave height distribution. The outer coast of Vancouver Island was found to be the most strongly affected area. At the head of Alberni Inlet, wave amplitudes reached up to three times the source magnitude. Inside the Strait of Georgia, the wave heights are significant enough to receive closer attention, especially in low-lying areas. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

Performance of bridges during previous earthquakes has demonstrated that many structural failures could be attributed to seismic deficiencies in bridge columns. Lack of transverse reinforcement and inadequate splicing of longitudinal reinforcement in potential plastic hinge regions of columns constitute primary reasons for their poor performance. A number of column retrofit techniques have been developed and tested in the past. These techniques include steel jacketing, reinforced concrete jacketing and use of transverse prestressing (RetroBelt) for concrete confinement, shear strengthening and splice clamping. A new retrofit technique, involving fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) jacketing has emerged as a convenient and structurally sound alternative with improved durability. The new technique, although received acceptance in the construction industry, needs to be fully developed as a viable seismic retrofit methodology, supported by reliable design and construction procedures. The successful application of externally applied FRP jackets to existing columns, coupled with deteriorating bridge infrastructure, raised the possibility of using FRP reinforcement for new construction. Stay-in-place formwork, in the form of FRP tubes are being researched for its feasibility. The FRP stay-in-place tubes offer ease in construction, convenient formwork, and when left in place, the protection of concrete against environmental effects, including the protection of steel reinforcement against corrosion, while also serving as column transverse reinforcement. Combined experimental and analytical research was conducted in the current project to i) improve the performance of FRP column jacketing for existing bridge columns, and ii) to develop FRP stay-in-place formwork for new bridge columns. The experimental phase consisted of design, construction and testing of 7 full-scale reinforced concrete bridge columns under simulated seismic loading. The columns represented both existing seismically deficient bridge columns, and new columns in stay-in-place formwork. The existing columns were deficient in either shear, or flexure, where the flexural deficiencies stemmed from lack of concrete confinement and/or use of inadequately spliced longitudinal reinforcement. The test parameters included cross-sectional shape (circular or square), reinforcement splicing, column shear span for flexure and shear-dominant behaviour, FRP jacket thickness, as well as use of FRP tubes as stay-in-place formwork, with or without internally embedded FRP crossties. The columns were subjected to a constant axial compression and incrementally increasing inelastic deformation reversals. The results, presented and discussed in this thesis, indicate that the FRP retrofit methodology provides significant confinement to circular and square columns, improving column ductility substantially. The FRP jack also improved diagonal tension capacity of columns, changing brittle shear-dominant column behavior to ductile flexure dominant response. The jackets, when the transverse strains are controlled, are able to improve performance of inadequately spliced circular columns, while remain somewhat ineffective in improving the performance of spliced square columns. FRP stay-in-place formwork provides excellent ductility to circular and square columns in new concrete columns, offering tremendous potential for use in practice. The analytical phase of the project demonstrates that the current analytical techniques for column analysis can be used for columns with external FRP reinforcement, provided that appropriate material models are used for confined concrete, FRP composites and reinforcement steel. Plastic analysis for flexure, starting with sectional moment-curvature analysis and continuing into member analysis incorporating the formation of plastic hinging, provide excellent predictions of inelastic force-deformation envelopes of recorded hysteretic behaviour. A displacement based design procedure adapted to FRP jacketed columns, as well as columns in FRP stay-in-place formwork provide a reliable design procedure for both retrofitting existing columns and designing new FRP reinforced concrete columns.

Natural disasters in Argentina and Chile played a significant role in the state-formation and nation-building process (1822-1939). This dissertation explores state and society responses to earthquakes by studying public and private relief efforts reconstruction plans, crime and disorder, religious interpretations of catastrophes, national and transnational cultures of disaster, science and technology, and popular politics. Although Argentina and Chile share a political border and geological boundary, the two countries provide contrasting examples of state formation. Most disaster relief and reconstruction efforts emanated from the centralized Chilean state in Santiago. In Argentina, provincial officials made the majority of decisions in a catastrophe’s aftermath. Patriotic citizens raised money and collected clothing for survivors that helped to weave divergent regions together into a nation. The shared experience of earthquakes in all regions of Chile created a national disaster culture. Similarly, common disaster experiences, reciprocal relief efforts, and aid commissions linked Chileans with Western Argentine societies and generated a transnational disaster culture. Political leaders viewed reconstruction as opportunities to implement their visions for the nation on the urban landscape. These rebuilding projects threatened existing social hierarchies and often failed to come to fruition. Rebuilding brought new technologies from Europe to the Southern Cone. New building materials and systems, however, had to be adapted to the South American economic and natural environment. In a catastrophe’s aftermath, newspapers projected images of disorder and the authorities feared lawlessness and social unrest. Judicial and criminal records, however, show that crime often decreased after a disaster. Finally, nineteenth-century earthquakes heightened antagonism and conflict between the Catholic Church and the state. Conservative clergy asserted that disasters were divine punishments for the state’s anti-clerical measures and later railed against scientific explanations of earthquakes.

The Southeastern US is an ideal location to explore the interactions between mountain-building, rifting, magmatism and intraplate deformation. It experienced the formation of the Southern Appalachians over multiple episodes of orogenesis, continental rifting that formed the South Georgia Rift Basin, and widespread magmatism associated with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP). CAMP was followed by the breakup of Pangea, but the suture between Laurentia and Gondwana from the Appalachian orogeny is preserved in the crust of the Southeastern US. Intraplate seismicity indicates ongoing deformation in the Southeastern US today, but the mechanisms controlling this seismicity are poorly understood. This thesis uses seismic constraints to examine the tectonic history of the Southeastern United States (US). We use new wide-angle refraction seismic data to model crustal and upper mantle velocities in order to investigate the structures formed by mountain-building, rifting, and magmatism. Broadband seismic data are then used to detect and characterize earthquakes in the central Georgia-South Carolina region. Wide-angle seismic data were collected on three profiles crossing major geological features in Georgia to investigate the tectonic history of the Southeastern United States as a part of the SUwanee Suture and GA Rift basin experiment (SUGAR) project. We model VP and VS of the crust and upper mantle on SUGAR Line 2, which extends from the Inner Piedmont to the Georgia coast. We identify a north to south decrease in upper crustal VP/VS at the Higgins-Zietz magnetic boundary, which other recent studies have identified as the location of the suture between Laurentia and Gondwana. This boundary also lies near the northwestern edge of the South Georgia Rift Basin, the southeastern termination of the low velocity zone interpreted as the Appalachian detachment, and localized crustal thinning. Together, these results provide new evidence in support of the Alleghanian suture being located at the Higgins-Zietz magnetic boundary, and suggest that this orogenic boundary influenced the location of subsequent rifting. We compare the VP structures of two SUGAR wide-angle transects that cross western and eastern segments of the South Georgia Rift, respectively. Elevated (>7.0 km/s) lower crustal velocities are observed where the rift basin sedimentary fill is thickest and the crust is most thinned. The quantities of mafic magmatic intrusions are consistent with decompression melting at modestly elevated mantle potential temperatures, such as those estimated for CAMP intrusions. These results suggest that, in contrast with the widespread CAMP-aged magmatism at the Earth’s surface, lower crustal magmatic intrusions in the Southeastern US are limited and localized in areas that experienced extension. These new constraints on the velocity structure and tectonic history of the Southeastern United States are then applied to understand earthquakes in the region today. Using broadband seismic data, we find that earthquakes southeast of the Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone are concentrated within the Carolina Terrane, a particularly heterogeneous accreted terrane of the Southern Appalachians. Within this terrane, seismicity concentrates near rivers and reservoirs, including a sequence of earthquakes in 2013 associated with an increase in water levels at Thurmond Lake on the Georgia-South Carolina border. Focal mechanisms suggest that the earthquakes are occurring on structures that are oblique to the trend of the Appalachians that are more optimally oriented in the modern stress regime.

Recent advances in the use of thermal proxies provide a window into how faults slip during earthquakes. Faults have a similar large-scale structure with a fault core, where earthquakes nucleate, and a surrounding damage zone, but complexities in fault zone architecture and rheology influence earthquake propagation. For example, changes in thickness of slipping layers in the fault core, compositional heterogeneity, and fault surface topography can influence fault strength and either facilitate or arrest a rupture. A further barrier to our understanding of earthquake behavior is in constraining the frictional energy that goes into the earthquake energy budget. Earthquakes can propagate when the energy available at the rupture tip is greater or equal to the energy being expended through radiation of seismic waves, permanent deformation within the process zone, and heat through friction. By quantifying the total energy involved in coseismic slip we can gain a more complete picture of the energy required for rupture propagation and how this may vary across faults. Although fracture and radiated energy can be constrained seismologically, thermal energy requires quantification by other means, and up until recently only few estimates existed for frictional energy. In this thesis I utilize biomarker thermal maturity to quantify temperature rise across multiple faults and explore what this can tell us about earthquake behavior. In chapters two through four, I focus on three large faults of varying structural and rheological complexity. Beginning with the Muddy Mountain thrust of southeast Nevada in Chapter two, I identify thermal evidence of coseismic slip in principal slip zones (PSZs) along this exhumed fault. I show that considerable heterogeneity in the thickness of slipping layers occurs a long a fault and that this has a large effect on coseismic temperature rise and hence fault strength, due to the effect of high temperature dynamic weakening mechanisms. In Chapter three, I move on to the creeping central deforming zone of the San Andreas fault, and show that it has experienced many large earthquakes that are clustered in a 4 m-wide zone adjacent to an actively creeping region. This work shows that the central San Andreas fault and other creeping faults can host seismic slip and should be included in seismic hazard analyses. Furthermore, I demonstrate the potential of K/Ar dating as a tool to constrain the age of earthquakes and find that these central San Andreas fault events are as young as ~3.3 Ma. In Chapter four, I focus on the Hikurangi Subduction zone, which has hosted large earthquakes and regular slow slip events in the past. Here, using drill core collected through the Pāpaku fault, a splay fault of the Hikurangi megathrust, I find evidence of temperature rise in the fault zone and deep hanging wall. Coupled forward models of heat generation and biomarker reaction kinetics estimate that displacement during these earthquakes was likely 11-15 m. These and other splay faults along the margin may pose considerable seismic and tsunami hazard to near-shore communities in the North Island of New Zealand. In Chapter five I explore what we have learned about fault behavior from biomarkers and other thermal proxies. I include measurements from five new faults and compile observations and measurements from past studies to explore how coseismic slip is localized across fault zones and put together a database of frictional energy estimates. Coseismic slip can broadly be described by two different scales of earthquake localization and that this is a function of total displacement, and to a lesser extent, material contrast across the fault. I see that frictional energy is relatively similar across faults of different displacement, depth, and maturity, and conclude that frictional energy is limited by the onset of dynamic weakening. Finally, I put together constraints on the energies involved in the budget to produce the first complete view of the earthquake energy budget and provide estimates of the total energy required for earthquake rupture across different faults.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22418号 / 工博第4679号 / 新制||工||1730(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 KIM Chul-Woo, 教授 清野 純史, 教授 杉浦 邦征 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM