This thesis deals with easements. The main purpose of this thesis is to comprehensively analyse easements according to the effective legislation, the Act No. 89/2012 Coll., the Civil Code. The thesis works with a wide range of judicial decisions, which are related to the topic. This thesis also describes some problems, which may occur in practice. The thesis is divided into an introductory chapter, six main chapters and conclusion. The introductory chapter covers an introduction of the term easements, its actual importance and role in the society and specifies the goal of my thesis. The first chapter is focused on the theoretical backround of easements, which belongs to the absolute property rights, iure in re alinea. The second chapter provides a historical excursion of easements. First, this chapter describes the origin and the importance of servitutes in Roman law. It is followed by the regulation according to the ABGB 1811. The third chapter concentrates on the regulation of easements according to the Act No. 141/1950 Coll., the Civil Code. This Civil Code was vitally important for the term easements, which appeared in the civil code for the first time. The fourth chapter mentions the development of the institute according to the Act. No 40/1964 Coll. This Civil Code contained a plain...

The aim of this thesis is to try to provide an analysis of the legislation of easements contained in the Civil Code, to take into account the case law related to the General Civil Code as well as the recent court decisions and express controversy over some aspects that the new legislation offers. The thesis is divided into four chapters, the first chapter is devoted to a brief definition of easements and the kinds of easements. The second chapter analyzes the historical development of the easements. In the first part of the chapter the Roman law, which was the first to regulate the easements, is discussed. Furthermore, the chapter deals with the development of the easements during the Middle Ages, when the easements were joined by the institute of real burdens. The third part of the chapter discusses the legislation of easements in the General Civil Code, which is an inspiration for the current legislation; the relevant case law is not omitted. Finally, the chapter contains a section dealing with the legislation of easements in the so called Middle Civil Code from 1950 and the legislation in the Civil Code from 1964. The third chapter, which forms the main part of the thesis, is devoted to a detailed analysis of the current legislation of easements contained in the Civil Code. The chapter is...

The aim of the diploma thesis is to present the legal institute of the easements in its complexity placing emphasis on the current legal regulation of this institute in the Czech Civil Code. The diploma thesis deals with the most important practical issues inherently linked to this legal institute with reference to the relevant judicial decisions and suggested solutions of the mentioned problems are presented. The aim of the diploma thesis is also to present the institute of the easements as the institute responsive to the current social conditions undoubtedly reflected in the legal regulation of the institute of the easements. The first chapter of the diploma thesis is devoted to the theoretical determination of the concept of the easements. In the second chapter the most important historical periods related to the institute of the easements are presented, from the ancient era to the present. The most important ancient principles linked to the institute of the easements are discussed and their importance for the contemporary legal regulation is emphasized. Subsequently, the diploma thesis also deals with the origination of the concept of the easements and the conceptual change in the current Czech Civil Code consisting in distinguishing the easements from the real burdens. The descriptions of the...

The aim of the diploma thesis is to provide a description and analysis of the current legal regulation of easements in the Czech Civil Code, especially with regard to its sources of inspiration in the form of the General Civil Code and Government draft of the Civil Code of 1937. The diploma thesis focuses on problematic issues of current legislation, including interpretive methods of their removal and proposals de lege ferenda. The first chapter generally characterizes the easements and describes their theoretical division. The second chapter deals with the historical development of the institute of easements. The concept of servitude in Roman law, which played a key role in shaping the following legislation, is discussed. A treatise on the General Civil Code and the Government Draft Civil Code of 1937, on which the current legislation is mainly based, is published. Attention is also paid to the civil codes adopted during the communist era in 1950 and 1964, which deviated from the traditional concept of easement. Problematic provisions of these legal regulations are analyzed in selected places. The focus of the diploma thesis is the third chapter, which deals with the analysis of the current legal regulation of easements. The definition of easements, their scope and content, subject and methods of...

Easements Abstract The aim of this thesis is to provide readers with a comprehensive view of the legal institution of easements. Thus, easements are analysed not only in the context of the existing legal regulation, but also in the context of their historical development. The aim of this thesis is also to analyse the points of contention in the existing legal framework. To this end, the readers of this thesis are offered relevant expert opinions on the controversial issue. These opinions are supplemented, where appropriate, by the opinion of the author of this thesis, who also gives his view on the issue. Relevant case-law is continuously offered in the thesis to supplement the analysis of the individual sub-aspects. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the definition of the legal institution of easements, with which the thesis further deals. The second chapter of the thesis is devoted to the historical development of easements. Attention is paid in particular to Roman law, which is the ideological basis of servitudes. This chapter also examines the regulation of easements in the General Civil Code of 1811, which was the first comprehensive regulation of easements in the Czech territory, and the Civil Codes of 1950 and 1964. The third chapter concerns the current legal...

Air traffic control teams are responsible for the safe and efficient control of air traffic through corresponding air sectors. When long term imbalances develop between a team's control capability and the level of control demanded by the sector traffic, inefficiencies develop in the control process. These inefficiencies are seen in sectors where traffic is delayed or rerouted due to overworked control teams, while other sectors have low levels of traffic and underutilized control teams. One technique for resolving these imbalances is to change the area of responsibility for the control team by changing the boundaries of their air sector. However, the determination of the appropriate sector boundary change for improving the situation is a qualitative question for Air Route Traffic Control Center officials. This effort reviews the existing expressions for determining the level of controller workload and presents a decision support model for quantitatively evaluating alternative sector boundary changes. A user specified workload expression is separated into workload components and describes the level of controller workload for each sector in a sectored airspace. The model requires a graphical description of the initial sector arrangement, the values for the controller workload components and a description of the proposed boundary change. The changed sector arrangement is computed from this information and the model provides a description of the resulting air sectors and their associated values for the workload components. The result of the proposed boundary change is seen in the changed sector arrangement and the amount of change is determined by comparing the values of the workload components of the initial and changed sector arrangements. Each sector arrangement is described with a data file and numerical tables. The data file is used for plotting a two-dimensional representation of the sectored airspace. The tables quantify the values of the workload components for each air route in a sector at the sector, air route, and air route section levels. In this manner, the model provides a more objective approach for officials to balance sector workloads. / M.S.

The intensification of land uses in the United States results from population growth, rapid expansion in the service sector, and residential land use growth. These trends cause diminishment of open space and increase sprawl-type land development. So-called "livability" issues are of growing importance in many metropolitan and rural areas across the country. Exasperating this transformation of land use, current demographic trends in the U.S. imply a near-future turnover of a large percentage of farmland and open space land in the form of estate transfer. Current U.S. estate tax policy could be accelerating the transfer of open spaces to developed land uses. Local zoning ordinances, as well as state and federal infrastructure subsidies are also compounding this trend. To date, no method exists which evaluates the economic feasibility of open space preservation. This thesis proposes to establish such a method. A landholder may conserve their land parcel in a non-developed use in perpetuity by placing a Conservation Easement on the property. This land value, the development rights of the land parcel, can be donated to a non-profit organization. The landowner may then deduct the development right value from their income tax as a charitable donation. This thesis compares the economic viability of a landholder that donates a Conservation Easement and invests the tax benefits, with that of a landholder that sells their land parcel to development interests. Further, this thesis explores the demographic profile for which preserving open space may be economically beneficial for the donor of a conservation easement. This thesis is the intersection of three literatures, drawing together three separate land preservation paradigms. First, the altruistic philanthropy landowners exhibit when donating development rights without economic impetus. Second, the thesis introduces the income tax benefits, and their investment potential, available in the Internal Revenue Code for charitable donations. Third, federal land preservation mandates and subsequent funding availability is examined. These tools function together to provide implications for facilitating the deterrence of sprawl-type development. Further, these tools will be compared to the current methods of land preservation, consisting of local zoning ordinances and the purchase of development rights by governmental agencies. These current policies possess serious shortcomings in ameliorating conflict between land uses, as well as diverting sub-urban development from prime farm and open space land. Conservation Easements are shown to have applications in the protection of land subject to estate turnover, control of land uses that cause nuisance externalities, and general local land policy. A spreadsheet algorithm in Microsoft Excel Solver format is included that determines the economic feasibility of performing an easement at the individual landholder level. / Master of Science

The present diploma thesis studies the topic of landed servitude, which represents one of the forms of restriction of real estate ownership rights. Landed servitudes form part of the real property rights, in particular of the rights in rem to another person's property. This legal institute dates back to Roman law when, like today, it represented a restriction of real estate ownership rights of one property in benefit of a better use of another property. The base of the landed servitudes is twofold: first, there is real estate for whose benefit the servitude is established (the dominant land) and a real estate burdened by an easment for another property (the servient land). Second, the servitudes limit the property rights of one real estate (the servient land) for the benefit of the owner of the other property (of the dominant land). The institute of servitude is compared between two legislations: Czech, covered by law nž 89/2012, and French, contained in the Frech civil code, Code civil. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Officialservitut är en rättighet där en fastighet får nyttja annans fastighet för ett speciellt behov. Sådana servitut bildas genom beslut av lantmäterimyndigheten eller domstolen. När ett servitut inte längre behövs eller används för en fastighet förfaller det inte automatiskt. Om servitutet inte upphävs blir det onyttigt. Idag finns det många onyttiga servitut som belastar fastighetsregistret och på så sätt även förrättningsverksamheten. Syftet med det här arbetet är att öka kunskapen om onyttiga officialservitut samt att bidra till att på sikt minska förekomsten av belastande officialservitut. Eftersom det bildas relativt många gemensamhetsanläggningar idag kan många servitut komma att bli onyttiga när en anläggning bildas och servitut inte upphävs. Därför är det intressant att analysera varför servitut inte alltid upphävs i en sådan situation samt om någon förändring skulle kunna göras för att minska antalet onyttiga servitut. Genom en minskning av dessa skulle förrättningar bli effektivare och kostnaderna mindre. De metoder som har använts i arbetet är: (1) en litteraturstudie där tidigare forskning, svensk lagstiftning och propositioner studerats; (2) en granskning av förrättningsakter för att analysera hur förrättningslantmätare har hanterat vägservitut som blivit onyttiga vid bildandet av gemensamhetsanläggningar; (3) en intervjustudie för att analysera hur lantmätare idag behandlar onyttiga servitut när de påträffas vid bildandet av gemensamhetsanläggningar. Resultatet visar bland annat att förrättningslantmätare inte kan ta officialinitiativ för att upphäva onyttiga servitut vid en anläggningsförrättning. För ett upphävande krävs en ansökan, överenskommelse eller ett yrkande. Det har också framkommit att fokus kanske inte ligger på att upphäva onyttiga servitut när en gemensamhetsanläggning bildas. Slutsatsen av vad som har störst påverkan på att onyttiga servitut inte alltid upphävs är enligt studien, tid och kostnad. För att på sikt minska förekomsten av onyttiga officialservitut skulle en ”pott” av anslagspengar kunna skapas som lantmätare kan nyttja för att upphäva sådana servitut. Ytterligare ett förslag kan vara att införa en ny paragraf som ger lantmätare rätt att ta eget initiativ till att upphäva servitut som blir uppenbart onödiga vid bildandet av gemensamhetsanläggningar. De berörda fastighetsägarna borde inte bli missnöjda eftersom anläggningen ska tillgodose samma rätt som servitutet gjorde.

This diploma thesis deals with rights to foreign property in the energy sector (electric, gas and heat industry), which are regulated as Energy Act No. 458/2000 Coll. It deals mainly with easements, protective zones, and other public rights to property. This public nature is due to the fact that these rights are established by the law and in the public interest. The aim of this diploma thesis is to evaluate the current and antecedent legislation of the issue of rights to foreign property in connection with the construction of the energy network infrastructure.