yes / Over the past 30 years, the understanding of eating behaviour has been dominated by the concept of dietary restraint. However, the development of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire introduced two other factors, Disinhibition and Hunger, which have not received as much recognition in the literature. The objective of this review was to explore the relationship of the Disinhibition factor with weight regulation, food choice and eating disorders, and to consider its aetiology. The review indicates that Disinhibition is an important eating behaviour trait. It is associated not only with a higher body mass index and obesity, but also with mediating variables, such as less healthful food choices, which contribute to overweight/obesity and poorer health. Disinhibition is also implicated in eating disorders and contributes to eating disorder severity. It has been demonstrated that Disinhibition is predictive of poorer success at weight loss, and of weight regain after weight loss regimes and is associated with lower self-esteem, low physical activity and poor psychological health. Disinhibition therefore emerges as an important and dynamic trait, with influences that go beyond eating behaviour and incorporate other behaviours which contribute to weight regulation and obesity. The characteristics of Disinhibition itself therefore reflect many components representative of a thrifty type of physiology. We propose that the trait of Disinhibition be more appropriately renamed as ¿opportunistic eating¿ or ¿thrifty behaviour¿.

yes / Eating behaviour traits, namely Disinhibition and Restraint, have the potential to exert an effect on food intake and energy balance. The effectiveness of exercise as a method of weight management could be influenced by these traits. Fifty eight overweight and obese participants completed 12-weeks of supervised exercise. Each participant was prescribed supervised exercise based on an expenditure of 500 kcal/session, 5 d/week for 12-weeks. Following 12-weeks of exercise there was a significant reduction in mean body weight ( 3.26 ± 3.63 kg), fat mass (FM: 3.26 ± 2.64 kg), BMI ( 1.16 ± 1.17 kg/m2) and waist circumference (WC: 5.0 ± 3.23 cm). Regression analyses revealed a higher baseline Disinhibition score was associated with a greater reduction in BMI and WC, while Internal Disinhibition was associated with a larger decrease in weight, %FM and WC. Neither baseline Restraint or Hunger were associated with any of the anthropometric markers at baseline or after 12-weeks. Furthermore, after 12-weeks of exercise, a decrease in Disinhibition and increase in Restraint were associated with a greater reduction in WC, whereas only Restraint was associated with a decrease in weight. Post-hoc analysis of the sub-factors revealed a decrease in External Disinhibition and increase in Flexible Restraint were associated with weight loss. However, an increase in Rigid Restraint was associated with a reduction in %FM and WC. These findings suggest that exercise-induced weight loss is more marked in individuals with a high level of Disinhibition. These data demonstrate the important roles that Disinhibition and Restraint play in the relationship between exercise and energy balance. / BBSRC

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2015-03-20T21:54:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Darlise Rodrigues dos Passos.pdf: 2476251 bytes, checksum: 15c196f46fc13108f9e057723d01caa4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2015-03-21T00:06:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Darlise Rodrigues dos Passos.pdf: 2476251 bytes, checksum: 15c196f46fc13108f9e057723d01caa4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2015-03-21T00:06:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Darlise Rodrigues dos Passos.pdf: 2476251 bytes, checksum: 15c196f46fc13108f9e057723d01caa4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-21T00:06:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Darlise Rodrigues dos Passos.pdf: 2476251 bytes, checksum: 15c196f46fc13108f9e057723d01caa4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-01 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Estudos sugerem que diferenças individuais em várias dimensões do comportamento alimentar podem estar associadas ao desenvolvimento do excesso de peso infantil. Estima-se que 30% das crianças brasileiras, entre cinco e nove anos de idade, já apresentam excesso de peso. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento alimentar e o estado nutricional de crianças, na faixa etária de seis a dez anos, pertencentes a uma escola privada no município de Pelotas, bem como descrever diferenças no comportamento alimentar em função do estado nutricional, do sexo e da idade das crianças. O comportamento alimentar foi avaliado através das respostas fornecidas pelos pais das crianças no questionário “Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire” (CEBQ), o qual possui 35 perguntas divididas em oito subescalas: Resposta à comida (FR), Prazer em comer (EF), Desejo de beber (DD), Sobreingestão emocional (EOE), Subingestão emocional (EUE), Resposta à saciedade (SR), Ingestão lenta (SE) e Seletividade alimentar (FF). Foram aferidas as medidas de peso e altura e, posteriormente, calculado o escore-z de Índice de Massa Corporal para idade, a fim de classificar o estado nutricional das crianças em cinco categorias: magreza, eutrofia, sobrepeso, obesidade e obesidade grave. No total, foram avaliadas 335 crianças com média de idade de 87,9 meses (desvio padrão 10,4 meses). Aproximadamente metade (50,7%) das crianças apresentava excesso de peso (26% sobrepeso, 15% obesidade e 9,7% obesidade grave) e metade (49,3%) encontrava-se eutrófica. Nenhuma criança apresentou magreza. Crianças com excesso de peso apresentaram maior pontuação nas subescalas do CEBQ que refletem “interesse pela comida” (FR, EF, DD, EOE, p < 0,001 para todas) e menor pontuação em duas subescalas (SR e SE, p < 0,001 e p = 0,003, respectivamente) que refletem “desinteresse pela comida”, quando comparadas às crianças eutróficas. Apenas as subescalas FF e EUE não apresentaram diferença significativa entre as categorias de escore-z de IMC (p = 0,254 e p = 0,637, respectivamente). De maneira geral, não foram observadas diferenças significativas no comportamento alimentar entre meninos e meninas, exceto para a subescala DD, na qual os meninos obtiveram maior pontuação em relação às meninas (2,80±1,11 versus 2,47±1,07, respectivamente; p = 0,005). Da mesma forma, não foram observadas diferenças significativas no comportamento alimentar conforme a idade apresentada pela criança, exceto para a subescala SE, na qual a pontuação diminuiu com o aumento da idade (p = 0,002). O excesso de peso foi o principal agravo nutricional na população estudada e foram encontradas importantes diferenças comportamentais entre crianças com excesso de peso e crianças com peso saudável. / Previous studies have suggested that individual differences in several eating behavior dimensions may be associated to the development of excessive weight in children. It is estimated that 30% of Brazilian children between five to nine years old have excessive weight. The present study aimed to evaluate eating behaviors and nutritional status of children aged 6 to 10 from a private school in the city of Pelotas, southern Brazil, and to describe differences in eating behaviors by gender, age, and nutritional status. The Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) was administered to parents to assess their children’s eating behaviors. This questionnaire consists of 35 questions divided into eight subscales: Food responsiveness (FR), Enjoyment of food (EF), Desire to drink (DD), Emotional overeating (EOE), Emotional undereating (EUE), Satiety responsiveness (SR), Slowness in eating (SE) e Fussiness (FF). Height and weight measurements were taken. Age-adjusted body mass index (BMI) z-scores were calculated and children were categorized according to their nutritional status as underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese, and severely obese. A total of 335 children were evaluated. The mean age was 87.9 months (SD 10.4 months), nearly half (50.7%) of them was classified as excessive weight (26% were overweight, 15% obese, and 9.7% severely obese) and the other half (49.3%) was classified as normal weight. No child was underweight. Excessive weight children showed higher scores on CEBQ subscales associated with “food approach” (FR, EF, DD, EOE, p<0.001) and lower scores on two “food avoidance” subscales (SR and SE, p<0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively) compared to normal weight children. Only the EUE and FF subscales showed no significant differences among BMI z-scores (p = 0.254 and p = 0.637, respectively). No significant gender differences in eating behaviors were found, except in the DD subscale that showed higher scores among boys than girls (2.80 ± 1.11 vs. 2.47 ± 1.07 respectively, p = 0.005). Also, there were no significant age differences in eating behaviors, except in the SE subscale that showed lower scores as age increased (p = 0.002). Excessive weight was the main nutritional condition found in this sample and significant behavioral differences were seen between excessive weight and normal weight children.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:53:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristina Kuba.pdf: 209415 bytes, checksum: bae040fb5134d9ff7caa5505c2a51629 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-19 / The aim of this study was to quantitatively evaluate Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in garden lettuce (Lactuca sativa) produced in the region of Presidente Prudente, using three cultivation systems: conventional, hydroponic and organic. One hundred and eighty samples of lettuce were collected for six months, sixty in each cultivation system. The lettuces were diluted in fractions 10-1 10-2 and 10-3 and plated on chromogenic agar for Listeria (Aloa Agar - Laborclin ), Baird-Parker agar supplemented with egg yolk (Oxoid ) and potassium tellurite (Laborclin ) for isolation of S. aureus, eosin methylene blue agar (Kasvi ) for isolating thermotolerant fecal coliforms (E. coli) and Rappaport-Vassilaidis broth (Himedia ) and sodium tetrathionate (Himedia ) followed by plating on Rambach agar for isolation of Salmonella. The production systems did not differ with regard to the E. coli (p = 0.582) or L. monocytogenes counts (p = 0.526). The counts of S. aureus in the lettuces cultivated in the organic system were statistically higher than the counts registered in the hydroponic system (p <0.05). The systems evaluated did not differ in relation to the isolation frequencies of the investigated bacterial species. Positive and statistically significant correlations were found between E. coli and S. aureus counts for the hydroponic and conventional systems. The results suggest that lettuces, regardless of the cultivation system, may contain food-borne infectious agents. Thus, improvements in the management system for these crops are recommended in order to strengthen the prevention of infections spread through consumption of raw vegetables. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar quantitativamente Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp, Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus em alfaces crespas (Lactuca sativa) produzidos na região de Presidente Prudente, em três sistemas de cultivo: convencional, hidropônico e orgânico. Durante seis meses, foram coletadas 180 alfaces crespas, sendo 60 de cada sistema de cultivo. As amostras foram diluídas nas frações 10-1 10-2 e 10-3 e semeadas em agar cromogênico para Listeria (Aloa Agar - Laborclin ), agar Baird-Parker suplementado com gema de ovo (Oxoid ) e telurito de potássio (Laborclin ) para isolamento de S. aureus, agar eosina azul de metileno (Kasvi ) para isolamento de coliformes fecais termotolerantes (E. coli) e caldo Rappaport-Vassilaidis (Himedia ) e tetrationato de sódio (Himédia ) seguido de plaqueamento em agar Rambach para isolamento de Salmonella. Os sistemas de produção não diferiram quanto a contagem de E. coli (p = 0,582) e L. monocytogenes (p = 0,526). As contagens de S. aureus das alfaces cultivadas nos sistemas orgânico foram estatisticamente superiores às contagens registradas no sistema hidropônico (p < 0,05). Os sistemas avaliados não diferiram quanto as frequências de isolamento das espécies bacterianas pesquisadas. Correlações positivas e estatisticamente significativas foram detectadas entre contagens de E. coli e S. aureus para os sistemas hidropônico e convencional. Os resultados sugerem que alfaces, independentemente do sistema de cultivo, podem conter agentes infecciosos de veiculação alimentar. Desta forma, são recomendadas melhorias no sistema de manejo desses cultivos a fim de reforçar a prevenção de infecções veiculadas pelo consumo de vegetais crus.

Motivated by the rising prevalence of obesity worldwide and the global need for greater sustainability, I dedicated this dissertation to exploring new perspectives on food decision-making and to advancing neuroimaging and food-related research methods. Despite the awareness that unfavourable food choices can have serious long-term consequences on individual health and on the environment, people often struggle to break out of their dietary habits. Vicious cycles seem to inhibit individuals from shifting to healthier, more sustainable diets. Successful therapies and policies are required to prevent the pandemic development of obesity. Hence, there is an acute need to understand the complex mosaic of food choices, including cognitive, physiological and neuroanatomical factors. Using a randomized controlled trial (RCT) and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI), I was able to uncover a so far undetected potentially vicious cycle of reward-enhanced and calorie-biased food recognition memory. Consequently, the reward- and calorie-bias combined with the over-representation of high-caloric food in our environment might be inhibiting healthier food choices. On the neural level, I assessed the microstructural coherence of the uncinate fasciculus (UF) which connects reward with memory brain areas. The UF's coherence did not influence the enhancement of memory by 'desire-to-eat' in our healthy, overweight study participants. Weight-loss interventions could profit from reward-enhanced memorability by promoting the desire to eat healthier food options. In obese individuals, though, white matter coherence is often decreased and could counteract the success of such interventions. To facilitate and encourage further research on eating behaviour and interventions, I co-developed methodological advancements such as food-related tasks for MRI use, an open-access stimulus database, a tool to evaluate nutrient intake, and the extension of a food picture database by important characteristics. As DWI revealed to be noise- and artefact-sensitive, I also aimed to optimize DWI processing pipelines, namely artefact reduction and white matter skeleton reconstruction. Replicability and sustainability efforts in this dissertation are reflected in the choice of statistical tools and application of Open Science practices.:1 Introduction 1.1 The scope of food decisions 1.1.1 Individuals and their well-being and health 1.1.2 Societal well-being and functioning 1.1.3 Environment and climate change 1.2 The cognition of food decisions 1.2.1 Neural mechanisms of food choices 1.2.2 Food decision-making in obesity 1.3 The research on food decision-making—Methods and Tools 1.3.1 Assessing dietary habits and food intake 1.3.2 Functional neuroimaging 1.3.3 Experimental stimuli 1.3.4 Diffusion-weighted imaging of brain microstructure 1.3.5 Statistical Analysis 1.4 Interim Summary 2 Publications 2.1 art.pics Database: An Open Access Database for Art Stimuli for Experimental Research. 2.2 Same Brain, Different Look?—The Impact of Scanner, Sequence and Preprocessing on Diffusion Imaging Outcome Parameters. 2.3 Nutrient scoring for the DEGS1-FFQ—from food intake to nutrient intake. 2.4 Neurocognitive predictors of food memory in healthy adults—a preregistered analysis. 3 Conclusions Summary Neurocognitive determinants of food memory Implications for the obesity pandemic DWI in Neuroimaging Stimuli in Neuroimaging Food and nutrient intake assessment Open Science and Sustainability References Darstellung des eigenen Beitrags Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit Curriculum vitae Verzeichnis der wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen und Vorträge Danksagung / Motiviert durch die steigende Prävalenz von Adipositas weltweit und den globalen Bedarf an mehr Nachhaltigkeit widmete ich diese Dissertation der Erforschung neuer Perspektiven auf Essentscheidungen und der Weiterentwicklung von Methoden zur Hirnbildgebung und Erforschung von Ernährung. Obwohl bekannt ist, dass ungünstige Nahrungswahl langfristig gravierende Folgen für die individuelle Gesundheit und die Umwelt haben kann, fällt es Menschen oft schwer, ihre Ernährungsgewohnheiten zu ändern. Teufelskreise scheinen Individuen daran zu hindern, zu gesünderen, nachhaltigeren Ernährungsweisen zu wechseln. Erfolgreiche Therapien und politische Maßnahmen sind erforderlich, um den globalen Anstieg von Adipositas zu verhindern. Daher besteht ein akuter Bedarf, das komplexe Mosaik der Essentscheidungen zu verstehen, einschließlich kognitiver, physiologischer und neuroanatomischer Faktoren. Durch eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie und diffusionsgewichtete Magnetresonanztomographie (dwMRT) konnte ich einen bislang unentdeckten potenziellen Kreislauf des belohnungsverstärkten und kalorienverzerrten Lebensmittelgedächtnis aufdecken. Diese Kombination aus Belohnungs- und Kalorienbias, zusammen mit der Überrepräsentation hochkalorischer Lebensmittel in unserer Umgebung, könnte gesündere Essentscheidungen behindern. Auf neuronaler Ebene evaluierte ich die mikrostrukturelle Kohärenz des Fasciculus uncinatus (FU), der Belohnungs- mit Gedächtnisarealen des Gehirns verbindet. Die Kohärenz des FU hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Verstärkung des Gedächtnisses durch das „Verlangen zu essen“ bei unseren übergewichtigen Studienteilnehmenden, da deren Nervenfasern noch gesund waren. Gewichtsreduktionstherapien könnten daher von der belohnungsverbesserten Einprägsamkeit profitieren, indem sie das Verlangen nach gesünderen Nahrungsmitteln fördern. Bei Personen mit Adipositas ist die Kohärenz der weißen Substanz jedoch oftmals verringert, was den Erfolg solcher Interventionen schon beeinträchtigen könnte. Um weitere Forschung zu Essverhalten und Interventionen zu erleichtern und zu fördern, entwickelte ich Methoden wie Aufgaben zu Essentscheidungen und Essensgedächtnis für die Verwendung im MRT, eine öffentlich zugängliche Stimulusdatenbank, ein Tool zur Auswertung der Nährstoffaufnahme und die Erweiterung einer Lebensmitteldatenbank um wichtige Merkmale. Da sich dwMRT als anfällig für Rauschen und Artefakte erwies, hatte ich auch das Ziel, die dwMRT-Verarbeitungs-Pipelines zu optimieren, insbesondere die Artefaktreduzierung und die Rekonstruktion der Nervenbahnen der weißen Substanz. Die Reproduzierbarkeits- und Nachhaltigkeitsbemühungen dieser Dissertation spiegeln sich in der Wahl der statistischen Methoden und der Anwendung von Open-Science-Praktiken wider.:1 Introduction 1.1 The scope of food decisions 1.1.1 Individuals and their well-being and health 1.1.2 Societal well-being and functioning 1.1.3 Environment and climate change 1.2 The cognition of food decisions 1.2.1 Neural mechanisms of food choices 1.2.2 Food decision-making in obesity 1.3 The research on food decision-making—Methods and Tools 1.3.1 Assessing dietary habits and food intake 1.3.2 Functional neuroimaging 1.3.3 Experimental stimuli 1.3.4 Diffusion-weighted imaging of brain microstructure 1.3.5 Statistical Analysis 1.4 Interim Summary 2 Publications 2.1 art.pics Database: An Open Access Database for Art Stimuli for Experimental Research. 2.2 Same Brain, Different Look?—The Impact of Scanner, Sequence and Preprocessing on Diffusion Imaging Outcome Parameters. 2.3 Nutrient scoring for the DEGS1-FFQ—from food intake to nutrient intake. 2.4 Neurocognitive predictors of food memory in healthy adults—a preregistered analysis. 3 Conclusions Summary Neurocognitive determinants of food memory Implications for the obesity pandemic DWI in Neuroimaging Stimuli in Neuroimaging Food and nutrient intake assessment Open Science and Sustainability References Darstellung des eigenen Beitrags Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit Curriculum vitae Verzeichnis der wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen und Vorträge Danksagung

The Three-Factor-Eating-Questionnaire (TFEQ) is an established instrument to assess eating behaviour. Analysis of the TFEQ-factor structure was based on selected, convenient and clinical samples so far. Aims of this study were (I) to analyse the factor structure of the German version of the TFEQ and (II)—based on the refined factor structure—to examine the association between eating behaviour and the body mass index (BMI) in a general population sample of 3,144 middle-aged and older participants (40–79 years) of the ongoing population based cohort study of the Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE Health Study). The factor structure was examined in a split-half analysis with both explorative and confirmatory factor analysis. Associations between TFEQ-scores and BMI values were tested with multiple regression analyses controlled for age, gender, and education. We found a three factor solution for the TFEQ with an ‘uncontrolled eating’, a ‘cognitive restraint’ and an ‘emotional eating’ domain including 29 of the original 51 TFEQ-items. Scores of the ‘uncontrolled eating domain’ showed the strongest correlation with BMI values (partial r = 0.26). Subjects with scores above the median in both ‘uncontrolled eating’ and ‘emotional eating’ showed the highest BMI values (mean = 29.41 kg/m²), subjects with scores below the median in all three domains showed the lowest BMI values (mean = 25.68 kg/m²; F = 72.074, p<0.001). Our findings suggest that the TFEQ is suitable to identify subjects with specific patterns of eating behaviour that are associated with higher BMI values.

Magistro darbo objektas – lieknumo idealai žiniasklaidoje. Darbo tikslas - išanalizuoti skirtingų šalių visuomenėse ir žiniasklaidoje egzistuojančius lieknumo idealus. Darbo uždaviniai: aptarti teorijas, aiškinančias žiniasklaidos įtaką mitybai; išanalizuoti tarpinius žiniasklaidos poveikio kintamuosius bei žiniasklaidoje poveikį švelninančius veiksnius; apžvelgti istorinę lieknumo idealų raidą; išanalizuoti lieknumo idealus, egzistuojančius skirtingose visuomenėse šiandieniniame pasaulyje; išanalizuoti lieknumo idealus, propaguojamus žiniasklaidoje; atlikti lieknumo idealų, propaguojamų lietuviškuose serialuose, tyrimą; atlikti palyginamąją lieknumo idealų propaguojamų Lietuvos televizijų ir užsienio šalių serialuose analizę. Išnagrinėjus mokslinę literatūrą, išskirtos teorijos (socialinio lyginimo, kultivacijos ir t.t.) aiškinančios žiniasklaidos poveikį mitybai bei nustatyta, kad nė viena iš jų nėra pajėgi savarankiškai paaiškinti žiniasklaidos poveikio mitybai ir lieknumo idealui mechanizmo. Taip pat nustatyti tarpiniai žiniasklaidos poveikio kintamieji, galintys skatinti arba švelninti žiniasklaidos poveikį, bei žiniasklaidos poveikį švelninantys veiksniai. Išnagrinėjus istorinę lieknumo idealų raidą nustatyta, kad skirtingu laikotarpiu egzistavo skirtingi grožio bei lieknumo standartai, kuriems būdinga cikliška kaita. Taip pat nustatyta, kad net ir šiandieniniame pasaulyje skirtingose kultūrose egzistuoja skirtingi moterų bei vyrų lieknumo idealai. Išskirti svarbiausi... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object: body image ideals in the media. Objective: to analyze body image ideals prevailing in different countries. Tasks: review theories, contributing to explanation of media‘s influence on one‘s eating behavior; analyze the moderators and mitigating factors of media‘s influence; review the historical development of body image ideals; analyze modern body image ideals prevailing in different societies; analyze body image ideals in the media; research body image ideals, prevailing in the Lithuanian TV series; compare body image ideals, prevailing in Lithuanian and foreign country’s TV series. Methods: analysis and generalization of related literature; quantitative content analysis of body image ideals portrayed in Lithuanian TV series; comparative analysis of body image ideals portrayed in Lithuanian and USA TV series. Having analyzed the wide scope of science literature, theories contributing to explanation of media’s influence on eating behavior were abstracted, and the conclusion that neither of them is capable of giving the complete explanation of the media’s influence on one’s eating behavior process was drawn. It is only explicit that media does influence our self-esteem and eating behavior as a result. Also, moderators capable of either mitigating or intensifying medias influence were pointed out, as well as mitigating factors, that can be used for reducing negative media influence on eating behavior. Review of the body image ideals throughout the history revealed... [to full text]

Abstract Childhood overweight is a serious health concern in developed countries. To help develop obesity prevention and treatment programs for children, knowledge on predisposing factors for childhood obesity and eating behavior in overweight children is needed.. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the prevalence, risk factors and parental recognition of childhood overweight and obesity in overweight children. Another aim was to investigate vegetable consumption and eating behaviour and factors associated with them. The first research material consisted of 749 school beginners in the City of Oulu in year 2003. The second material consisted of 54 eight-year-old overweight children and their 65 normal weight peers. The parents filled in a questionnaire enquiring food and physical activity habits and background information of the children and the family. Parents also evaluated weight status of their children. Food frequency questionnaire was used to evaluate the vegetable consumption of the children and their parents. Eating behaviour was assessed by a series of eating behavior specific questions. Fifth of the children were overweight using internationally accepted criteria. Risk factors for the child's overweight and obesity were as follows: parents' overweight, child’s physical inactivity, skipping breakfast and overeating. More than half of the parents did not recognise their offspring's overweight. Overweight was less likely to be recognised in boys than in overweight girls. Child’s healthy diet and high physical activity were inversely related to parental recognition of overweight status. Normal-weight children and parents ate vegetables more frequently than overweight children. Mother’s consumption of vegetables was the most significant predictor of child’s vegetables consumption. Emotional eating was more common in overweight children than normal weight children and if the child lived only with one biological parent. Mother's emotional eating was positively associated with the child’s emotional overeating. Efforts to prevent childhood overweight should begin in early childhood. A family-oriented intervention with the parents as the exclusive agents of change might be superior to a child-only approach. When guiding parents the importance of physical activity, regular breakfasts and reasonable portion sizes should be emphasized. Healthcare providers should promote awareness of childhood obesity among community. When treating overweight children more attention should be paid to the food habits and eating behaviour of the children and their parents. / Tiivistelmä Lasten ylipaino on merkittävä terveysongelma sekä Suomessa että muualla maailmassa. Ylipainon ehkäisemiseksi sekä hoidon kehittämiseksi on tärkeää saada tietoa lasten ylipainon riskitekijöistä sekä jo ylipainoisten lasten elintavoista. Tämän poikkileikkaustutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää ylipainon esiintyvyyttä, riskitekijöitä sekä ylipainon tunnistamista ja siihen yhteydessä olevia tekijöitä oululaisilla lapsilla. Lisäksi tavoitteena oli tutkia ylipainoisten lasten kasvisten käyttöä ja syömiskäyttäytymistä sekä niihin yhteydessä olevia tekijöitä. Ensimmäinen tutkimusaineistoista koostui kaikista oululaisista peruskoulun vuonna 2003 aloittaneista lapsista. Tutkimukseen osallistui 749 keskimäärin 7-vuotiasta lasta. Toisena aineistona olivat pohjoissuomalaiset 8-vuotiaat ylipainoiset lapset (n&#160;=&#160;54) ja heidän normaalipainoiset verrokkinsa (n&#160;=&#160;65). Lasten ja vanhempien ravitsemus- ja liikuntatottumuksia sekä perheen ja vanhempien taustatietoja selvitettiin kyselylomakkeen avulla. Vanhemmat arvioivat myös lapsensa painostatuksen. Lasten ja heidän vanhempiensa kasvisten käytön useutta selvitettiin frekvenssikyselyllä. Lasten ja vanhempien syömiskäyttäytymistä arvioitiin validoiduilla syömiskäyttäytymiskyselyillä. Tulosten mukaan vajaa viidennes lapsista oli ylipainoisia kansainvälisen painoindeksikriteerin mukaan. Lapsen ylipainon ja lihavuuden riskiin olivat yhteydessä vanhempien ylipaino, lapsen vähäinen liikunta sekä aamupalan syömättä jättäminen ja liiallinen syöminen. Yli puolet ylipainoisten lasten vanhemmista ei tunnistanut lapsensa ylipainoa. Vanhemmat tunnistivat poikien ylipainon tyttöjen ylipainoa huonommin. Lapsen ylipaino tunnistettiin heikommin, jos lapsi söi terveyttä edistävästi ja oli fyysisesti aktiivinen. Ylipainoiset lapset söivät harvemmin kasviksia kuin normaalipainoiset lapset. Äidin kasvisten käyttö oli keskeisin lasten kasvisten käyttöön yhteydessä oleva tekijä. Ylipainoisilla lapsilla oli normaalipainoisia enemmän mielialaan liittyvää runsasta syömistä. Mielialaan liittyvä runsas syöminen oli yleisempää silloin, jos lapsi asui vain toisen biologisen vanhemman kanssa. Lisäksi äidin tunnesyöminen oli positiivisessa yhteydessä lapsen mielialasyömiseen. Lasten ylipainon ehkäisemiseen tähtäävien toimenpiteiden tulisi alkaa jo varhaislapsuudessa. Perheiden ohjauksessa tulee ottaa puheeksi erityisesti liikunnan ja aamupalan merkitys. Lisäksi tulee tukea lasta syömään sopiva ruokamäärä. Terveydenhuollossa on syytä selvittää vanhempien näkemyksiä lapsensa painosta. Ylipainoisten lasten hoidossa tulisi kiinnittää huomiota paitsi lasten, myös heidän vanhempiensa ruokailutottumuksiin ja mielialasyömiseen.

The Three-Factor-Eating-Questionnaire (TFEQ) is an established instrument to assess eating behaviour. Analysis of the TFEQ-factor structure was based on selected, convenient and clinical samples so far. Aims of this study were (I) to analyse the factor structure of the German version of the TFEQ and (II)—based on the refined factor structure—to examine the association between eating behaviour and the body mass index (BMI) in a general population sample of 3,144 middle-aged and older participants (40–79 years) of the ongoing population based cohort study of the Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE Health Study). The factor structure was examined in a split-half analysis with both explorative and confirmatory factor analysis. Associations between TFEQ-scores and BMI values were tested with multiple regression analyses controlled for age, gender, and education. We found a three factor solution for the TFEQ with an ‘uncontrolled eating’, a ‘cognitive restraint’ and an ‘emotional eating’ domain including 29 of the original 51 TFEQ-items. Scores of the ‘uncontrolled eating domain’ showed the strongest correlation with BMI values (partial r = 0.26). Subjects with scores above the median in both ‘uncontrolled eating’ and ‘emotional eating’ showed the highest BMI values (mean = 29.41 kg/m²), subjects with scores below the median in all three domains showed the lowest BMI values (mean = 25.68 kg/m²; F = 72.074, p<0.001). Our findings suggest that the TFEQ is suitable to identify subjects with specific patterns of eating behaviour that are associated with higher BMI values.

Title: Risky eating behaviour in synchronised swimming. Objectives: The objective of this diploma thesis is to find out what is the prevalence of risky eating behaviour in synchronised swimming by means of the EAT - 26 and ORTO - 15 questionnaires. Methods: The theoretical part of the diploma thesis deals with theoretical knowledge about synchronised swimming, diagnostic criteria of eating disorders and disturbed eating behaviour as well as eating disorders in water sports. The research group consists of 133 respondents, who are further divided into two primary groups, namely the group of synchronised swimmers, which includes 72 respondents, and the control group, which includes 61 respondents. The control group is further divided into two subgroups, depending on whether the respondent is registered in a sports club or not. Standardized questionnaires EAT - 26 and ORTO - 15 were used for the research. The questionnaires were completely anonymous and in an electronic form. The results were evaluated quantitatively and processed in the form of graphs in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet editor. Results: The prevalence of risky eating behaviour when using the EAT - 26 questionnaire is lower in the group of synchronised swimmers (8.31 %) compared to the control group (24.58 %). In the control group, the...