Les filières de valorisation de déchets ont été mises en place au cours des dernières années pour répondre à des pressions économiques, sociétales, environnementales et réglementaires. Pour que les produits en fin de vie soient valorisés au mieux, il faut que leur conception soit adaptée aux spécificités des différents acteurs de la filière. L’étape de prétraitement consiste en la séparation des différents composants et matières des déchets. C’est une étape essentielle pour la valorisation de produits complexes comme les DEEE (déchets d’équipements électriques et électroniques), qui sont l’objet de ces travaux. Nos recherches bibliographiques montrent que les méthodes de conception existantes pour la valorisation ne prennent en compte ni la diversité et la nature des pratiques de prétraitement ni les raisons qui poussent à réaliser chacune d’elles. Afin de comprendre l’expertise liée à ces pratiques, nous avons réalisé deux modèles.En premier lieu, un modèle macroscopique nous a permis d’identifier les grands facteurs qui affectent le fonctionnement des opérateurs de prétraitement. Il a été établi en deux étapes : la première étape consiste en la caractérisation des opérateurs de traitement ; la deuxième étape s’attache à la classification des opérateurs de traitement. Afin de développer ce modèle nous nous sommes appuyés sur deux études descriptives de la filière DEEE française. Une étude descriptive qualitative nous a permis d’identifier les raisons qui poussent les opérateurs à réaliser les différentes stratégies de fin de vie et les processus de prétraitement. Une analyse statistique en composantes principales (ACP), a été réalisée afin de développer une classification des opérateurs de prétraitement.Dans un deuxième temps, dans le but d’identifier quels sont les conséquences de certains choix de conception pour la fin de vie, nous avons développé une méthode d’analyse systématique et détaillée du traitement réalisé par un type spécifique d’opérateur de DEEE. Celle-ci nous a permis d’obtenir un modèle microscopique des activités. Afin de développer et d’appliquer la méthode, nous nous sommes focalisés sur le désassemblage manuel d’écrans plats en vue de leur recyclage. Nous avons obtenu des données quantitatives qui constituent des preuves solides pour soutenir le développement de recommandations d’éco-conception. Avec ce modèle nous pouvons développer des indicateurs et des règles de conception quantitatives utilisables en conception de produit.Les modèles macro et microscopiques sont des instruments d’acquisition des connaissances sur l’expertise de centres de traitement qui peuvent être adaptés pour une utilisation dans d’autres filières de valorisation de déchets. / Compliance schemes have been stablished in recent years to alleviate the burden of economical, societal, environmental and regulatory pressures. To ensure the best recovery of end-of-life products, their design has to meet the requirements of the different waste management operators. The pre-treatment phase consists on the separation of components and materials from waste. It is an essential step when recovering complex product such as waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), which is the focus of this research work. The literature research shows that design for recovery methods do not take into account the diversity and nature of pre-treatment practices or the reasons behind them. In order to increase the understating related to these practices we have developed two models.The first one is a macroscopic model whose aim is to identify the main factors that influence the activity of pre-treatment operators. The development of the method involved two main steps: the characterization and the classification of pre-treatment operators. Two descriptive studies of the French WEEE compliance scheme have been carried out in order to develop the method. A qualitative descriptive study allowed us to identify the reasons why operators realize the different recovery strategies and pretreatment process. A descriptive statistical analysis, more specifically, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to develop a classification of the pretreatment operators.The second model that has been developed, a microscopic one, contains detailed information about the treatment operations carried out by one specific type of operator. The aim of this model is to identify what the best and worst design choices are in order to improve product’s pre-treatment. We have proposed a method for manual disassembly analysis to support the ecodesign of flat panel displays. The method enables to obtain quantitative data that provide solid evidence to support the development of eco-design guidelines. It also enables the development of disassembly indicators and recommendations to be used in product design.The macro and microscopic models are instruments of knowledge acquisition on pre-treatment practices that may be applicable to other compliance schemes.

Because of the increasing demand for the provision of energy worldwide and the numerous damages caused by a major use of fossil sources, the contribution of renewable energies has been increasing significantly in the global energy mix with the aim at moving towards a more sustainable development. In this context, this work aims at the development of a general methodology for designing PV systems based on ecodesign principles and taking into account simultaneously both techno-economic and environmental considerations. In order to evaluate the environmental performance of PV systems, an environmental assessment technique was used based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The environmental model was successfully coupled with the design stage model of a PV grid-connected system (PVGCS). The PVGCS design model was then developed involving the estimation of solar radiation received in a specific geographic location, the calculation of the annual energy generated from the solar radiation received, the characteristics of the different components and the evaluation of the techno-economic criteria through Energy PayBack Time (EPBT) and PayBack Time (PBT). The performance model was then embedded in an outer multi-objective genetic algorithm optimization loop based on a variant of NSGA-II. A set of Pareto solutions was generated representing the optimal trade-off between the objectives considered in the analysis. A multi-variable statistical method (i.e., Principal Componet Analysis, PCA) was then applied to detect and omit redundant objectives that could be left out of the analysis without disturbing the main features of the solution space. Finally, a decision-making tool based on M-TOPSIS was used to select the alternative that provided a better compromise among all the objective functions that have been investigated. The results showed that while the PV modules based on c-Si have a better performance in energy generation, the environmental aspect is what makes them fall to the last positions. TF PV modules present the best trade-off in all scenarios under consideration. A special attention was paid to recycling process of PV module even if there is not yet enough information currently available for all the technologies evaluated. The main cause of this lack of information is the lifetime of PV modules. The data relative to the recycling processes for m-Si and CdTe PV technologies were introduced in the optimization procedure for ecodesign. By considering energy production and EPBT as optimization criteria into a bi-objective optimization cases, the importance of the benefits of PV modules end-of-life management was confirmed. An economic study of the recycling strategy must be investigated in order to have a more comprehensive view for decision making.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção. / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-21T11:11:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 205087.pdf: 2377523 bytes, checksum: 0acda5b0851527c5553a12516e149121 (MD5) / Atualmente a crescente preocupação com a questão ambiental tem levado as empresas a desenvolverem produtos ou projetos que causem o mínimo de impacto adverso ao meio ambiente. Na verdade, é importante enfatizar que nos últimos anos a consciência ecológica aumentou consideravelmente em todo o mundo. No campo da construção civil e no desenvolvimento de empreendimentos imobiliários percebeu-se que desenvolver produtos ou projetos ecologicamente corretos cria um diferencial muito grande na conquista de mercados. No entanto os empreendimentos imobiliários durante o seu desenvolvimento apresentam vários problemas estruturais que, se analisados aplicando estratégias e procedimentos adequados minimizariam já no processo conceitual impactos passivos e conflitos de natureza ambiental. A proposta dessa pesquisa é verificar se as fases de estruturação do ecodesign podem ser utilizadas como objeto de avaliação de empreendimentos imobiliários. Destacamos o Projeto de Empreendimento Imobiliário Jurerê Internacional, situado no norte da Ilha de Santa Catarina, como sendo o projeto do qual faremos essa avaliação partindo desde o seu planejamento até sua criação, implantação e execução do mesmo. Ressaltamos que o empreendimento analisado foi vislumbrado através das ações pró-ativas desenvolvidas pelo idealizador do projeto, o Grupo Habitasul, para compensar os problemas ocorridos durante a sua implantação. A introdução do ecodesign em projetos de empreendimentos imobiliários torna possível prever através da equipe do ciclo de vida do projeto as possíveis não-conformidades legais, ambientais e relativas a conflitos ambientais. Os resultados mostraram que o ecodesign poderá vir a contribuir de modo previsivo na identificação de problemas decorrentes da implantação de projetos de empreendimentos imobiliários.Pelo fato de adotar os princípios próximos do ecodesign é que a Habitasul conseguiu desenvolver programas e projetos que a colocaram como destaque internacional.Concluímos que com a utilização do ecodesign problemas decorrentes do desenvolvimento do projeto poderão ser minimizados em todas as etapas do ciclo de vida do produto.

Afin d’aider les concepteurs à considérer l’environnement dans leur projet de conception de produit, tout en minimisant le temps consacré à cette démarche, une évaluation environnementale simplifiée utilisable dès la phase de conception préliminaire a été définie. La démarche proposée vise à intégrer les règles « Design for Environment » (DfE) au plus tôt dans la conception des produits, en proposant une méthode d’évaluation qui traduit ces règles DfE en indicateurs. Pour mener à bien ce travail de thèse, il nous a fallu construire une base des données des Règles DfE, établir une méthode de choix des règles en fonctions du contexte du projet de conception, établir les règles de calcul des indicateurs liés aux règles DfE et mettre en place des représentations adaptées pour l’interprétation des résultats lors de projets de conception. L’objectif ici est de guider le concepteur au plus tôt vers un bon compromis, par des estimations simples. Cette approche est nécessaire afin d’éviter des modifications significatives à la fin des études détaillées et ainsi de nombreuses boucles essais/erreurs en conception. Une étude de cas permet d’illustrer la démarche proposée. / To help designers to consider the environmental issues for their product design project (green concepts and other sustainable and environmental strategies) and to minimize the time spent with this approach, a simplified environmental assessment usable during the preliminary design stage has been developed.The proposed approach aims to integrate the "Design for Environment" rules (DfE rules) early in the product design while proposing a method that translates these rules into DfE indicators (quantitative value).To carry out this work, we had to: firstly build a database of DfE rules, secondly establish a method to choose these rules in the context of the design project objectives, thirdly establish calculation formula for the indicators

L'essor des services et des technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) est généralement considéré comme le marqueur d'une dématérialisation de l'économie – phénomène grandement attendu dans le cadre des discussions sur le développement durable. Nous nous plaçons dans le débat autour de cette hypothèse en questionnant la matérialité des TIC et des services à travers le cas des services informationnels – activités de génération d'information répondant à un besoin décisionnel. Nous examinons plus en détail les services d'optimisation basés sur les réseaux de capteurs – services offerts à l'aide d'informations collectées par des capteurs intégrés dans un réseau sans fil, permettant de surveiller un processus dans le but de l'optimiser, et par là-même de diminuer ses impacts. Nous proposons ainsi une méthode intégrée d'analyse environnementale et d'éco-conception des services d'optimisation basés sur les réseaux de capteurs. Celle-ci permet de déterminer la pertinence environnementale d'un service, c'est-à-dire sa capacité à générer moins d'impacts qu'il n'en évite, mais également de le concevoir avec cette pertinence en vue. Notre apport scientifique réside dans la proposition d'un modèle d'impact pour les services informationnels et d'un modèle de cycle de vie des réseaux de capteurs, ainsi que dans le développement d'un outil d'analyse basé sur la simulation réseau. L'application de la méthode proposée au cas d'un service d'optimisation de la collecte de déchets nous permet de conclure que, si des marges de manœuvres importantes sont identifiables, la pertinence environnementale de ces services ne doit pas être considérée comme acquise, tout comme le potentiel de dématérialisation des TIC et des services. / The increasing share of economic value created by information and communication technology (ICT) and by services is generally seen as a sign of dematerialization of the economy – a step towards sustainability. This thesis is a contribution to the ongoing debate about this hypothesis. It examines the impacts of ICT and services, particularly those of information services – activities which consist of generating information required in decision-making processes. It focuses specifically on optimization services that use wireless sensor networks (WSN): services aiming at optimizing a process (thus diminishing its environmental impact) and based on information generated by a WSN. We present an integrated method that helps to analyze the impacts and ecodesigning optimization services that use WSN. This method allows for determining the environmental relevance of a service, i.e. whether it generates a smaller impact than it is helps to avoid, and for designing the service with this relevance in mind. Our scientific contribution is to formalize an environmental impact model for information services and a life cycle model for WSN, so as to develop an assessment tool based on network simulation. An integral part of this method is the development of an environmental impact model for information services as well as a life cycle model for WSN, which constitute our main scientific contribution. We implemented these by means of an assessment tool based on network simulation. The application of the proposed method to a case of an optimization service for waste collection allowed us to conclude that there is significant room for ecodesign. However, the environmental relevance of those services should not been taken for granted, nor should the dematerialization potential of ICT and services.

La prise en compte des enjeux environnementaux est un sujet très présent dans notre société actuelle. Dans le domaine du développement de produits, l'Eco-conception est une démarche qui permet la considération de ces enjeux en proposant de réduire les impacts environnementaux des produits tout au long de leur cycle de vie. La phase d'utilisation du cycle de vie est une étape cruciale puisque le mode d'utilisation des produits peut avoir des conséquences non négligeables sur leur performance environnementale. Nous proposons dans cette thèse d'enrichir la compréhension de cette phase d'utilisation en mettant en évidence les composantes Kansei qui jouent un rôle dans l'interaction de l'utilisateur avec le produit et qui peuvent être intégrées en amont de la conception de produits à faible impact environnemental. Notre démarche permet de mieux renseigner la phase d'utilisation, contribuant ainsi à la maitrise de la performance environnementale des produits. Nous démontrons à travers notre recherche que l'utilisateur peut être défini, non seulement par des informations basiques que nous retrouvons communément dans la Conception Centrée Utilisateur, mais également à partir d'informations subjectives apportées par la dimension Kansei. A travers nos expérimentations, nous mettons en application deux attributs EcoKansei correspondants aux valeurs et aux émotions afin d'illustrer la modélisation utilisateur pour la conception de produits à faible impact environnemental. L'approche que nous proposons vient en complément au projet EcoUse qui vise à développer une méthodologie d'Eco-conception centrée utilisateur. Les apports de notre démarche sont multiples. Du point de vue de la recherche, une mise en relation de l'Eco-conception et du Kansei, qui sont à la base complètement déconnectées entraine un enrichissement mutuel entre ces deux approches. Du point de vue industriel, une démarche d'Eco-conception appuyée par les études Kansei doit permettre la conception de nouveaux produits qui auront l'avantage d'être à la fois mieux acceptés par les utilisateurs car en adéquation avec leur sensibilité environnementale et en même temps moins impactants pour l'environnement. / The consideration of environmental issues is a very strong topic in our society nowadays. In the field of Product Development, Ecodesign is a methodology that allows the consideration of these issues by proposing to reduce the environmental impacts of products throughout their life cycle. The use phase of the life cycle is a critical step as the way how the products are managed can have significant impact on their environmental performance. We propose in this thesis to enrich the understanding of the use phase by highlighting the Kansei Information that can play a major role in the interaction between the user and the product and thus can be integrated in the early phase of the Ecodesign process. Our approach provides a better understanding the use phase, by contributing to the mastery of the environmental performance of products. Our research points out that the user can be defined not only from basic information commonly used in the User Centered Design, but also from subjective information brought by the Kansei dimension. We carry out experiments in which we implement two EcoKansei attributes corresponding to the values and emotions in order to illustrate user modeling for Ecodesign. The approach we propose is a part of EcoUse project that aims to develop a methodology for user-centered Ecodesign. Various contributions of our approach can be pointed out. For the Research, linking Ecodesign with the Kansei studies, which are basically unconnected leads to mutual enrichment between these two approaches. For Industry, an Eco-design approach supported by Kansei Information enables the design of new products which will have the benefits of both providing less impacts to the environment, and at the same time being more accepted by users as these products match with their environmental sensitivity.

Les pays industrialisés cherchent aujourd’hui à réduire leur consommation d'énergie et à utiliser des matières premières de substitution, notamment renouvelables dont le bois fait partie. Pour promouvoir son usage, le développement de méthodes favorisant son recours dans les systèmes constructifs pour la construction multiétage est nécessaire.La conception d’un bâtiment est multicritère. Des objectifs contradictoires sont à optimiser simultanément. Des solutions de compromis Pareto-optimaux sont par exemple recherchées entre l’atteinte des meilleures performances d’usage et la limitation de l’impact environnemental du bâtiment. Ces travaux portent ainsi sur le développement d’une méthode d’optimisation multiobjectif de systèmes constructifs bois adaptés au multiétage.Des objectifs de maximisation du confort vibratoire des planchers et de minimisation des besoins de chauffage, d’inconfort thermique, de potentiel de réchauffement climatique et d’énergie grise sont pris en compte. La méthode repose sur un algorithme d’optimisation multiobjectif par essaim particulaire capable de proposer un ensemble de solutions non-dominées constituant le front de Pareto. L’espace des solutions est contraint par des exigences réglementaires nécessaires à la sécurité de l’ouvrage. L’ensemble des fonctions-objectif est modélisé sous forme de fonctions analytiques. Les sorties d’intérêt du modèle de simulation thermique dynamique sont substituées par des métamodèles.La méthode développée est mise en oeuvre sur un cas d’étude. Les résultats obtenus offrent une grande diversité dans un panel de 20 000 solutions optimales. Ces résultats constituent un support de discussion entre les différents acteurs d’un projet de construction. / Industrialised countries are seeking to reduce their energy consumption and to use alternative raw materials, including renewables such as wood. To promote its use, multi-storey timber constructive systems need the development of new design methods.Building required a multicriteria design where conflicting objectives must be optimised simultaneously. Research solutions have to achieve the best Pareto-compromise between use performance and environmental impact of the building. This work aims to develop a multiobjective optimisation method of timber multi-storey building.The objectives of maximising floor vibration comfort and minimising heating needs, thermal discomfort, global warming potential and embodied energy are taken into account. A multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to obtain a set of non-dominated solutions which is the Pareto front. The solution space is constrained by regulatory requirements necessary for the safety of the structure. All objective-functions are modelled as analytic functions. Dynamic thermal simulation model outputs are replaced by metamodels.The developed method is implemented on a case study. The results offer a great diversity in a panel of 20 000 optimal solutions. These results provide a basis for discussion between the different actors of a construction project.

The increasing use of natural resources and the pollution it causes calls for new ways of addressing customer needs. Additionally, a more uncertain and complex world also presents new challenges. In this thesis, these new challenges are tackled through inter and transdisciplinary research, which require more interaction across disciplines to tackle complex phenomena. The manner in which companies address customer needs starts from the designing (a multiplestakeholder perspective) of offerings where companies rely on different types of support (guidelines, standards, methods and tools). In this thesis, these offerings, include products, services, systems, and solutions. This plays an important role in the use of natural resources and its impact on the environment. In this Licentiate, I present results to show initial cues on how to design resource-efficient offerings, and more specifically their analysis and evaluation in the early stages of the design process. This type of offerings is suggested to be crucial for the circular economy, which can be understood as a paradigm shift towards sustainability. In this paradigm shift, designing is carried out by taking into account reuse, remanufacture and recycling of products as strategies by multiple stakeholders and companies. Other strategies include providing services, a function or a solution through dematerialization and transmaterialization. The methods used in this research are narrative and systematic literature reviews, thematic analysis and a case study. The results show a lack of interdisciplinary research in the academic literature in subjects relevant to the design of resource-efficient offerings. The results also show a need to clarify what transdisciplinary research entails. Moreover, current practice shows that support used by companies needs to consider several factors for it to be useful, for example, the vision of the company, participation of potential users of the support and everyday operations, among other characteristics. Finally, more practical support coming from academia is necessary to improve its use in industry. / <p>Information om opponent och seminarium saknas</p>

This research addresses the challenge of integrating ecodesign tools into the digital media industry to reduce the environmental footprint of digital products. Despite increasing awareness of sustainability, many digital media experts struggle to adopt these tools practically. This study investigates experts’ perception of the usefulness and ease of use of ecodesign tools and explores influences on their user experience. The research included two phases: a survey and a user study. The survey involved N=93 digital media experts in Europe and evaluated the perceived ease of use and usefulness of ecodesign tools utilizing the Technology Acceptance Model. It revealed the IBM Checklist for Sustainability and the Sustainable Web Design Guidelines as the most useful and easy to use ecodesign tools. These tools were then examined in a one-week user study, involving N=12 digital media experts. This phase included a diary study and user experience questionnaire. Results indicate that practical guidance, clear understanding, efficiency, trustworthiness, motivation, and innovation influence user experience. While sustainability awareness is rising, integrating ecodesign tools into daily workflows remains challenging for some experts. Comprehensive training and guided integration are needed to address these challenges. Ecodesign tools should fit diverse user needs, enhancing relevance and usability across various roles. Incorporating customizable features, clear guidance, interactive learning resources, and alignment with industry standards better support digital media experts and enhance their user experience. This research highlights the importance of ongoing development and refinement of ecodesign tools within the digital media industry.

<p>This investigation strives to determine the level of ecodesign awareness as well as to map the use of methods and tools for this concept in the electrical and electronics industries of Thailand.</p><p>The foundation of the thesis is eight semi-structured qualitative research interviews performed with various people at Thai organisations, an electronics manufacturer in Thailand, and experts from Swedish, Danish and Thai universities. The research method has yielded the following results:</p><p>The level of ecodesign awareness within the country is low, and so is the general level of environmental knowledge. The concept of Life Cycle thinking is mostly unknown, and at best used only to parts of its full potential. The ecodesign education is limited to basic courses at university level and much of the problems with the use of methods and tools for ecodesign can be traced to the lack of ecodesign knowledge amongst its presumptive users. Respondents of this research suggests that the ecodesign knowledge and awareness is significantly higher amongst larger companies with foreign connections than it is amongst Small and Medium sized Enterprises of Thailand, which often have no such contacts.</p><p>At present, efforts are being made to educate Thai companies in ecodesign through networking, seminars, workshops and student/expert internships. These endeavours have been arranged by various organizations with the aid from foreign experts and have resulted in successful ecodesign/redesign of products within Thailand.</p><p>Stakeholder demands such as cost-down or legislation compliance demands are the main driving forces for ecodesign in Thailand, and very few attempts at ecodesign for the pure benefit of the environment are being made.</p><p>Present trends suggest that the future of ecodesign in Thailand will include the finalisation of a Thai-RoHS directive and possibly further work on a Thai-WEEE directive as well.</p><p>As for Life Cycle thinking, practices of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are still basic, but some uses of such LCA tools as SimaPro and GaBi have been proven. Commercial LCA software licenses are considered expensive by most Thai companies and it has become common practice to utilize licenses bought by organisations instead of buying licenses for one’s own company. This results in high costs having to be carried by the organisations and diminishes investment possibilities in other ecodesign fields. At current, LCI data is being requested by companies and might lead to more work being made in this area in the future.</p><p>In conclusion, more effort needs to be put into education on all levels and the application of educational methods and tools is advised.</p><p> </p>