Orientador: Ademar Ribeiro Romeiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T03:24:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Puga_BrunoPeregrina_M.pdf: 3988546 bytes, checksum: 2ec6a540deb81e0516715d97535c75cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A política ambiental brasileira tradicionalmente utiliza instrumentos de comando e controle para o atingimento de suas metas e objetivos. Mais recentemente tem lançado mão de instrumentos econômicos para incentivar os agentes a tomarem decisões ambientalmente desejadas pelos órgãos ambientais. Dentre estes instrumentos, encontra-se o mecanismo de Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais (PSA) que objetiva remunerar proprietários de terra pelos serviços ambientais prestados pela vegetação natural em suas propriedades. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é entender qual tem sido o papel deste instrumento para a governança ambiental da região do Sistema Cantareira, que compreende 12 cidades (em Minas Gerais e São Paulo), sendo responsável pelo abastecimento de grande parte da água consumida na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Para tanto, utilizou-se do referencial institucional e econômico ecológico para analisar as iniciativas de PSA nesta região. A partir disso, o objetivo central é saber qual a possibilidade de expansão desta iniciativa para toda a região, como forma de incentivo ao reflorestamento e adequação ambiental por parte dos proprietários de terra, bem como os possíveis gargalos e desafios / Abstract: Brazilian environmental policy traditionally rely on command and control instruments for the achievement of its goals and objectives. More recently has resorted to economic instruments to encourage agents to take desirable environmentally decisions by environmental agencies. Among these instruments is the mechanism of Payment for Environmental Services (PES) which aims to compensate landowners for environmental services provided by natural vegetation on their properties. Thus, the objective of this work is to understand what has been the role of this instrument for environmental governance in the region Cantareira System , which comprises 12 cities (in Minas Gerais and São Paulo State) , and is responsible for most of the water consumed in Metropolitan Region of São Paulo . For this, we used the institutional and ecological economic framework for analyzing PES initiatives in this region. From this, the main objective is to ascertain the possibility of expanding this initiative to the entire region, as a way to encourage reforestation and environmental compliance by the owners of land and its potential difficulties and challenges / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

The work of Kenneth Boulding is sometimes cited as being foundational to the understanding of how the economy interacts with the environment and particularly of relevance to ecological economists. The main reference made in this regard is to his seminal essay using the metaphor of planet Earth as a spaceship. In this paper that essay and related work is placed both within historical context of the environmental movement and developments in the thought on environment-economy interactions. The writing by Boulding in this area is critically reviewed and discussed in relationship to the work of his contemporaries, also regarded as important for the ecological economics community, such as Georegescu-Roegen, Herman Daly and K. William Kapp. This brings out the facts that Boulding did not pursue his environmental concerns, wrote little on the subject, had a techno-optimist tendency, disagreed with his contemporaries and preferred to develop an evolutionary economics approach. Finally, a sketch is offered of how the ideas in the Spaceship Earth essay relate to current understanding within social ecological economics. The essay itself, while offering many thought provoking insights within the context of its time, also has flaws both of accuracy and omission. The issues of power, social justice, institutional and social relationships are ones absent, but also ones which Boulding, near the end of his life, finally recognised as key to addressing the growing environmental crises. (author's abstract) / Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

This dissertation explores the central role of numbers in environmental policy and discourse, with a particular focus on the "economic turn" in nature conservation. The aim has been to understand and explain why, despite the parallel increase in environmental problems and in quantitative information about the environment, the faith in and focus on numbers to do something about the problems seem as strong as ever. The dissertation draws on discourse analysis and insights from historical and sociological studies about numbers and quantification and combines it within a critical realist methodology. The main empirical case analysed is the UN-backed study of "The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity" (TEEB), supplemented by an historical review of the development of environmental statistics since the 1970s and a review of the developments within conservation science with respect to the role of numbers. The historical review demonstrates a change from biophysical numbers to new measures of equivalence (e.g. CO2-equivalents), paralleling the move from central planning and administrative rationality to neoliberalism and market rationality. While monetary valuation has been much criticised in the environmental politics literature for leading to the commercialisation of nature, this study shows a more nuanced picture: the role of monetary valuation has rather been to "bridge" the transition from administrative rationality to market rationality. It is the newly developed measures of equivalence which allow setting up new markets for financial instruments and compensation schemes for environmental damage. In the case of TEEB, monetary valuation and its related arguments of efficiency, rational decision-making etc., are first and foremost rhetorical since the main recommendations (economic incentives and markets) are taken for granted. The centrality of numbers in current environmental policy discourse is explained by a combination of structural conditions, the search for business opportunities and actors' perceptions of money as the only possible language of communication. Some structural conditions are of a more general kind specific for modernity, while others are specific for the neoliberal era. A main problem with the number focus in environmental policy, is that it allows to not address the underlying drivers of the problems, and hence strengthens the "actualist" perception of reality. The study concludes that numbers have potential as evidence of environmental problems. However, change does not happen by the numbers themselves (contra mainstream economics), but must achieve political support. Further research is needed to understand better how numerical information can be combined with approaches which move beyond actualism, instrumentalism and relativism.

Orientador: Ademar Ribeiro Romeiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T06:26:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TipactiMilachay_MiguelAngel_D.pdf: 7064414 bytes, checksum: 67ab9884438d4999c7f76e07899398d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A presente pesquisa analisa a experiência piloto de gestão participativa dos Serviços Ecossistêmicos Hidrológicos (SEH) da cidade de Moyobamba no Peru, faz uma avaliação dos processos da gestão do piloto Moyobamba para identificar e propor diretrizes políticas que favoreçam os processos de gestão que ainda não estão regulamentados no Peru. Utiliza-se conceitos da economia neoclássica e ecológica fazendo uma diferenciação de ambas para ter diretrizes de desenvolvimento para a análise. Também foram utilizados os conceitos da ciência pós-normal e o principio de precaução. Além do mais, a experiência analisa a contextualização histórica da área de influência do piloto Moyobamba abordando os aspectos físicos, sociais, econômicos e culturais da região, que situa o espaço-tempo para a tomada de decisões, incluindo-se o espaço regional e nacional. Para tanto, abraça as etapas do planejamento e suas interações com o gerenciamento ambiental para identificar e explicar os entraves existentes no piloto e aplica a metodologia multicritério de auxilio à tomada de decisão MACBETH para registrar o conhecimento e valores dos pares involucrados na experiência. Reconhece-se como maiores entraves: a inexistência de uma proposta sustentável da manutenção dos SEH, e as falhas institucionais do governo, tanto de índole de intervenção como de formulação de políticas adequadas que facilitem a gestão dos SEH. Ressalta-se também que o fortalecimento do empoderamento social no processo vivido no piloto se constitui no principal pilar da gestão dos SE em Moyobamba. As considerações finais demonstram que a experiência piloto permitiu fazer recomendações de diretrizes para politicas públicas de gestão dos SEH no Peru. Ressalta-se a necessidade de manter um equilíbrio no desenvolvimento dos elementos dos cluster de relações de mercado, empoderamento e governo identificados, sendo necessária uma intervenção centrada em valores, diferenciada do que o Sistema Nacional de Investimento Público (SNIP) estipula, pois o tema da gestão dos SEH é mais que a soma de execução de projetos pontuais e precisa considerar as complexas interações sócias e institucionais / Abstract: This research analyzes the pilot experience on hydrological ecosystem services (HES) participative management in the city of Moyobamba, Peru. It assesses pilot management processes in order to identify and propose policy guidelines which would favor yet to be regulated management processes in Peru. This work makes use of ecological and neoclassical economy concepts, while distinguishing them both, in order to find development guidelines for analysis. It also utilizes concepts such as the post-normal science and the precautionary principle. The experience's analysis also holds a historical contextualization on the Moyobamba pilot's influential area, focusing on physical, social, economic and cultural aspects in the region, it¿s constitutes a space-time situation for decision-making, includes regional and national space. To do so, this research embraces some planning steps and their interactions with environmental management, in order to identify pilot's hot points and barriers, and applies MACBETH decisions making aid multicriterial methodology to register knowledge and values of stakeholders. The greatest barriers recognized: the non-existence of any maintenance economical sustainability proposal in HES and government institutional failures, concerning intervention as well as formulation of appropriate policies that would facilitate the HES management. Social empowerment through the experienced pilot process is valued, that is the basis for the Moyobamba ecosystem service management pilot. It can be concluded from this work that pilot analysis allowed us to make policy guidelines recommendations for being considered in public policies formulation for HES management in Peru. We emphasize the need to maintain a balance in elements development in the cluster market relations, empowerment and government identified; that an intervention focused on the values apart is needed than the National System of Public Investment (SNIP) states, and that the issue of HES management is more than the sum of implementing specific projects: it has to consider the complex interactions and institutional members / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

Introdução - É fundamental conhecer a visão de Georgescu sobre o que hoje se chama \"desenvolvimento sustentável\". Um economista que contribuiu muito para o mainstream durante grande parte de sua vida, e acabou propondo, a partir dos anos 1970, uma nova visão de sistema econômico, centrada na Termodinâmica. É visto como um dos seus principais inspiradores, senão o principal, pela corrente da \"Economia Ecológica\", que tem como propósito analisar o funcionamento do sistema econômico tendo em vista as condições do mundo biofísico sobre o qual este se realiza. Se ele antecipou questões que hoje preocupam a sociedade, no que diz respeito à sustentabilidade ambiental do desenvolvimento, por que suas idéias científicas não foram levadas a sério? Objetivo - A pesquisa tem por objeto resgatar as idéias de Georgescu, um pensador revolucionário, cuja obra é fonte valiosa para entender relações entre sociedade e meio ambiente. Fonte bibliográfica - O estudo se baseou na obra de Georgescu, nos autores que representam a visão por ele criticada, em artigos de economistas ecológicos, e em publicações de Agências internacionais relacionadas principalmente aos temas energia e aquecimento global. Aspectos Abordados - Abordou-se as rupturas de Georgescu com o pensamento econômico convencional, o debate sobre crescimento versus escassez, e os elementos que fazem dele um precursor da Economia Ecológica. Avaliou-se como seu pensamento ilumina o debate sobre o desenvolvimento sustentável, com ênfase na discussão sobre a transição energética. Conclusão - Tudo indica que a visão de Georgescu sobre o processo econômico representa a primeira revolução científica na Economia, por ter saído do paradigma que delimita as fronteiras do processo econômico onde a circulação de mercadorias pode ser observada. Suas idéias mais incômodas, como a de que um dia o desenvolvimento deverá ser compatível com o decréscimo do produto, contribuíram para o anátema. Nesse começo de século XXI, contudo, elas encontram um ambiente muito mais propício à aceitação, seja pela importância que tem sido atribuída às questões ambientais globais, seja pela percepção de que fenômenos complexos não podem ser entendidos com arcabouço científico reducionista, mecânico e estático. O processo de reabilitação do pensamento científico de Georgescu tem ocorrido principalmente na Economia Ecológica e na Economia \"fora-do-equilíbrio\". / Introduction - It is crucial to know Georgescu\'s view about what is now called \"Sustainable Development\". An economist that made many contributions to mainstream economics during most part of his life, and proposed in the 1970\'s a new view of the economic process, based in Thermodynamics. He is seen as one of the main precursors of Ecological Economics, if not the most important one. Ecological Economics studies the economic system regarding the biophysical conditions of it\'s interactions with the environment. If he really anticipated important questions about the environmental sustainability of the development process, why weren\'t his scientific ideas taken seriously? Scope - This research has the purpose to rescue Georgescu\'s ideas, a revolutionary thinker whose contribution is highly valuable to the understanding of society-nature relationships. Bibliography - This work was based in Georgescu\'s books and papers, in the works of authors who were criticized by him. It was also based in the reading of ecological economists\' papers, and in publications of international agencies, especially those related to energy and global warming. Aspects - The research approached Georgescu\'s revolution with respect to conventional economic reasoning, the growth versus scarcity debate, and the elements that make him a precursor of ecological economics. It was also assessed how his thoughts may illuminate the sustainable development debate, with special emphasis on the energy transition discussion. Conclusion - It seems that his vision about the economic process represents the first scientific revolution in Economics, because he rejected the paradigm that limits the frontiers of the economic process where commodity circulation can be observed. His most inconvenient ideas, like that of development being compatible with \'degrowth\' of the product in the long term future also contributed to his excision. In the beginning of the 21st century, however, they find a more propitious environment, be it because of the importance attributed to global environmental issues, be it because of the perception that complex phenomena cannot be understood with a reductionist, mechanic and static scientific framework. The rehabilitation process of his scientific work has happened especially in Ecological Economics and in the \'out-of-equilibrium\' economics.

Money is the most ubiquitous institution on the planet. It gave rise to literacy, mathematics, sedentary community, and the concept of universal value. Against this backdrop, however, hardly anyone understands what money is. Orthodox monetary theory conceives of money as a neutral commodity that facilitates barter. Presupposing this theory is a dualistic and atomistic ontology in which reality is organized into hierarchically ordered opposites of superiority and inferiority and complex interactions are reduced to summations of their attendant parts. Accordingly, monetary policy is enacted as though money were any other commodity, subject to the barter dynamics of supply and demand. In this manner, the vast majority of money in modern economies is created by commercial banks in pursuit of profit maximization. An interdisciplinary literature conceives of money as a social relation of credits and debts denominated in a unit of account. Such an approach complicates and undermines the assumptions of economic theory and allows for a more effective approach to the problems attendant to modern money. This dissertation draws upon this literature to develop an Ecological Monetary Theory (EMT) that is simultaneously rooted in a social understanding of money, and an ontology of embeddedness. The first chapter draws upon ecofeminist theory to explore the ontological presuppositions of neoclassical economic theory and the monetary theory it informs. It argues that the dualism and atomism central to Western philosophy manifest as the misleading conceptualization that money is a commodity that facilitates barter. It then explores an interdisciplinary literature to argue that barter has never existed as an economic mode and money’s nature lies rather in the unit of account. It then argues that ecological economics must develop a theory of money of its own in order to avoid importing the dualistic ontology at the heart of orthodox monetary theory. The second chapter develops an ecological monetary theory. It does this by using an interdisciplinary literature to answer three closely-related questions: What is money? How does money get its value? How does money get into society? It then develops an ontology of embededdness by exploring the ontological presuppositions of ecological economics and ecofeminism. Then it develops a two-tiered theory in which money’s abstract social nature is mediated against its tangible biophysical claim through this ontology of embeddedness in order to address the contradiction at the heart of both social and material conceptions of money. The third chapter uses ecological monetary theory to test the desirability of a public banking proposal. In such a proposal, the prerogative of money creation is taken from the commercial banking sector and given solely to the State. This returns seigniorage to the public and allows the government to create money for social and ecological purpose, destroying money through taxation in order to maintain the money’s value. This chapter determines that, given certain parameters, public banking is a desirable alternative to the current monetary system.

We aim to investigate the stability of various stock-flow consistent economic models, and the potential causes for economic collapse therein. Through parameter sensitivity analysis, we study models that feature a public sector, an active central bank, and a household sector with independent consumption. Our final, most comprehensive economic system combines all of the intricacies of each model, prominently featuring a demand-driven economy that is stabilized by an expansionary monetary policy. In addition, we incorporate a climate module for each economic system, and analyze public sector intervention through carbon taxes and abatement subsidies. We find that the most common feature of economic instability is a lack of demand, driven by decreases in capital investment from firms, as well as a decline in household consumption. In order to maintain a stable growth path and prevent a permanent economic contraction, we propose the implementations of an expansionary monetary policy, increased public sector subsidies of abatement costs, and stricter carbon taxes. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Society is becoming increasingly dependent on the development of institutions generatingsustainability. In order to speed up this development there is a need to find, evaluate andgeneralize existing institutional mechanisms holding this characteristic. In this study, the current theoretical framework is expanded to describe how an institution shouldbe designed to generate sustainability. To explain this, a distinction is made between short-termefficient markets (currently known as Pareto-efficient markets) and long-term efficient markets(currently known as ‘strong’ or ecologic sustainability). Further, a sustainable development isdefined as a combination of short-term and long-term Pareto-efficiency. This implies that aconsumption decision today cannot make an individual better off, without making anothercurrent or future individual worse off. Green building certifications are an interesting candidate to empirically test the theoreticalframework. An empirical study was made in cooperation with Confederation of Indian Industry -Indian Green Building Council, consisting of 18 qualitative interviews with companies andexperts in the Indian building industry. The main purpose of the study has been to investigatewhy actors engage in green building and green building certifications, or why they do not. Theresults have then been analyzed and put in an institutional context. Building on these results, conclusions have been drawn that bring a valuable perspective to theongoing debate on sustainability. Green building certifications have several interestingcharacteristics contributing to a sustainable development. Most importantly, results areindicating that short-term economic efficiency can lead to long-term mechanisms generatingsustainability. However, there are also limitations to the growth of certifications as an institution,e.g. cultural aspects, risk of ambiguity and insufficient levels of human capital. / Utvecklingen av institutioner som genererar hållbarhet blir allt viktigare. För att påskynda dennautveckling finns det ett behov av att hitta, utvärdera och generalisera befintliga institutionellamekanismer som uppfyller denna egenskap. För att kunna beskriva hur en institution bör utformas för att generera hållbarhet, utökar dennastudie det aktuella teoretiska ramverket. En distinktion görs mellan kortsiktigt Pareto-effektivamarknader (detta är att likställas med nuvarande begreppet ’Pareto-effektiva marknader’) ochlångsiktigt Pareto-effektiva marknader (detta är att likställas med ’ekologisk hållbarhet’). Vidareär hållbar utveckling definierad som en kombination av kortsiktigt- och långsiktigt effektivamarknader. Detta innebär att ett konsumptionsbeslut idag inte kan öka välfärden för en individ,utan att minska välfärden för en annan nuvarande eller framtida individ. Certifieringar för hållbart byggande är en intressant kandidat för att empiriskt testa det teoretiskaramverket. Fallstudien gjordes i samarbete med Confederation of Indian Industry - Indian GreenBuilding Council, och består av 18 kvalitativa intervjuer med företag och experter inom denindiska byggindustrin. Det huvudsakliga syftet med studien har varit att undersöka varför aktörerengagerar sig i grönt byggande och certifieringar, eller varför de väljer att inte göra det.Resultaten har sedan analyserats och satts i ett institutionellt sammanhang. Som institution har certifieringarna flera intressanta egenskaper som bidrar till en hållbarutveckling. Slutsatserna i studien skänker ett värdefullt perspektiv till den pågåendehållbarhetsdiskussionen, framförallt genom att påvisa att kortsiktig ekonomisk effektivitet kanleda till mekanismer som skapar hållbar utveckling. Det finns också begränsningar i tillväxten avdenna typ av institution som kan härledas till t.ex. kulturella skillnader, antalet certifieringar påmarknaden samt tillgång till humankapital.

Växthusgasnivåerna i atmosfären har nått nivåer som påverkar klimatet på jorden. Det här ställer krav på politiska överenskommelser som effektivt kan verka för en minskning av växthusgaser i atmosfären. Kyotoprotokollet implementerades 1997 och innehåller lagbindande krav på medlemsländerna att minska sina växthusgasutsläpp och presenterar utsläppsrätter som styrmedel för att nå målen. Utsläppsrätter innebär att politiker sätter ett pris på rätten att släppa ut och låter verksamheter som förorenar handla med rätterna, vilket enligt nationalekonomisk marknadsteori är det mest effektiva sättet att gå tillväga. Detta kan däremot kritiseras av ekologiska ekonomer som motsätter sig prissättande av miljön. Diskursteori används för att studera vad som har normaliserats med införandet av utsläppsrättssystem och därför inte ifrågasätts. Analysen visade att två diskurser primärt råder i den utvalda empirin; ekonomisk liberalism och teknologisk tilltro. Fokus på vinst, tillväxt, kostnadseffektivitet samt teknikoptimism återkom i alla tre dokumenten och framställs som avgörande för att nå målen för utsläppsreduktion. Utsläppsrätter är ett ekonomiskt styrmedel vars styrka ligger i marknadsmekanismer, men ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv finns problematik med prissättande av miljön; framförallt att det vilar på svag hållbarhet. Även marknadens otillräckliga förmåga att ta hänsyn till moraliska angelägenheter, prissättning av miljön och att ansvarsförskjutning mot företag placerar en större klyfta mellan människa och miljö kan tolkas som problematiskt. / The levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have reached levels that are now affecting the climate on earth. This poses a dire need for politicians to reach agreements to balance the greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere. The Kyoto protocol was introduced in 1997 and contains binding requirements to reduce emissions and presented emissions trading systems as an economic instrument to reach the abatement goals. Emissions trading allows politicians to put a price on the environment and places it on a market, which according to economic theory is the most efficient solution. However, this can be criticized from an ecological economic view that opposes pricing of the environment. Discourse analysis theory allows the study of what is considered normal and therefore not questioned. The study showed that mainly two discourses appear in the empirical material; economic liberalism and trust in new technology. A focus on profit, growth, cost effectiveness and technical optimism appeared in all three documents and are portrayed as paramount to reach the goals of emissions abatement. Although emissions trading is a financial instrument, which strength lies in market mechanisms, there are certain problems which primarily are based on weak sustainability. It also lacks considerations to moral aspects, pricing of the environment and the fact that shifting responsibilities toward companies place a greater gap between the people and the environment.

The need to protect diverse biological resources from ongoing development pressures is one of today's most pressing environmental challenges. In response, "ecosystem services" has emerged as a conservation framework that links human economies and natural systems through the benefits that people receive from nature. In this dissertation, I investigate the science-policy interface of ecosystem services in order to understand the use of ecosystem service decision support tools and evaluate the pathways through which ecosystem services knowledge impacts decisions. In the first paper, I track an ecosystem service valuation project in California to evaluate how the project changes the social capacity to make conservation-oriented decisions and how decision-makers intend to use ecosystem services knowledge. In a second project, I analyze a global sample of cases and identify factors that can explain the impact of ecosystem services knowledge on decisions. I find that the perceived legitimacy of knowledge (whether it is unbiased and representative of many diverse viewpoints) is an important determinant of whether the knowledge impacts policy processes and decisions. For the third project, I focus on the global use of spatial ecosystem service models. I analyze country-level factors that are associated with use and the effect of practitioner trainings on the uptake of these decision support tools. Taken together, this research critically evaluates how ecosystem service interventions perform. The results can inform the design of boundary organizations that effectively link conservation science with policy action, and guide strategic efforts to protect, restore, and enhance ecosystem services.