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En esta tesis se abordan distintos aspectos, que se consideran pendientes, en el análisis estructural input-output, a los cuales por medio de este documento se les da solución.El trabajo realizado, consiste en llevar a cabo un estudio de las principales técnicas que permiten el análisis estructural desde la perspectiva input-output, esto es, por un lado, se abordan los distintos métodos que permiten la identificación de encadenamientos o eslabonamientos y, por otro, se revisa la forma de realizar un análisis de sensibilidad estructural. En lo que respecta a la primera parte, se trata desde dos perspectivas, clásica y de extracción hipotética, sobre ésta base, se proponen algunas mejoras que a juicio del infrascrito corrigen las técnicas ya existentes. En lo que guarda relación con el segundo punto, es decir, el análisis de sensibilidad estructural, se ha planteado una revisión del mismo desde un ángulo que se considera innovador, pues se comparan las diferentes metodologías y a partir de dicha comparación, se propone el uso de una de ellas.Otro punto tratado a lo largo de este trabajo, es la búsqueda de una solución frente a situaciones en las que se aplica una amplia batería de indicadores para llevar a cabo un estudio económico bajo este entorno encadenamientos). Se considera que este aspecto se debe tratar, pues el empleo de un gran número de índices, más que facilitar las conclusiones llevan a una profusión de resultados, que en lugar de aclarar las distintas conclusiones que puedan emanar de los estudios realizados, las oscurecen. Este nos hace creer que la utilidad entregada por un indicador sintético que recoja y resuma la mayor parte de la información disponible, facilita la comprensión del estudio planteado.Por último, en esta tesis se revisa otro aspecto que se considera novedoso, el cual tiene que ver con el efecto que tiene la agregación sectorial en aquellas ramas que permanecen sin agregar. Se considera que tratar este aspecto desde la perspectiva en que se hace, es innovador, ya que la literatura referida al tema, trata este aspecto desde la visión de las ramas que son unidas, y el realizarlo desde otro ángulo, permitió obtener interesantes conclusiones referidas principalmente a los cambios experimentados en los encadenamientos.Los contenidos teóricos recogidos son aplicados a las economías del Sur de Europa, en concreto, a los siguientes países: Francia, Grecia, Portugal, España e Italia.

The concept of Region is one of the elements which has differentiated Regional Economics from other fields of Applied Economics. In spite of this, however, researchers in this field of economic analysis have not paid a great deal of attention to this concept. All too often, Regions have been identified with the politico-administrative units into which nationstates have divided their territory and for which statistical information is widely available. However, a Region can be defined in many different ways. Frameworks which define regions according to analytical/theoretical criteria provide greater scope for applied studies and permit a more complete interpretation of the results contained therein. In this research we have proposed a concept of Region which goes beyond the administrative division of territory. Our regional aggregation has been based on agglomeration economies, one of the fundamental concepts in the fields of Economic Geography and Urban and Regional Economics. In accordance with the work of Polèse et al. (2007), the territory has been classified into analytical regions which take into account the size of the population and the distance from the main urban areas. In doing so, we achieve an aggregation which corresponds with the differences in agglomeration economies across space. However, their robustness in comparison with the administrative units commonly used has - to date - not been evaluated.The objective of the first chapter of this thesis was to prove that the functional regions defined under such economic criteria provide better defined regions - in terms of greater compactness and separation - than the administrative ones commonly used to carry out labour market studies at sub-national level. Using micro data from the last available Spanish Census, the functional and administrative regions are evaluated using the Theil index and the Davies-Bouldin Validation index. Applied to employment (by gender, industry and level of qualification and occupation), both indexes show better results for the analytical regions than for any of the ordinary administrative ones (NUTS I, II or III regions). In other words, the analytical classification generates areas where the distribution of employment is more homogeneous within and more heterogeneous between the regions. Agglomeration economies and distance (to the metropolis) seem to be relevant for understanding the patterns of distribution of employment, either by gender, by industry or by level of qualification and occupation. In practice, this provides a clearer way for identifying local labour markets and explaining their differences and similarities. In light of the results from the first chapter, we suggest the use of this alternative classification -subject, of course, to the availability of data - when carrying out Labour Economics studies that include a spatial dimension. The following chapters have provided two applications of this analytical division of the territory to Labour Economics issues: the factors affecting the probability of being employed (Chapter 2) and the effects that labour mobility and commuting have on the central regions (Chapter 3). In the second chapter, we presented a spatial analysis of employment at local level where, among other factors, the demographic and geographical characteristics can and do affect the outcome. The empirical results support the hypothesis that size - in terms of population - and location - in terms of distance to a metropolis - are explanatory variables for the probability of being employed. In other words, employment depends not only on the personal characteristics of the individuals (level of education, age, sex, etc.) but also on the type of analytical region - as defined in Chapter 1 - where they live. Regarding the importance of location, our results show a significant gap in the chances of being employed between "central" and "peripheral" types of regions, i.e., the closer the region is to the metropolis, the higher the concentration of economic activity and therefore employment. Likewise, the types of regions, i.e., the closer the region is to the metropolis, the higher the concentration of economic activity and therefore employment. Likewise, theexpected negative relationship between employment and the size of the region where the individual lives is confirmed, and this seems to be stronger for non-skilled individuals than for people with university studies. In terms of employability, the largest Spanish metropolitan areas (MA1) seem to be enjoying the full benefits of agglomeration economies while the smaller metropolitan areas (MA2) seem to be suffering their negative effects. Likewise, for urban areas that cannot be considered "metropolitan areas" (UA1 and UA2), size does not seem to be as important as their central-peripheral location. In rural areas (less than 50,000 inhabitants), both size and distance seem to be relevant determinants of employability. In other words, regardless of the level of studies, there are fewer chances of being employed in rural areas as opposed to urban areas and in peripheral rural areas as opposed to central rural areas. Recognizing the importance of these spatially differentiated results should have a significant impact on current policy discussions, shifting the focus from general solutions to more spatially customized ones where size and location are considered. Just as differences in age, gender or industrial structure are taken into account in the design of employment policies (at national or local level), these results suggest that an additional spatial dimension that somehow includes the size and location of the local area where the person lives should be considered. Some important migration policy implications can also be derived when using these alternative functional regions to analyze the direct and indirect effects that the arrival of workers has in the core regions. Spain has experienced over the last two decades an intense arrival of both immigrants and in-migrants to its central regions, and as a consequence (though not exclusively) of these inflows, we can observe internal migrations and/or commuting to some areas that might be more attractive. Using the last available Census, the estimations for Spain of an input-output multi-regional model that includes the possibility of commuting show that the arrival of in- and im-migration to the core generates a set of effects induced by the redistribution of population among other regions. The arrival of workers from the periphery to the core provokes reallocations of residence in all cases (displacement effect).However, the intensity of these reallocations increases with size, which shows the existence of some agglomeration diseconomies associated with big cities. When the possibility of commuting is also considered, the arrival of workers from the periphery to the core generates the reallocation of both jobs (economic activity) and residences. The larger cities are the ones pushing out more residents to other areas, while keeping most of the jobs. In other words, they are becoming attractive areas to work in, but not to live in (due to, among other reasons, high housing costs, congestion or other negative externalities). The oppposite is true for the smaller cities, which are attractive for residing in but for working in. The distributional pattern of residences proves to be different to the distributional pattern of jobs. These results highlight the idea that the effects of the arrival of population are not only felt by the recipient region/city but may generate comparatively far larger effects on other regions in the form of internal migration and commuting flows, something that policy makers should bear in mind. To conclude, surpassing the administrative division of the territory, this classification manages to have explanatory power in spatial Labour Economics topics while including relevant geo-economic characteristics such as location and agglomeration economies. The use of this classification has proved to offer a better understanding of the patterns of distribution of employment (by gender, by industry or by level of qualification and occupation), job opportunities, and of the probabilities of being employed depending on the level of qualification or the degree of attractiveness of a region for working or living purposes. Some other questions spatially related to the performance of regional labour markets remain unanswered. Future lines of research include the application of this classification to the study of labour economic issues such as the determinants of unemployment, inter-industrial labour mobility or the existence of overqualification taking into account spatial factors (i.e. the type of analytical region where the potential worker lives) which are usually ignored.Agglomeration economies and distance play an important role in the location of economic activity, and therefore should affect the labour outcomes once the worker has decided to live in certain type of region. Obviously, such a decision does not have to be permanent, and workers can move in order to improve their labour opportunities. Therefore, a further possible question of relevance is the internal migration decisions between and within analytical regions. That is, can certain regularities be observed? Are people moving from peripheral regions to central or metropolitan areas or the other way round? Are internal migrations better explained in terms of size, i.e. in terms as counter-urbanization or urbanization? Are these movements linked to job opportunity decisions? Can we observe any differences according to their level of qualification? Even more, workers can be employed in a certain type of region but live in another, i.e., we could observe migration on a daily basis (commuting). Is one type of analytical region attracting workers or attracting residents? Do people tend to live and work in the same type of region? Could the analytical division be improved in order to specifically include the commuting criteria used in the local labour markets literature? We believe that these questions provide a fascinating and important future research agenda.

El principal objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral es llevar a cabo un análisis del papel del Servicio Público de Empleo en el mercado de trabajo español. Para ello, se analiza, el marco institucional en el que se desarrolla la intermediación laboral en España prestando especial atención a la gestión descentralizada de las políticas activas de empleo. Posteriormente, se analizan las principales fuentes de información, la Encuesta de Población Activa y los registros administrativos, publicados por el Servicio Público de Empleo Estatal, que proporcionan datos sobre la labor realizada por el mismo. A continuación se contrastan tres aspectos concretos: en primer lugar, se estudia en qué medida, la mayor o menor presencia del Servicio Público de Empleo en términos de colocaciones, está relacionada con la tasa de actividad provincial; en segundo lugar, se analiza la accesibilidad de los parados a las oficinas de empleo así como la existencia de diferencias geográficas en dicho acceso. Finalmente, se estima la influencia del registro en las oficinas de empleo sobre las transiciones laborales de los parados. Brevemente se puede concluir que la labor del Servicio Público de Empleo es más intensa en aquellas zonas con mercados de trabajo menos dinámicos.

En esta tesis se presentan tres ensayos sobre la relación de las personas con discapacidad con el mercado de trabajo. Dichos ensayos contienen tres análisis empíricos distintos con los que se pretende aumentar el conocimiento sobre dicho tema en las siguientes facetas: la labor de los centros especiales de empleo como puente hacia el mercado de trabajo ordinario; los salarios de las personas con discapacidad, con una especial atención a los centros especiales de empleo; y los factores relevantes a la hora de explicar la reincorporación al mercado de trabajo tras una incapacidad permanente. Para su realización se ha utilizado la Muestra Continua De Vidas Laborales, en su edición de 2008, que nos permite identificar tanto a los trabajadores con discapacidad como a los centros especiales de empleo y a los beneficiarios de una prestación por incapacidad permanente. Asimismo, nos proporciona información sobre las trayectorias laborales de estos individuos.

In this dissertation, the pattern and direction of international trade flows will be analysed by taking into consideration different levels of development across countries in the world. A better understanding of the factors explaining trade will help authorities to define specific economic and industrial policies at macro and micro levels in order to promote trade and subsequently economic development and growth in countries at different stages of development.The dissertation analyses in greater detail the role of some of the variables recently considered as determinants of international trade flows. Technological innovation, geographical factors, cultural similarities and trade costs are the explanatory factors that will be investigated in depth. First, aggregated trade flows are modelled as a function of incomes, distance, technological innovation, geography and cultural similarities. Second, a disaggregated analysis is performed to investigate the effect of tariffs and transport costs on bilateral trade flows.Determinants of international trade flows may differ across both countries and sectors. Country and sector heterogeneity issues will therefore be considered when analysing international trade patterns.One of the main devices used to analyse the determinants of international trade flows is the gravity model of trade. Recently, some authors have referred to this model as the "workhorse" of empirical trade. In this dissertation, the gravity model is the main modelling framework used.