An examination of the 13 novels of John Galt on which his literary reputation mainly depends. After a brief account of his life intended to explain influences of place, language and thought which affected his work, these novels are considered in chronological order.1/ Galt's novels are diverse in technique and style and are often innovative, especially the "theoretical histories" and the political novels. 2/ Galt used the term "theoretical history" in a different sense from Dugald Stewart who applied it to a class of speculative enquiry practised by the philosophers and historians of the Scottish Enlightenment. On the other hand, many of his novels reflect the theories about the nature and evolution of society developed by the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment and especially by Adam Ferguson. Galt in fact intended that the novels should be read as "fables" to demonstrate the truth of these theories. 3/ Although it was only one of his modes, Galt was particularly successful in the ironic self-revelation of an imaginary narrator, as in Annals of the Parish or The Provost and in a more elaborate form in Ringan Gilhaize, which is a complex and subtle exercise of the historical imagination. 4/ One of Galt's strengths was his handling of a rich and exuberant Scots which is integral to his humour and characterisation. 5/ The last chapter is an account of the fluctuating standing of Galt in critical opinion. He was highly praised in his own lifetime by Scott, Byron and Coleridge, but he fell into disfavour as taste became more genteel. Interest in him revived in the 1890s, when J.H.Millar drew attention to his "philosophic insight" and relationship to Scottish 18th century thought. Critical attention to him has continued to develop and his reputation now rests on a more solid foundation than ever before.

<p> Canada's population is experiencing a change in its age structure which is increasingly becoming older. This has implications for many of the governments economic and social programs and society as a whole. As labour force participation among the elderly decreases, expenditures for social programs are increasing to supplement seniors relatively low income. The increased use of health services will also strain economies on the provincial level citing the need of increased community services.</p> / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy

In this thesis I examine the status of the rights recognised in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in New Zealand‘s domestic law. I contrast that status with the constitutional guarantees that Brazil, South Africa and Finland provide for these rights, and critique the principal objections made in New Zealand and elsewhere against them. I argue that greater domestic legal protection of economic, social and cultural rights is necessary and propose that they be incorporated into the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.

In this thesis I examine the status of the rights recognised in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in New Zealand‘s domestic law. I contrast that status with the constitutional guarantees that Brazil, South Africa and Finland provide for these rights, and critique the principal objections made in New Zealand and elsewhere against them. I argue that greater domestic legal protection of economic, social and cultural rights is necessary and propose that they be incorporated into the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.

No fim do século XIX, início do XX, começam a tomar forma grupos sociais nascidos das fímbrias de homens livres e pobres: são os remediados. Também denominados intermediários, esses grupos são os setores que migram para a cidade do Rio de Janeiro na passagem do século e iniciam o processo de ocupação das instituições do Estado. Ser remediado é condição suspensa, um estado indefinido cujas características, às vezes, só o próprio sujeito que se denomina como tal sabe quais são. Nesta tese, procuramos encontrar os remediados na literatura de Lima Barreto a fim de aproximar realidade de literatura: consideramos esta expressa aquela e contém as tensões históricas que cabem ao historiador explicitar. Para isso, recorremos à obra ficcional, às crônicas e aos artigos circunstanciais de Lima Barreto, cujas personagens foram selecionadas com base nessa situação de suspensão. Procuramos reconstruí-las e interpretá-las conforme a estrutura econômica, social e cultural do período. Lima Barreto foi um crítico desse processo, pois sua experiência histórica, de homem comum e escritor arguto oscilou nos limites entre ser pobre e remediado. Essa situação particular contribuiu para que o escritor percebesse as ideologias que enformavam a constituição desses grupos que circulavam na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. / In the late nineteenth century, early twentieth, certain social groups born in the fringe of free and poor men the remediados (neither rich nor poor) started to be constituted. Also called intermediate groups, they are people who migrated to the city of Rio de Janeiro at the turn of the century and begun occupying the state institutions. Being in these groups is to be in an undecided condition, an undefined state whose characteristics sometimes are known only by those ones who are in such condition. In this work we try to find out theses groups in Lima Barretos literature to see the extent to which fiction converges to reality and vice versa. In so doing, we consider that fiction expresses reality and contains those historical tensions whose explicitness falls into the historian work. To do so, we recur to the Lima Barretos fictional work, his newspaper/magazine chronicles and his circumstantial articles. We have chosen his fictional characters based on that situation of undecidedness and searched to rebuild and interpret them according to the economical, social, and cultural structure at the time. Because of his historical experience of a common man and sharp writer oscillated between the limits of being neither poor nor rich, Lima Barreto criticized this process. This condition helped him to perceive the ideologies that gave shape to the constitution of those social groups who circulated in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

Rengiant mokslinius tiriamuosius darbus, galimybių studijas, investicinius projektus bei kitus įvairių objektų plėtros galimybes apibūdinančius dokumentus, dažnai atliekama išsami techninė analizė, nuošalyje paliekant ekonominį-socialinį įvertinimą, viena tai lemiančių problemų – nesukurta universali ekonominio-socialinio įvertinimo metodika. Siekdama supaprastinti ir suvienodinti objektų plėtros galimybių tyrimą ir pagrindimą ekonominiu-socialiniu aspektu Europos Komisija patvirtino metodiką „Guide to cost-benefit analysis of investment projects“. Darbo objektas - mokslinis tiriamasis darbas „Navigacijos sąlygų gerinimas Nemuno upės ruože Kauno HE-Lietuvos-Baltarusijos valstybių siena“. Jame pateikiama vandens kelio Kauno HE-Druskininkai plėtros galimybių analizė technologiniu bei ekonominiu aspektais. Norint nustatyti ruožo Kauno HE-Druskininkai paruošimo bei naudojimo laivybai užtikrinimo eksploatacinius kaštus, atsiperkamumą, įvertinti alternatyvius scenarijų variantus, būtina atlikti technologinį bei ekonominį-socialinį įvertinimus. Tai suponuoja tyrimo problemą – optimaliausio ekonominiu-socialiniu požiūriu scenarijaus parinkimą bei įvertinimą. Naudojantis ekonominės-socialinės metodikos gairėmis atliekama 2006 m. LŽŪU mokslininkų VĮ Vidaus Vandens kelių direkcijos užsakymu parengto mokslinio tiriamojo darbo „Navigacijos sąlygų gerinimas Nemuno upės ruože Kauno HE-Lietuvos-Baltarusijos valstybių siena“ duomenų analizė, siekiant parinkti technologiniu bei... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / During prepare process of scientific researches, feasibility studies, investment projects and other objects development feasibilities documentation, the technical evaluation is performed often, the economical-social evaluation isn’t popular as the technical. One of the main problems – the universal methodology of economical-social evaluation isn’t created. European Commission decided to simplify and unify objects development feasibilities documentation, and the methodology “Guide to cost-benefit analysis of investment projects“ was confirmed. The object – scientific research “The navigation conditions development on Nemunas river section “Kaunas hydroelectric power station-Lithuanian-Belarus border””. The feasibility analysis of the Nemunas river section “Kaunas hydroelectric power station-Druskininkai” development is formulated by the technological and economical aspects. Trying to count the expenditure of the adjusting the river section for navigation, the rentability, evaluate alternative scenarios, the full technological and socio-economic evaluation is needed. The main problem of the research is the selection and evaluation of the optimal scenario by the socio-economical aspects. According to this methodology, the data analysis of scientific research of LUOA scientists “The navigation conditions development on Nemunas river section “Kaunas hydroelectric power station-Lithuanian-Belarus border”” was made, tried to select the most optimal navigation conditions development... [to full text]

No fim do século XIX, início do XX, começam a tomar forma grupos sociais nascidos das fímbrias de homens livres e pobres: são os remediados. Também denominados intermediários, esses grupos são os setores que migram para a cidade do Rio de Janeiro na passagem do século e iniciam o processo de ocupação das instituições do Estado. Ser remediado é condição suspensa, um estado indefinido cujas características, às vezes, só o próprio sujeito que se denomina como tal sabe quais são. Nesta tese, procuramos encontrar os remediados na literatura de Lima Barreto a fim de aproximar realidade de literatura: consideramos esta expressa aquela e contém as tensões históricas que cabem ao historiador explicitar. Para isso, recorremos à obra ficcional, às crônicas e aos artigos circunstanciais de Lima Barreto, cujas personagens foram selecionadas com base nessa situação de suspensão. Procuramos reconstruí-las e interpretá-las conforme a estrutura econômica, social e cultural do período. Lima Barreto foi um crítico desse processo, pois sua experiência histórica, de homem comum e escritor arguto oscilou nos limites entre ser pobre e remediado. Essa situação particular contribuiu para que o escritor percebesse as ideologias que enformavam a constituição desses grupos que circulavam na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. / In the late nineteenth century, early twentieth, certain social groups born in the fringe of free and poor men the remediados (neither rich nor poor) started to be constituted. Also called intermediate groups, they are people who migrated to the city of Rio de Janeiro at the turn of the century and begun occupying the state institutions. Being in these groups is to be in an undecided condition, an undefined state whose characteristics sometimes are known only by those ones who are in such condition. In this work we try to find out theses groups in Lima Barretos literature to see the extent to which fiction converges to reality and vice versa. In so doing, we consider that fiction expresses reality and contains those historical tensions whose explicitness falls into the historian work. To do so, we recur to the Lima Barretos fictional work, his newspaper/magazine chronicles and his circumstantial articles. We have chosen his fictional characters based on that situation of undecidedness and searched to rebuild and interpret them according to the economical, social, and cultural structure at the time. Because of his historical experience of a common man and sharp writer oscillated between the limits of being neither poor nor rich, Lima Barreto criticized this process. This condition helped him to perceive the ideologies that gave shape to the constitution of those social groups who circulated in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

Magister Legum - LLM / This mini-thesis examines the issue of the implementation of the socio-economic rights provisions of the African Charter on Human and Peoples‘ Rights (ACHPR) at the national level, in a case study of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). These rights which comprise the right to property, the right to work, the right to health, the right to education and the protection of the family and cultural rights in Articles 14 to 18 of the ACHPR are provided for and guaranteed in the DRC Constitution of 18 February 2006 in Articles 34 to 48 and, accordingly, are legally enforceable under the Constitution. This study was motivated by the fact that despite the enforceability of these rights under the DRC Constitution, the real situation in the DRC remains worrying in that the economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR) of the ACHPR are violated from day to day by the government. The majority of Congolese live in poverty, disease and ignorance; they lack jobs, food and other basic necessities, such as, water and electricity, in spite of DRC‘s abundant natural resources (such as, oil and gas); minerals (such as cobalt, vanadium, manganese, phosphate, and bauxite); iron ore; and precious tropical rain forests. This situation is due to certain reasons, including: bad governance; mismanagement of public finances by political authorities at the expense of the majority; lack or weakness of the institutions or organs of implementation; and the ignorance of the Congolese people about their socio-economic rights even if they are massively violated by their government. Consequently, the marginalisation of socio-economic rights which results in their non-protection and non-realisation in DRC leads to a low expectation of the State and Government by the people, corruption, exclusion, racism, xenophobia, inequality, diseases, poverty, a feeling of betrayal of the people, a crisis of state and governmental legitimacy, popular insurrections and civil war in the country. To prevent the above consequences requires the DRC State to comply with Article 1 of the ACHPR which declares that the Member States of the Organization of African Unity that are parties to the ACHPR shall recognise the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in it and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them. In addition, as the ACHPR complements human rights protection at the domestic level where the rights protected in the Charter should be realised, it is important for DRC to ensure that the ESCR of the ACHPR protected in its Constitution are given full legal effect under domestic law, such that the Charter‘s rights are made justiciable.

Municipal elections that were held on 5 December 2000 ushered in a developmental system of local government, with specific political, economic and social challenges. This first democratic term of municipal councils was based on newly developed local government legislation, and reduced the number of councillors from approximately 12 000 to approximately 9 000. The system was unique, in that it provided for, amongst other things, the designation of certain full-time councillors, and also introduced the office of Speaker. The roles and responsibilities of councillors were clearly stated in law, and this distinguished the envisaged functions for councillors from their former ceremonial duties. Based on recommendations made by the Independent Commission for the Remuneration of Public Office-bearers, the Minister for Provincial and Local Government introduced a remuneration system to coincide with the new term of municipal councils. However, due to certain shortcomings in the newly introduced system, stakeholders expressed their misgivings with the remuneration dispensation that was introduced. This study investigates the evolution of local government in South Africa, and then elaborates on recent advancements made in this regard. The study shows how the roles and responsibilities of councillors evolved. More specifically, it initially attempts to identify relevant provisions that deal with the remuneration of all public officebearers, and then focuses on the remuneration for members of municipal councils. Due to the constantly changing provisions relating to the remuneration of councillors, this study examines all interventions made by government until 14 November 2005, when the Minister for Provincial and Local Government published the upper limits of remuneration to be paid to councillors in terms of the relevant provisions in the Remuneration of Public Office Bearers Act, 1998 (Act No. 20 of 1998). It would be most feasible to implement the recommendations made in this dissertation with effect from the date of commencement of the financial year for municipalities during the second term of municipal councils, in terms of section 64 of the Local Government: Municipal Electoral Act, 2000 (Act No. 27 of 2000). Additional information available on a CD stored at the Merensky Library / Thesis (PhD (Public Affairs))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA) / unrestricted

Content: In today’s business environment, organisations are increasingly reporting their sustainability credentials through different channels. However, in a traditional industry with a complex supply chain as leather, many companies do not publicly disclose details of their sustainability activities, while a considerable number of companies report on the environmental sustainability aspect alone. Hence, this study identifies good practices of sustainability reporting, discussing the sustainability information extracted from the reports of a selected number of companies in the leather industry. A thematic content analysis was used to extract sustainability information from either the website, annual report, sustainability report or corporate social responsibility report of six leather companies. A review of existing literature assisted in categorising different practices under the three sustainability dimensions while a highlight of patterns among practices followed. The results show that the companies are observing a good practice of either dedicating a section of their website to revealing their sustainability activities or utilising their sustainability reports. Additionally, these companies follow a good practice of reporting their activities based on the economic, social and environmental sustainability dimensions, rather than focusing on just one of the aspects. Amongst the six companies, energy efficiency and reduction in greenhouse gases emission were the most occurring environmental sustainability practices. On the other hand, health and safety occurred as the dominant social sustainability practice of the leather industry, while economic sustainability practices have not been well defined, providing an opportunity for future research. Conclusively, the study provides a useful resource for managers and companies in the leather industry to learn from brands that have been embarking on sustainability efforts and assist them in getting a grasp of the concept, in readiness for strategy formulation, implementation and reporting. This study provides knowledge of the sustainability criteria to be met by small, medium sized and large leather supply chain actors on their sustainability journey. Take-Away: 1. The companies are observing a good practice of either dedicating a section of their website to revealing their sustainability activities or utilising their sustainability reports. 2. The companies also follow a good practice of reporting their activities based on the economic, social and environmental sustainability dimensions, rather than focusing on just one of the aspects. 3. Energy efficiency and reduction in greenhouse gases emission were the most popular environmental sustainability practices, health and safety was the dominant social sustainability practice while economic sustainability practices have not been well defined.