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41	Uma análise do crescimento econômico na faixa de fronteira: o caso do Paraná / Analysis of economic growth in the border strip: the case of Paraná Rocha, Alberto Alves da 16 August 2013 (has links) Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alberto A da Rocha.pdf: 4524064 bytes, checksum: 4ca2c5b68ef95250eee21ea868001227 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-16 / The aim of this study was to analyze the evolution of the development of the 139 municipalities that are in the strip of border of Paraná, through analysis of Index FIRJAN Municipal Development Index (IFDM) and the three categories that compose it: IFDM Education, IFDM Employment and Income IFDM health, in the period 2000-2010. For this research, the literature review included the study of the main theories of regional economics for studies of regional development that explains the spatial distribution of development detected in the studies in question. Survey data were obtained from the IBGE, the Federation of Industries of Rio de Janeiro - FIRJAN, Ipardes and Ministry of National Integration. The data were processed and analyzed from the viewpoint of statistical and GIS in the spatial distribution of the results. The results allowed us to analyze and understand the formations of type (clusters) space, positive and negative, in the grouping of the values assigned by IFDM to municipalities under study. Also, you can see the formation of anomalies (outliers) where some municipalities have different values than their neighbors. Results are shown in graphs and maps thematic, produced using software for statistical analyzes that allow the spatial distribution of data to a visual analysis of the final results. / O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a evolução do desenvolvimento dos 139 municípios que estão na faixa de fronteira paranaense, através de análise do Índice FIRJAN de Desenvolvimento Municipal (IFDM) e das três categorias que o compõe, IFDM Educação, IFDM Emprego e Renda e IFDM Saúde, no período de 2000 a 2010. Para a realização desta pesquisa a revisão bibliográfica compreendeu o estudo das principais teorias de economia regional para estudos do desenvolvimento regional que explica a distribuição espacial do desenvolvimento detectado nos estudos em questão. Os dados da pesquisa foram obtidos no IBGE, Federação das Indústrias do Rio de Janeiro Firjan, Ipardes e Ministério da Integração Nacional. Os dados foram trabalhados e analisados sob a ótica estatística e de geoprocessamento na distribuição espacial dos resultados. Cujos resultados permitiram analisar e entender as formações de padrões (clusters) espaciais, positivos e negativos, no agrupamento dos valores atribuídos pelo IFDM para os municípios em estudo. E também, pode perceber a formação de anomalias (outliers) onde alguns municípios apresentam valores diferentes que sua vizinhança. São resultados mostrados em gráficos e cartogramas temáticos, produzidos através de softwares para análises estatísticas que permitem a distribuição espacial dos dados para uma análise visual dos resultados finais. Desenvolvimento regional Faixa de fronteira Municípios paranaenses IFDM Geoestatística Economia, social Indicadores de desenvolvimento Economia regional - Paraná Indicadores econômicos - Paraná Indicadores sociais - Paraná Fronteiras - Paraná Disparidades econômicas regionais Economia espacial Regional development Frontier strip Municipalities paranaenses IFDM Geostatistics Economic, social Development indicators
42	ENTI TERRITORIALI MINORI NELL'ARCHITETTURA EUROPEA / LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE MARZETTA, CRISTIAN 16 April 2018 (has links) Negli ultimi decenni si segnalano due linee di tendenza in Europa: il ravvicinamento delle normative che interessano gli Enti territoriali minori (Comuni, Province e Città metropolitane), con una valorizzazione di tali realtà (ad eccezione della fase successiva alla recente crisi economica) ed un processo di progressivo spostamento delle decisioni dagli Stati membri all’Unione europea. È interessante comprendere, e lo si è fatto nel presente lavoro, come i due fenomeni si correlino ed in particolare, quanto influisca l’Unione europea sulle articolazioni interne degli Stati membri. La ricerca si concentra quindi sull’evoluzione della disciplina degli Enti territoriali minori non solo in Italia, ma anche negli altri Stati membri dell’Unione europea, al fine di apprezzarne le differenze e per evidenziare le linee di tendenza che accomunano i diversi ordinamenti (anche alla luce delle più recenti riforme). Quanto alla disciplina dell’Unione europea un’attenzione particolare viene dedicata, oltre che ai principi generali espressi nelle fonti primarie, anche all’analisi di specifiche politiche che prendono in considerazione la posizione dei livelli locali (ed in primo luogo le politiche di coesione economica, sociale e territoriale). Si è potuto così confrontare i dati per comprendere se ed in quale misura le riforme che hanno interessato gli Enti territoriali minori siano state indotte dalla normativa, dalle politiche e dalle azioni dell’Unione europea. Si è cercato infine di delineare il possibile e futuro ruolo degli Enti territoriali minori nell’architettura europea, in un’ottica di possibile federalismo multilivello. / During last decades, two trends have been underlined in Europe: laws on local authorities (municipalities, provinces and metropolitan areas) are getting less differing, enhancing the role of these entities (except for the phase following latest economic crisis) and we see a progressive transfer of decision-making powers from National States to European Union. It’s interesting – as it was done in this study – to understand how the two trends are connected and, particularly, how the European Union influences local authorities of member States. In order to appreciate differences and underline trends who associate different systems (also in the light of recent reforms), the analysis is focused on the evolution of legislation about local authorities, not only in Italy, but also in other States of European Union, Then, turning to European Union legislation, particular attention is dedicated not only to general principles listed into primary law, but also to the analysis of specific policies endowed with consideration for the role of local levels (primarily the policies about economic, social and territorial cohesion). In this way, a data comparison was made possible to understand whether the reforms interesting local authorities in recent past has been generated by legislation, by policies and actions of European Union, and to what extent. Finally, an attempt to outline the possible and future role of local Authorities into European architecture has been made, in a potential multi-level federalism perspective. IUS/14: DIRITTO DELL'UNIONE EUROPEA IUS/10: DIRITTO AMMINISTRATIVO IUS/09: ISTITUZIONI DI DIRITTO PUBBLICO
43	The right to health in the global economy : reading human rights obligations into the patent regime of the WTO-TRIPS Agreement Musungu, Sisule Fredrick January 2001 (has links) "The implementation of the TRIPS Agreement, within the wider context of globalisation, has brought about a conflict between the obligation of states to promote and protect health and the achievement of economic goals pursued under the WTO regime. Since trade is the driving engine of globalisation, it is imperative that, at the very least, rules governing it do not violate human rights but rather promote them. The problem of IP and the right to health therefore lies in ensuring that the integration of economic rules and institutional operations in relation to IPRs coincide with states’ obligations to promote and protect public health. ... This study centres on the specific debate about health and IPRs in the context of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the WTO rules on IP protection. In terms of a human rights approach to the TRIPS Agreement, the ICESCR has been chosen for several reasons. First, the ICESCR specifically recognises both the right to health and the right to the protection of inventions in clearer terms than any other human rights instrument. Secondly, at least 111 of the state parties to the ICESCR are also members of the WTO including a large number of developing countries. Thirdly, if one sees the ICESCR as a vehicle for the fulfilment of the obligation to promote and protect human rights under the United Nations Organisation’s (UN) Charter, it can be argued that in line with article 103, the implementation and interpretation of TRIPS by all UN members states must take into account basic human rights. However, even with primary focus being on the ICESCR, most of the discussion on practical issues will focus on the experiences in Sub-Saharan Africa because the inequalities and problems of access to health care are most dramatically played out in this part of the world. The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between the obligation of states to progressively realise and guarantee the right to health, and the IP rules under the TRIPS Agreement. The specific objective is to examine the relationship between the exceptions under the TRIPS Agreement and the obligation to protect health and the identification of a consistent way of achieving a convergence between the implementation and interpretation of the rules of the two regimes in the area of health." -- Chapter 1 / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2001. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM Right to health Access to medicine International human rights law Human rights Intellectual property Pharmaceutical patents Globalization Access to health care World trade organization (WTO) UCTD
44	Commander au long cours depuis la Guyenne : les capitaines de navire bordelais au XVIIIe siècle / Commanding from Guyenne : Ship captains in Bordeaux in the 18th century Candelon-Boudet, Frédéric 05 September 2018 (has links) L’activité du port de Bordeaux en plein essor au XVIIIe siècle est bien connue des historiens modernistes. Paradoxalement, les développements consacrés aux professionnels embarqués sur les gréements sont plus rares, alors qu’une telle étude a déjà été réalisée pour la capitale de la Guyenne à la fin du Moyen-âge. Parmi les « gens de mer » demeurés dans l’ombre, les capitaines de navire se démarquent à plus d’un titre. Par la charge symbolique mais aussi juridique que revêt la fonction, en premier lieu, dans le convoi des hommes et des marchandises au-delà des océans. Par le champ de compétences étendu que recouvre la profession, ensuite. Les commandants de bord doivent en effet non seulement être en capacité de piloter un bâtiment au long cours, mais en outre diriger un équipage bigarré, tout en versant dans le commerce au moment jugé le plus opportun. Les capitaines apparaissent ainsi comme des acteurs incontournables des échanges maritimes à l'époque moderne, cernés par un océan d’archives dont l’importance des fonds conservés à Bordeaux, en dépit des ravages du temps, rend parfaitement compte. Par les perspectives de mobilité sociale offertes par le métier, en dernier lieu. Affiliée aux négociants avec lesquels elle partage une même communauté de vues et de pratiques, contrôlant l’information, brouillant les pistes entre les acteurs de l’échange, la figure du « capitaine-géreur » placée à la tête des expéditions maritimes ou paradant parmi les cercles mondains révèle une confusion des genres pouvant induire des changements d’état. Il s’agit de déterminer si le négoce à temps plein constitue un horizon accessible puis pérenne, parmi d’autres opportunités de reconversion à portée du groupe. Alors que le commerce colonial et négrier assure la prospérité de la capitale de la Guyenne, c’est l’identité de la profession via sa capacité à se fondre parmi les élites urbaines qui questionne, de la Régence à la Révolution française. / Modern historians have good knowledge of the 18th century growth of Bordeaux harbour activity. But works about crew members are scarce while paradoxically such a study had already been led for the « Guyenne » capital as early as in the end of the Middle Ages. Ship commanders stand out from all other rather discreet socio-professional categories related to sailors for many reasons : first, because of the symbolical and legal dimension of their occupation which implies their responsibility whenever it comes to the transportation of men and goods ; secondly, because of their huge fields of expertise, like to be able to steer boats over long distance, to handle crews of dozens of members or to carry out commercial transactions ; last, but not least, because of the social mobility offered by their position. Highly documented in a rich archive collection kept and preserved in Bordeaux, captains have turned into key players of the maritime trade of the modern era. By frequently working and diverting themselves with traders and ship owners, they developed a trusting relationship with them. The question is to determine how this cooperation was shaped, and to know if trading or ship armament were possible career changes within the reach of captains, and if not, how they could integrate the urban elites at work under the « Ancien Régime ». When the colonial and slave trade ensured the Bordeaux harbour’s prosperity, it is the identity of the merchant navy ship commanders working from the capital of « Guyenne » that will be here studied, from the Regency to the French Revolution. Histoire urbaine Histoire maritime Guyenne Bordeaux Port Amirauté XVIIIe siècle Colonies Capitaine Commandement maritime Gens de mer Long-cours Pilote hauturier Armement Négoce Commerce Vivres Cargaison Pacotille Correspondance Exclusif Traite négrière Bourgeoisie Élites Sociabilités Ostentation Urban history Economic, social and cultural history Maritime history Admiralty of Guyenne Bordeaux Eighteenth Century Harbour Captain Sailors Merchant ship Steering Colonies Arming ship Supplies Correspondence Exclusive Slave trade Middle-class Elites Sociability
45	Caledon Township: A Geographical Appreication Davies, Leonard Llewellyn 02 1900 (has links) No abstract provided / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

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