"By promoting and defending human rights and freedoms, by promoting the participation of African civil society in the implementation of the policies and programmes of the African Union (AU), and by forging greater partnership between social and professional groups and governments, the Economic, Social and Cultural Council (ECOSOCC) will play a critical role in the promotion and protection of human rights in Africa. However, it is far from clear how this important organ is related to human rights organs of the AU which includes the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (the African Commission), the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights (the African Court) and the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (Committee of Experts). How can effective relationships between ECOSOCC on the one hand, and these human rights organs on the other, be achieved for the realisation of the human rights mandate of ECOSOCC? ... The essay comprises five chapters. Chapter one is [an] introduction and begins by posing the research question and the justification for the research. Chapter two gives the introduction of ECOSOCC, its background, structure and mandates and looks into the satutes of ECOSOCC, its draft rules of procedure and its strategic plan for the years 2005-2007. Chapter three makes a comparative analysis with other regional human rights sytems, namely the Council of Europe and the Organisation of American States as a point of inspiration for the African system. Under chapter four, the research discusses and analyses the possible relationships and coordinative mechanisms ECOSOCC can create with the human rights organs of the African Union in order to fulfil its human rights mandate. Chapter five makes a conclusion and concrete recommendations." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006. / Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Alejandro Lorite Escorihuela at the Faculty of Law, American University in Cairo, Egypt / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

"The OAU was a state-centric system. It is only in the last years of its existence and in the transition from the OAU to the AU that discussions on modalities for facilitating civil society participation in its activiites commenced. The AU Act emphasises the need to build partnerships between governments and all sectors of civil society. Enhancing civil society participation is one of the AU's objectives and principles. To achieve this objective, the AU Act created the Economic, Social and Cultural Council (ECOSOCC) as an AU organ. ... Following this introductory chapter, the second chapter will analyse ECOSOCC's legal framework and structure in relation to its facilitation of civil society participation in the AU. ECOSOCC's legal framework's conceptualisation of civil society and the concerns it raises will be discussed. Linked to the conceptualisation of civil society is the role ECOSOCC will play within the AU institutional structure, therefore this will also be discussed. In addition, ECOSOCC's legal framework will be analysed to identify whether it is in line with associative or deliberative democarcy. An examination of how ECOSOCC can utilise its linkages with the other AU organs to channel civil society's views will also be carried out. The discussion of the ESC and UN ECOSOC and the lessons to be learnt from them will be done in the third chapter. The fourth chapter will set out the study's conclusions and recommendations." -- Introduction / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006. / Prepared under the supervision of Mr. Mohamed Habib at the Faculty of Law, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Social Economic Rights are included in the South African Constitution (the Constitution) as justiciable rights. This study critically examines the added benefits and implications for South Africa to ratify the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (OP-ICESCR). Explores some key laws, policies and case law which would give a clear picture as to where South Africa stands in its delivery of Social Economic Rights and discusses some of the key areas of difficulties in the implementation and enforcement of Social and Economic Rights in South Africa. / A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Lilian Chenwi, Faculty of law, University of Western Cape, South Africa. / LLM Dissertation (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa -- University of Pretoria, 2009. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

This research aims to answer the question whether Ethiopia has adopted adequate measures to realize the right to housing. This dissertation will be informative to many Ethiopians about their right to housing vis-à-vis the duty of the government and the measures it has taken. It can also serve as an incentive for the government to take adequate steps to realize the right to housing thereby influencing policy-making. Further, the research will bridge the gap in the existing literature on the subject. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Atangcho Nji Akonumbo of the Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Šiame magistro darbe, remiantis teoriniais darnaus vystymosi pagrindais, buvo analizuojamas ir vertinamas pastarųjų devynių metų Lietuvos socialinis - ekonominis augimas ir nuosmukis bei aplinkos būklės kitimas pagal darnaus vystymosi koncepciją, aptariant ir išanalizuojant situaciją apibūdinančius darnaus vystymosi rodiklius. Buvo apžvelgti darnaus vystymosi teoriniai aspektai, išanalizuoti bei palyginti pagrindiniai Lietuvos ekonominiai, socialiniai ir aplinkos būklės rodikliai Europos Sąjungos bei Baltijos šalių kontekste. Atlikti metodologiniai darnaus vystymosi rodiklio skaičiavimai, įvertintos Lietuvos ekonominio socialinio ir aplinkos būklės darnumo tendencijos ir šių sričių tarpusavio sąveika, o taip pat patvirtinta iškelta hipotezė, kad tradicinių ekonominės - socialinės plėtros rodiklių nepakanka matuoti šalies ekonominį – socialinį darnumą. / In this master's thesis, based on a theoretical basis for sustainable development, has been analyzed and evaluated last nine years Lithuania’s social economic growth and recession and changes in environmental sustainability, discussing and analyzing the situation characterizing the sustainable development indicators. In this work was reviewed the theoretical aspects of sustainable development, analyzed and compared the main Lithuania's economic, social and environmental indicators in the European Union and the Baltic countries context. By calculating methodological sustainable development indicator’s, evaluated Lithuania’s economic, social and environmental sustainability trends and confirmed the hypothesis of this work – that traditional development indicators is not enough to measure countries economic – social sustainability.

Bussiness plan design for a social enterprise The thesis deals with the proposal of a business plan for Mineral Bangle, which produces jewelry and accessories from mineral stones. The company financially supports Farní charita in Roudnice nad Labem and 10 % of profits goes for children's and youth's trips from low-threshold facilities. The company is in the market for the third year and intends to be transformed into a social enterprise to make a greater contribution to the society. The aim of the thesis is to contribute to the development and transformation of the already functioning company into a social enterprise by creating a business plan that will be used in the grant application and will also serve as an inspiration for other students whom are social businesses closer than ordinary business. The business plan will be compiled including an analysis of the external and internal environment, analysis of company statistics, mapping of the business environment, identification of strengths and weaknesses, elaboration of marketing, financial plan and risk management plan. The plan contains description of conditions under which a social enterprise could operate. The diploma thesis can be considered as a methodology of business planning for a particular social enterprise. Key words: Social economic....

<p> This thesis examines the theory of unequal exchange - an application of the labour theory of value to international freetrade - arguing that increased trade will harm rather than improve economic and social disparities between the developed and Third World countries. The theory as put forward by Arghiri Emmanuel is first presented and criticised. Assumptions of capital mobility and labour mobility on a world scale are than examined. As a result of these analyses unequal exchange is found to be a process the magnitude of which is mediated by the historical development of technology and the increasing mobility of productive capital. Unequal exchange does not provide a monocausal explanation of uneven development in capitalism as dependency-like interpretations would suggest, though it does make a significant contribution to a multicausal explanation. </p> <p>The existence of unequal exchange is shown, and its magnitude measured'i""' empirically on the basis of Morishima's value system. Input-output accounts for Canada and the Philippines are used for 1961 to produce estimates of commodity values per dollar. It is found that exports from the Philippines sold at prices that were almost five times lower than exports from Canada of the same value. Unequal exchange therefore, is a significant counteracting influence to the tendency for the rate of profit to fall in developed sectors, reducing the rate of profit, and therefore the rate of accumulation, in less developed sectors of production. </p> <p> The results of this analysis provide for two policy suggestions. Firstly the need to extend the class struggle to an international scale. Secondly, whilst import substitution may not solve the problems of less developed countries, an increase in trade will only harm them further. </p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

A presente pesquisa possui como objetivo detectar avanços e impasses da educação no País, analisando os principais problemas surgidos na concretização deste direito. Para tanto, busca refletir sobre a efetivação da educação como um direito humano, adotando como ponto de partida o contexto dos direitos humanos em que se encontra inserida, com suas características de indivisibilidade, universalidade e interdependência na garantia da dignidade da pessoa humana. Para a promoção desta reflexão, a metodologia adotada fora a revisão bibliográfica e análise dos relatórios brasileiros sobre educação produzidos pela Plataforma Brasileira de Direitos Humanos Econômicos, Sociais, Culturais e Ambientais (DhESCA) no período de 2003 a 2009. A primeira parte apresenta um apanhado geral sobre as barreiras que impedem a efetivação do direito à educação até os dias atuais, tanto do ponto de vista histórico quanto do ponto de vista jurídico. A segunda parte contextualiza a relação entre educação e direitos humanos, ressaltando-se que por meio do reconhecimento do direito à educação resgatam-se também outros valores, tais como a igualdade, a cidadania e o acesso a outros direitos. A terceira parte traz um apanhado geral do arcabouço legislativo nacional e internacional onde a educação está inscrita, analisando-se a sua concepção e tratamento a partir destes. Destaca-se, também a importância do papel desempenhado pelas organizações não governamentais para a plena efetivação do direito à educação. A parte final faz a análise propriamente dita da educação nos referidos relatórios nacionais, demonstrando-se os fracassos dos governos ao não promover a igualdade material deste direito em conjunto com os demais direitos humanos. Por derradeiro, as considerações finais relacionam as constatações feitas ao longo da pesquisa, retomando as discussões apresentadas na parte inaugural. / This research has the objective of detecting which way education is being conducted in the country, analyzing the main problems encountered in implementing this law. Therefore, it seeks to reflect on the effectiveness of education as a human right, taking as its starting point the human rights context in which is inserted, keeping therefore the same characteristics: the indivisibility, universality and interdependence in guarantee of human dignity. To promote this reflection, the methodology was a literature review and analysis of reports on education produced by Brazilian Platform of Human Rights Economic, Social, Cultural and Environmental Rights (DhESCA) in the period 2003 to 2009. The first part presents an overview about the barriers that prevent the realization of the right to education until the present day, both from the standpoint of historical and legal point of view. The second part contextualizes the relationship between education and human rights, emphasizing that by recognizing the right to education is also rescue other values such as equality, citizenship and access to other rights. The third part presents an overview of national and international legislative framework in which education is entered, analyzing its design and treatment from them. Another highlight is the importance of the role played by non-governmental organizations for the full realization of the right to education. The final part is the actual examination of education in these national reports, demonstrating the failures of governments failing to promote equality of the right material together with other human rights. For the last, the final considerations relate the findings made during the research, resuming the discussions presented at the inaugural.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:22:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dimas Pereira Duarte Junior.pdf: 1429565 bytes, checksum: ea427fb53ee2706709ec2e68c61f12d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-16 / The study of the issue of accountability has been in evidence on the political agenda worldwide, anchor itself, especially as prerequisite for the construction of representative democracies or successful poliarquies. If within the term of Political Science already acquired privileged status and features quite prepared, the same can not be said with regard to their employment at international level. His introduction in International Relations occurs with the crisis of the nation-state and with the advent of international norms protecting human rights, inserted within the United Nations from 1948 that, during the twentieth century, came to pronounce and recognize a list of rights and subject of law increasingly extensive. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to analyze the impact of mechanisms for monitoring the rights set out in the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of United Nations, adopted in 1966, in the process of justiciability of these rights in Brazil from 1988, when the new constitution is promulgated saddle the restoration of the democratic system and the institutionalization of human rights and country. Assuming that the international landscape that was created after the Second War, not only recognizes the states as subjects of law is the premise of which is that the systematic part of the international accountability of economic social and cultural rights inserted within United Nations does not have sufficient sanctioning instruments for wanting the international responsibility of the State for non-compliance of obligation under the 1966 pact. However, considering the fact that the viability of the exercise of the rights set out in the pact under consideration is for the State party and not the International Organization that monitors what is shown from the analysis of the Brazilian case, is that the finalization of international accountability can be complemented by internal mechanisms, under its own legal system and constitutional homeland, mainly through the actions of the Federal Public Ministry which has at its disposal various legal instruments provided for both the Federal Constitution of 1988 as the infra-constitutional legislation / O estudo do tema da accountability tem estado em evidência na agenda política mundial, ancorando-se, sobretudo, como pressuposto para a construção de democracias representativas ou poliarquias bem-sucedidas. Se no âmbito da ciência política o termo já adquirira status privilegiado e feições bastante elaboradas, não se pode dizer o mesmo no que concerne ao seu emprego no plano internacional. Sua introdução nas relações internacionais deu-se com a crise do Estado-Nação e com o advento da normativa internacional de proteção dos direitos humanos, preceituada no âmbito da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) a partir de 1948, que, ao longo do século XX, passou a proclamar e reconhecer um elenco de direitos e de sujeitos de direito cada vez mais extensos. O objetivo do presente estudo, portanto, é analisar o impacto dos mecanismos de monitoramento dos direitos enunciados no Pacto Internacional de Direitos Econômicos, Sociais e Culturais das Nações Unidas, adotado em 1966, na justicialização dos referidos direitos no Brasil a partir de 1988, quando, promulgada a nova Constituição, selou-se a restauração do regime democrático e a institucionalização dos direitos humanos no país. A premissa da qual se parte é que a sistemática da international accountability dos direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais preceituada no âmbito das Nações Unidas não dispõe de instrumentos sancionatórios suficientes para ensejar a responsabilização internacional do Estado por não-cumprimento de obrigação prevista no Pacto de 1966. No entanto, considerando que a viabilização do exercício dos direitos enunciados no Pacto em estudo compete ao Estado-parte e não à Organização Internacional que o monitora, constata-se, com a análise do caso brasileiro, que a finalização da international accountability pode ser completada por mecanismos internos, previstos no próprio ordenamento jurídico-constitucional pátrio, sobretudo por meio da atuação do Ministério Público Federal que dispõe de instrumentos jurídicos diversos previstos tanto na Constituição Federal de 1988 quanto na legislação infraconstitucional

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:57:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dimas Pereira Duarte Junior.pdf: 1429565 bytes, checksum: ea427fb53ee2706709ec2e68c61f12d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-16 / The study of the issue of accountability has been in evidence on the political agenda worldwide, anchor itself, especially as prerequisite for the construction of representative democracies or successful poliarquies. If within the term of Political Science already acquired privileged status and features quite prepared, the same can not be said with regard to their employment at international level. His introduction in International Relations occurs with the crisis of the nation-state and with the advent of international norms protecting human rights, inserted within the United Nations from 1948 that, during the twentieth century, came to pronounce and recognize a list of rights and subject of law increasingly extensive. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to analyze the impact of mechanisms for monitoring the rights set out in the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of United Nations, adopted in 1966, in the process of justiciability of these rights in Brazil from 1988, when the new constitution is promulgated saddle the restoration of the democratic system and the institutionalization of human rights and country. Assuming that the international landscape that was created after the Second War, not only recognizes the states as subjects of law is the premise of which is that the systematic part of the international accountability of economic social and cultural rights inserted within United Nations does not have sufficient sanctioning instruments for wanting the international responsibility of the State for non-compliance of obligation under the 1966 pact. However, considering the fact that the viability of the exercise of the rights set out in the pact under consideration is for the State party and not the International Organization that monitors what is shown from the analysis of the Brazilian case, is that the finalization of international accountability can be complemented by internal mechanisms, under its own legal system and constitutional homeland, mainly through the actions of the Federal Public Ministry which has at its disposal various legal instruments provided for both the Federal Constitution of 1988 as the infra-constitutional legislation / O estudo do tema da accountability tem estado em evidência na agenda política mundial, ancorando-se, sobretudo, como pressuposto para a construção de democracias representativas ou poliarquias bem-sucedidas. Se no âmbito da ciência política o termo já adquirira status privilegiado e feições bastante elaboradas, não se pode dizer o mesmo no que concerne ao seu emprego no plano internacional. Sua introdução nas relações internacionais deu-se com a crise do Estado-Nação e com o advento da normativa internacional de proteção dos direitos humanos, preceituada no âmbito da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) a partir de 1948, que, ao longo do século XX, passou a proclamar e reconhecer um elenco de direitos e de sujeitos de direito cada vez mais extensos. O objetivo do presente estudo, portanto, é analisar o impacto dos mecanismos de monitoramento dos direitos enunciados no Pacto Internacional de Direitos Econômicos, Sociais e Culturais das Nações Unidas, adotado em 1966, na justicialização dos referidos direitos no Brasil a partir de 1988, quando, promulgada a nova Constituição, selou-se a restauração do regime democrático e a institucionalização dos direitos humanos no país. A premissa da qual se parte é que a sistemática da international accountability dos direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais preceituada no âmbito das Nações Unidas não dispõe de instrumentos sancionatórios suficientes para ensejar a responsabilização internacional do Estado por não-cumprimento de obrigação prevista no Pacto de 1966. No entanto, considerando que a viabilização do exercício dos direitos enunciados no Pacto em estudo compete ao Estado-parte e não à Organização Internacional que o monitora, constata-se, com a análise do caso brasileiro, que a finalização da international accountability pode ser completada por mecanismos internos, previstos no próprio ordenamento jurídico-constitucional pátrio, sobretudo por meio da atuação do Ministério Público Federal que dispõe de instrumentos jurídicos diversos previstos tanto na Constituição Federal de 1988 quanto na legislação infraconstitucional