Depuis la création de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), plusieurs incompatibilités ont été détectées à propos des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels (DESC), les plus affectés par le commerce international. Bien que des recherches et des analyses ont été menées à propos de la relation entre les droits de l’homme et le droit de l’OMC, en raison du fait que le droit de l’OMC ne fasse pas de référence expresse aux droits de l’homme dans ses textes juridiques, faute de compétence matérielle pour ce faire, et que le mécanisme de règlement des différends n’ait jamais connu une affaire entre les membres portant sur l’invocation directe des droits de l’homme, ces études n’ont pas connu de réel progrès. Face à la nécessité de cohérence dans l’ordre juridique international et à la liaison inévitable entre les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels et les règles commerciales de l’OMC, il convient d’assurer une coordination adéquate entre les deux régimes par le biais d’outils juridiques permettant d’atteindre cet objectif. Pour ce faire, il est utile d’analyser, premièrement, la complexité des rapports entre les obligations issues de chacun de ces régimes spéciaux et les entraves à la conciliation entre elles, et, deuxièmement, évaluer les mécanismes existants dans le droit de l’OMC à même de contribuer à éviter les conflits avec les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels / Since the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), several incompatibilities have been found, particularly with regard to economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR), which are the most affected by international trade. Research and analysis has been conducted on the relationship between human rights and WTO law, however, due to the fact that the WTO does not make explicit reference to human rights in its legal texts, by lack of substantive competence in the matter, and the dispute settlement mechanism has never a case between members on the direct invocation of human rights, these studies have not progressed. Given the need for coherence in the international legal order and the undeniable link between economic, social and cultural rights and the WTO trade rules, which implies normative conflicts, adequate coordination between the two regimes through is necessary by legal tools to achieve this objective. In order to do so, it is useful to analyze, firstly, the complexity of the relationship between the obligations arising from each of these special regimes and the obstacles to conciliation between them, and then to evaluate existing mechanisms in WTO law, which help to avoid conflicts with the economic, social and cultural rights

A presente dissertação procura investigar o incremento da racionalidade regulatória (ou otimização regulatória) a partir da teoria das falhas de regulação. Hoje, já parece existir um consenso teórico e prático de que a regulação e seu aparato institucional as agências reguladoras constituem fenômeno irreversível. Nesse contexto, as perguntas que se colocam são as seguintes: no plano dos resultados, o Estado Regulador tem alcançado as finalidades a que se propôs? Em caso negativo, que tipo de obstáculos o tem impedido? E mais: que providências devem ser adotadas para superá-los? Responder a tais indagações depende do reconhecimento de que não apenas os mercados são imperfeitos; também a intervenção estatal na economia gera riscos e efeitos negativos. Estudar seus tipos, suas fontes e a maneira como operam é o ponto de partida para se otimizar a regulação. O trabalho propõe uma sistematização das espécies de falhas regulatórias, baseada na proposta de Cass Sunstein, mas adaptada à realidade brasileira. A exposição é precedida de explicações introdutórias sobre o conceito de regulação; as razões para se regular; e características da regulação no Estado Democrático de Direito. Tais características conformam um ideal de racionalidade regulatória, o qual é comprometido pela instauração das falhas de regulação. Reconhecer a existência dos defeitos regulatórios e conhecê-los é já um primeiro passo para se melhorar a regulação. Mas há outros encaminhamentos deveras importantes para a prevenção e correção de falhas regulatórias. Dentre eles, destaca-se um conjunto de reformas institucionais em sentido amplo e estrito, as quais envolvem o sistema de controle pelos Poderes Legislativo, Executivo e Judiciário, e mecanismos procedimentais como a análise de impacto regulatório e a elaboração de agendas regulatórias. / This dissertation seeks to investigate the increase in regulatory rationality (or regulatory optimization) based on the theory of regulatory failures. Today, there already seems to be a theoretical (and practical) consensus that regulation and its institutional apparatus (regulatory agencies) constitute an irreversible phenomenon. In this context, the following questions are posed: in terms of results, has the Regulatory State achieved its established goals? If not, what obstacles prevented it from doing so? And moreover: what measures should be adopted to overcome these obstacles? Answering these questions depends on acknowledging that not only are markets imperfect; but also that state intervention in the economy creates negative risks and effects. Studying types, sources and how they operate is the starting point for optimizing regulation. This work proposes systematizing the types of regulatory failures, based on the proposal of Cass Sunstein, but adapted to Brazilian reality. The exposition is preceded by introductory explanations on the concept of regulation; the reasons for regulating; and characteristics of regulation in the Democratic State of Law. These characteristics conform an ideal of regulatory rationality, which is compromised by the introduction of regulatory failures. Acknowledging the existence of regulatory defects and knowing them is a first step in improving regulation. But there are other very important procedures for preventing and correcting regulatory failures, such as, and indeed in particular, a set of institutional reforms in a broad sense and strict, which involves the control system by the Legislative, Executive and Judiciary; and procedural mechanisms such as regulatory impact analysis and preparation of regulatory agendas.

A presente dissertação procura investigar o incremento da racionalidade regulatória (ou otimização regulatória) a partir da teoria das falhas de regulação. Hoje, já parece existir um consenso teórico e prático de que a regulação e seu aparato institucional as agências reguladoras constituem fenômeno irreversível. Nesse contexto, as perguntas que se colocam são as seguintes: no plano dos resultados, o Estado Regulador tem alcançado as finalidades a que se propôs? Em caso negativo, que tipo de obstáculos o tem impedido? E mais: que providências devem ser adotadas para superá-los? Responder a tais indagações depende do reconhecimento de que não apenas os mercados são imperfeitos; também a intervenção estatal na economia gera riscos e efeitos negativos. Estudar seus tipos, suas fontes e a maneira como operam é o ponto de partida para se otimizar a regulação. O trabalho propõe uma sistematização das espécies de falhas regulatórias, baseada na proposta de Cass Sunstein, mas adaptada à realidade brasileira. A exposição é precedida de explicações introdutórias sobre o conceito de regulação; as razões para se regular; e características da regulação no Estado Democrático de Direito. Tais características conformam um ideal de racionalidade regulatória, o qual é comprometido pela instauração das falhas de regulação. Reconhecer a existência dos defeitos regulatórios e conhecê-los é já um primeiro passo para se melhorar a regulação. Mas há outros encaminhamentos deveras importantes para a prevenção e correção de falhas regulatórias. Dentre eles, destaca-se um conjunto de reformas institucionais em sentido amplo e estrito, as quais envolvem o sistema de controle pelos Poderes Legislativo, Executivo e Judiciário, e mecanismos procedimentais como a análise de impacto regulatório e a elaboração de agendas regulatórias. / This dissertation seeks to investigate the increase in regulatory rationality (or regulatory optimization) based on the theory of regulatory failures. Today, there already seems to be a theoretical (and practical) consensus that regulation and its institutional apparatus (regulatory agencies) constitute an irreversible phenomenon. In this context, the following questions are posed: in terms of results, has the Regulatory State achieved its established goals? If not, what obstacles prevented it from doing so? And moreover: what measures should be adopted to overcome these obstacles? Answering these questions depends on acknowledging that not only are markets imperfect; but also that state intervention in the economy creates negative risks and effects. Studying types, sources and how they operate is the starting point for optimizing regulation. This work proposes systematizing the types of regulatory failures, based on the proposal of Cass Sunstein, but adapted to Brazilian reality. The exposition is preceded by introductory explanations on the concept of regulation; the reasons for regulating; and characteristics of regulation in the Democratic State of Law. These characteristics conform an ideal of regulatory rationality, which is compromised by the introduction of regulatory failures. Acknowledging the existence of regulatory defects and knowing them is a first step in improving regulation. But there are other very important procedures for preventing and correcting regulatory failures, such as, and indeed in particular, a set of institutional reforms in a broad sense and strict, which involves the control system by the Legislative, Executive and Judiciary; and procedural mechanisms such as regulatory impact analysis and preparation of regulatory agendas.

The thesis deals with the differentiation between countries and regions in the EU and a parallel adjustment of the regional and cohesion policy. The first part provides the presentation of economic and social differentiation in EU Member States and discusses regional development issues from a theoretical point of view. The second part shows various regional differences between regions in the given time periods after the enlargements of integration. The final chapter focuses on the current financial framework 2007-2013 and the current state of the EU Cohesion Policy. The aim is to answer the question whether EU regional policy through its specific strategy managed to solve and reduce the territorial differentiation between the Member States and their regions. The thesis also focuses on the Cohesion policy approach to the spatial disparities and change in the setting of regional and cohesion policy.

A presente pesquisa possui como objetivo detectar avanços e impasses da educação no País, analisando os principais problemas surgidos na concretização deste direito. Para tanto, busca refletir sobre a efetivação da educação como um direito humano, adotando como ponto de partida o contexto dos direitos humanos em que se encontra inserida, com suas características de indivisibilidade, universalidade e interdependência na garantia da dignidade da pessoa humana. Para a promoção desta reflexão, a metodologia adotada fora a revisão bibliográfica e análise dos relatórios brasileiros sobre educação produzidos pela Plataforma Brasileira de Direitos Humanos Econômicos, Sociais, Culturais e Ambientais (DhESCA) no período de 2003 a 2009. A primeira parte apresenta um apanhado geral sobre as barreiras que impedem a efetivação do direito à educação até os dias atuais, tanto do ponto de vista histórico quanto do ponto de vista jurídico. A segunda parte contextualiza a relação entre educação e direitos humanos, ressaltando-se que por meio do reconhecimento do direito à educação resgatam-se também outros valores, tais como a igualdade, a cidadania e o acesso a outros direitos. A terceira parte traz um apanhado geral do arcabouço legislativo nacional e internacional onde a educação está inscrita, analisando-se a sua concepção e tratamento a partir destes. Destaca-se, também a importância do papel desempenhado pelas organizações não governamentais para a plena efetivação do direito à educação. A parte final faz a análise propriamente dita da educação nos referidos relatórios nacionais, demonstrando-se os fracassos dos governos ao não promover a igualdade material deste direito em conjunto com os demais direitos humanos. Por derradeiro, as considerações finais relacionam as constatações feitas ao longo da pesquisa, retomando as discussões apresentadas na parte inaugural. / This research has the objective of detecting which way education is being conducted in the country, analyzing the main problems encountered in implementing this law. Therefore, it seeks to reflect on the effectiveness of education as a human right, taking as its starting point the human rights context in which is inserted, keeping therefore the same characteristics: the indivisibility, universality and interdependence in guarantee of human dignity. To promote this reflection, the methodology was a literature review and analysis of reports on education produced by Brazilian Platform of Human Rights Economic, Social, Cultural and Environmental Rights (DhESCA) in the period 2003 to 2009. The first part presents an overview about the barriers that prevent the realization of the right to education until the present day, both from the standpoint of historical and legal point of view. The second part contextualizes the relationship between education and human rights, emphasizing that by recognizing the right to education is also rescue other values such as equality, citizenship and access to other rights. The third part presents an overview of national and international legislative framework in which education is entered, analyzing its design and treatment from them. Another highlight is the importance of the role played by non-governmental organizations for the full realization of the right to education. The final part is the actual examination of education in these national reports, demonstrating the failures of governments failing to promote equality of the right material together with other human rights. For the last, the final considerations relate the findings made during the research, resuming the discussions presented at the inaugural.

This work critically examines the justiciability of the Sudan model of constitutionalising socio-economic rights (SER) and the legal implications of this model. Discusses the following questions: (1) What is the scope and extent of the Sudan Bill of Rights? (2) What is the effect of section 27(3) on section 22 of the Sudan Interim National Constitution? (3) Does the Constitution provide for justiciable SER, if yes, can the South African model of rendering SER justiciable and their standard of review provide a useful guide to the Sudan? / Mini Dissertation (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Professor Julia Sloth-Nielsen of the Community Law Centre, University of the Western Cape / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando de Almeida Prado Sampaio.pdf: 681628 bytes, checksum: 77d5273eea33cc70cdfc96063e83de58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-17 / The objective of this study is to analyze the problem of the effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) of economic and social rights in Brazil considering the legal understanding of our Courts. The work is divided into five chapters, the second being related to the emergence and historical development of economic and social rights; the third showing the search for effectiveness and possible legalization of same (especially by CESCR); the fourth showing the possibility of legalization in Brazil, as well as operational problems and interpretative nature of this possibility and, by last, a concluding fifth chapter / O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o problema da efetividade (ou falta de efetividade) de direitos econômicos e sociais no Brasil à luz do entendimento jurisprudencial de nossos Tribunais. O trabalho é dividido em cinco capítulos, sendo o segundo referente ao surgimento e à evolução histórica dos direitos econômicos e sociais; o terceiro demonstra a busca de efetividade e possibilidade de judicialização dos mesmos (especialmente pelo Comitê DESC); o quarto mostra a possibilidade de judicialização no Brasil, bem como os problemas de natureza operacional e interpretativa dessa possibilidade e, por fim, o quinto capítulo, a conclusão

In April 2005, a group of women gathered for a human rights workshop at a Toronto drop-in centre for women experiencing homelessness, poverty, and isolation. One year later, the group sent a representative to address the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This dissertation describes and analyzes the feminist participatory action research-intervention project that began with the workshop and led to the United Nations. Over the course of 15 months, more than 50 participants attended weekly meetings at the drop-in. They learned about social and economic rights, testified about their experiences of human rights violations, and planned and undertook actions to respond to and resist homelessness. This thesis draws upon observations of meetings, documents produced by the group, and interviews with thirteen of the participants, in order to examine the project from a number of angles. First, the project suggests a new understanding of women’s homelessness: testimonies and interviews reveal that homelessness is not only a material state, but more importantly a social process of disenfranchisement enacted through relations of harm, threat, control, surveillance, precarity and dehumanization. Understanding homelessness as a social process enables an analysis of its operations within and for a dominant social and economic order structured by colonization and neoliberal globalization. Secondly, the thesis takes up participants’ assessments of the project’s political effectiveness and its impacts on their well-being and empowerment, and reads these against the researcher’s experiences with the project, in order to explore how feminist participatory methodologies can contribute to resistance. Finally, the thesis concludes with recommendations for theory, research, service provision, and human rights advocacy on women’s homelessness.

In April 2005, a group of women gathered for a human rights workshop at a Toronto drop-in centre for women experiencing homelessness, poverty, and isolation. One year later, the group sent a representative to address the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This dissertation describes and analyzes the feminist participatory action research-intervention project that began with the workshop and led to the United Nations. Over the course of 15 months, more than 50 participants attended weekly meetings at the drop-in. They learned about social and economic rights, testified about their experiences of human rights violations, and planned and undertook actions to respond to and resist homelessness. This thesis draws upon observations of meetings, documents produced by the group, and interviews with thirteen of the participants, in order to examine the project from a number of angles. First, the project suggests a new understanding of women’s homelessness: testimonies and interviews reveal that homelessness is not only a material state, but more importantly a social process of disenfranchisement enacted through relations of harm, threat, control, surveillance, precarity and dehumanization. Understanding homelessness as a social process enables an analysis of its operations within and for a dominant social and economic order structured by colonization and neoliberal globalization. Secondly, the thesis takes up participants’ assessments of the project’s political effectiveness and its impacts on their well-being and empowerment, and reads these against the researcher’s experiences with the project, in order to explore how feminist participatory methodologies can contribute to resistance. Finally, the thesis concludes with recommendations for theory, research, service provision, and human rights advocacy on women’s homelessness.

Les PME représentent en France et en Turquie près de la totalité des entreprises existantes et jouent un rôle très important dans la régulation de la vie économique et sociale de ces pays. Afin de les protéger mais surtout de les inciter à œuvrer davantage pour une performance d’ordre global, l’action des dirigeants de PME doit être orientée vers une gouvernance socialement responsable. Pour parvenir à cette fin, des moyens empruntés aux règles de la « corporate governance » doivent être adoptés par ces derniers. Toutefois, ces règles de management, prévues à l’origine pour discipliner l’action des dirigeants des grandes firmes américaines de type managérial, sont inadaptées aux PME de type entrepreneurial et familial ainsi qu’au contexte dans lequel cette catégorie d’entreprises évolue. Les dirigeants de PME éprouvent en effet de grandes difficultés à mobiliser des fonds. Ils se doivent d’être pragmatiques pour la pérennité du groupement. C’est donc naturellement qu’ils songent à performer en termes économique avant de songer à performer en termes social ou sociétal. De plus, de nombreux mécanismes de gouvernance ne prennent pas en compte les spécificités organisationnelles et fonctionnelles de cette catégorie d’entreprises. Les dirigeants de PME évoluent dans un contexte proxémique fort marqué par l’informalité des relations avec les « stakeholders ». Peu visibles du grand public, ces entreprises agissent souvent dans un rayon d’activité locale voire régionale. Les dirigeants sont proches de leurs salariés, de leurs fournisseurs et créanciers, de leurs associés ainsi que de leurs clients. La propriété du capital est peu diluée de telle sorte que les fonctions de propriété, de direction et de contrôle sont souvent réunies dans les mains d’une personne forte (le dirigeant-propriétaire) ou de ses proches. Dans ces conditions, les principes de gouvernement d’entreprise tels qu’ils existent sont difficiles à mettre en œuvre par les dirigeants de PME si bien que les modes de gouvernance qu’ils adoptent sont peu influencés par la gouvernance d’entreprise et ses mécanismes. / In France and Turkey SMEs make up nearly all current enterprises and play a very important role in the regulation of economic and social life in both countries. In order to protect them, but above all, in order to encourage them to adopt more global performance, the action of SME managers has to be oriented towards socialy responsable governance. To achieve this, they have to adopt the rules of corporate governance. However, these management rules, originally intented to control the action of the managers of big US managerial firms, are not adapted to family and entrepreneurial SMEs and to the context in which this particular category of enterprise evolves. Indeed, SME managers have many difficulties to leverage private funds.They have to adopt a pragmatic approach to ensure the existence of their enterprises. It is quite normal, therefore, for them to do business in economic terms before considering social relations and societal questions. Moreover, many mechanisms of corporate governance don’t take into account the organizational and functional characteristics of this particular category of enterprise. SME managers work in a strong context of proximity characterised by the informality of relations with stakeholders. Such enterprises, since they are barely visible to the general public, often work localy or regionaly. Managers are close to their employees, suppliers and creditors, associates and customers. The ownership of capital property is not diluted very much so that the functions of ownership, management and control are often all in the hands of one strong individual (the owner-manager) or his/her relatives. In these conditions, the principles of corporate governance, as they exist today, are not easily implemented by SMEs managers to the extent that the modes of governance they adopt are barely influenced by corporate governance and its mechanisms.