Quelle culture juridique révèlent les usages de la transparence ? Quels raisonnements se cachent derrière le vernis d’évidence qui caractérise l’emploi de la notion ? La réponse à ces questions requiert une étude générale de la transparence confrontant l’ensemble des matières juridiques qui convoquent le terme. La transparence s’applique en effet aussi bien à l’État et à l’ensemble des autorités publiques, qu’à l’individu et aux entreprises. Il s’agit de comprendre pourquoi et comment une telle notion s’est imposée aussi généralement dans le discours juridique et de rationaliser, en en proposant une typologie, les usages du mot.Produit de la sédimentation de nombreuses notions, la transparence fait partie de l’imaginaire juridique. Elle s’acclimate dans des régimes politiques très différents qui ne sont pas nécessairement démocratiques. Elle correspond à la volonté des acteurs du système juridique de mettre davantage l’accent sur la communication politique, la moralisation du pouvoir, le contrôle des actions individuelles, la performance économique. De ce terreau intellectuel varié, la transparence tire un mode d’être multiple. Son ontologie, nécessairement relative, se traduit à la fois, par les nombreuses dénotations du terme, dont les plus courantes sont la publicité, la motivation, l’intelligibilité, l’accessibilité, etc., et par la multiplicité de ses connotations, orientées vers la démocratie et ses déclinaisons. Ces connotations révèlent un usage rhétorique de la transparence : celle-ci est utilisée à l’appui d’argumentations destinées à légitimer une idée, une norme, un ordre juridique, une autorité, etc.La reconstitution du raisonnement juridique autour de la notion de transparence revient finalement à questionner son propre savoir, c’est-à-dire à analyser les modes d’acquisition et les contenus de l’information nécessaire pour agir, les croyances et les représentations des acteurs, les enjeux du droit et ses rapports à l’efficacité politique et économique. / What legal culture do the uses of transparency reveal? What reasoning is behind the apparently obvious meaning of a concept when it is used? Answering these questions requires the use of a new method which considers law as a particular cultural phenomenon, as well as a comprehensive study comparing the notion of transparency as used in different legal topics. As a matter of fact, transparency applies to the State and all public authorities, as well as to the individual and businesses. This study aims at understanding why and how such a concept has become rampant in legal discourse and rationalizing the uses of the word by proposing its typology.As the product of the sedimentation of many concepts, transparency is part and parcel of legal imagination. It adapts to very different political regimes that are not necessarily democratic. It corresponds to the will of the actors of the legal system to put more emphasis on political communication, the moralization of power, the control of individual actions, economic performance. From this fertile intellectual variety, transparency derives a multiple way of working. Its necessarily relative meaning is visible through the several denotations of the term, the most common ones being publicity, motivation, intelligibility, accessibility, etc., and through its multifarious connotations, oriented towards democracy and its variations. These connotations reveal a rhetorical use of transparency: it is used to support arguments used to justify an idea, a standard, a legal order, an authority, etc.The reconstruction of the legal reasoning about the notion of transparency ultimately leads to the questioning of one's own knowledge, that is to say, the analysis of the modes of acquisition and the contents of the information needed to act, the beliefs and representations of actors, the legal issues at stake, and the relationship of law and political and economic efficiency.

De senaste åren har en större mängd decentraliserad och variabel energiproduktion tagit plats inom elsystemet, mer specifikt vindkraft och solkraft, och etablering av mer distribuerad produktion kommer att fortsätta i enlighet med mål från nationer och världsorganisationer att fasa ut fossila bränslen och minska på växthusgasutsläpp. I takt med nedläggning av storskaliga kraftverk baserade på fossila bränslen påverkar detta möjligheterna att möta upp elbehovet med den tillgängliga produktionen. Mycket variabel produktion har samtidigt en negativ påverkan på elnätstabiliteten och kan skapa höga effekttoppar. Detta har skapat ett ökat behov av mer flexibilitet på kundsidan för att skapa balans på elnätet. Elektrokemiska batterilager kan lösa många av problemen som uppstår med intermittent förnybar energiproduktion. Batterilager har både utvecklats teknologiskt och minskats i pris avsevärt de senaste tio åren och kostnaderna kommer fortsätta att gå ned. För att batterilager på allvar ska bli intressant behöver aktörer som investerar i denna teknologi veta om det någon gång inom en snar framtid kommer att vara en positiv affär. Syftet med detta arbete har därför varit att undersöka lönsamheten med batterilager i kommersiella fastigheter idag och inom de närmsta 10 åren på den svenska marknaden. Studien har, med hjälp av blandad heltalsprogrammering (MILP) i MATLAB, tagit fram en modell som optimalt schemalägger energiflöden för en fastighet som har ett batterisystem och egen produktion installerat baserat på olika prisbilder. Modellen har i sin tur använts för att beräkna de ekonomiska möjligheterna som erbjuds på Sveriges elmarknad med ett batterisystem i en mängd olika scenarier både vad gäller pris på el, olika effektabonnemang, integration med solpaneler, olika batteristorlekar och systemlivslängd. Resultatet visar att det inte finns någon lönsamhet i att investera i batterier för de undersökta fastigheterna så som Sveriges elmarknad ser ut idag och någon hög lönsamhet kommer inte att ske även om pristrenden på batterier fortsätter nedåt. Ett mindre batterisystem på 28 kWh kan ge, beräknat med internräntan, en positiv avkastning på 1 % år 2020 men ju större batteriet är desto mindre blir avkastningen. Högst avkastningen som kan fås med dagens el- och nätpriser är 4-5 % om en investering görs med 2025-2030 års batteripriser. Om elnätsägarna går mot att endast erbjuda tidsdifferentierade nättariffer året om och det implementeras högre effektavgifter finns det möjligheter att avkastningen kan bli så hög som 15-18 % med 2025-2030 års batteripriser. Arbetet visar också att kapandet av effekttoppar med större batterilager än 28 kWh inte är kostnadseffektivt för de undersökta fastigheterna. / The world has seen a rapid deployment of distributed and time-varying renewable energy systems (RES) within the electricity grids for the past 20 years, especially from wind and solar power. The deployment RES is expected to increase even more as world organizations and nations will continue the phase-out of fossil fuels as the main source of energy for electricity production. As large scale power plants reliant on fossil fuels will shut down it will be harder for the system to balance production and demand. At the same time, time-varying production might have a negative effect on the grid stability which has spurred an increased interest in flexibility on the demand side and a call for technologies and strategies that can create balance on the grid. Energy storage, especially electrochemical battery storage, is seen as a part of a bigger solution to the problems that comes with intermittent energy production. Battery storage has had a fast technological development and a sharp downtrend in pricing the latest ten years and the costs are expected to keep on decreasing. For battery storage to be a serious contender on the electricity market there is a need to understand if and when an investment in this technology might give a positive outcome. The aim of this study has therefore been to analyse the profitability of battery storage within commercial real estate today, and in the oncoming 10-15 years on the Swedish electricity market. The study has, using mixed integer linear programming (MILP) within MATLAB, created a model which optimally schedules power flows for buildings that has a battery system and its own electricity production. The model has in turn been used to evaluate the economical possibilities that exist with a battery system within commercial real estate under various different scenarios that looks into pricing structures on electricity and demand, integration with and without solar panels, different battery sizes and system lifetimes. The results show that there is currently no profitability to invest in a battery system for the specific buildings analysed in this study. While break-even is possible just a couple of years from now, a high profitability will not be reached even with the future downtrend in battery prices under the current electricity market circumstances. A smaller battery system with a capacity of 28 kWh could give an internal rate of return (IRR) of 1 % year 2020. Larger battery systems are generally not cost-effective when compared to smaller battery systems when its primary purpose is utilized for demand reduction. Highest return with today’s electricity and utility pricing is 4-5 % somewhere between 2025 and 2030. However, if the market goes towards exclusively time-of-use billing structures on electricity and higher demand charges, the IRR can reach towards 15-18 % between 2025 and 2030.

L’une des causes de la richesse des nations, la coopération, repose sur un échange de promesses. Si le droit des contrats est considéré comme un outil efficace - bien qu’imparfait - pour garantir ces dernières, il n’est cependant pas le seul : un tissu entier d’institutions formelles et informelles est à l’œuvre pour faciliter la coopération entre les agents économiques. Ce travail examine cette problématique dans le cadre de la finance islamique, considérée comme l’application moderne du droit des contrats islamiques. Alors qu’elle est censée utiliser des instruments de financement participatifs, la pratique de la finance islamique est dominée par le financement par la dette. Les causes généralement avancées pour expliquer cet état de fait sont des problèmes informationnels, considérés comme des vecteurs d’influence sur le comportement des banques. Cette thèse montre que ces problèmes informationnels ne sont en réalité que la conséquence d’un problème sous-jacent. Par une analyse du rôle et de la raison d’être des institutions, ce travail montre que le droit des contrats islamiques a été conçu à l’origine avec un objectif clair: assurer l’équilibre des transactions et garantir la propriété. Le respect des promesses était pour sa part assuré par d’autres types de mécanismes, notamment à travers la réputation, complétant dans les faits le droit des contrats. Cette conclusion permet d’appréhender le débat « forme vs substance » dans la finance islamique à travers l’échec d'un « transplant institutionnel intertemporel », pour montrer que les contrats évités sont dépendants du contexte dans lequel ils ont vu le jour et s’adaptent mal au contexte moderne. / One of the main causes of the wealth of nations, cooperation, is based on exchanged promises. Contract law is viewed as an efficient, though imperfect, tool to ensure promise keeping. However, contract law is not the only mechanism playing that role. A whole body of formal and informal institutions is at work easing economic agents cooperation.This work considers this issue in the Islamic finance framework which is seen as a modern application of Islamic contracts law. Islamic finance is a fruitful object of study as it is facing a paradoxe. While this finance is supposed to rely on participatory financing tools, its practice is dominated by debt based financings. Informational problems are usually identified as a cause of such practices.This work shows that information problems are not a cause but a consequence of a deeper problem. Through an analysis of the role and the raison d’être of institutions, this work puts the development of Islamic contracts law into the perspective of an economic and social context. It shows that Islamic contracts law had originally been developed with a clear goal: ensure transactions equilibrium and protect property. The respect of promises, for its part, was made possible by other mechanisms, such as reputation, supplementing contract law. This conclusion allows us to view the debate “form vs. substance” in Islamic finance as an “intertemporal institutional transplantation” failure and to show that the avoided contracts are dependent of their original context and adapt poorly to the modern one.

Provoquées par des efflorescences saisonnières de macro-algues vertes de la famille des ulvacées, les marées vertes appartiennent à la classe plus large des blooms algaux nuisibles (HAB), en rapide développement dans le monde depuis trois décennies, sous l’effet notamment de l’eutrophisation des eaux côtières due aux activités humaines. L’accumulation massive des algues vertes sur les côtes produit une série de nuisances pour diverses activités marchandes et non marchandes, et peut être une source de danger pour la santé humaine. Dans le même temps, les algues vertes sont une ressource aux potentialités encore peu exploitées, et des programmes visant à valoriser industriellement les algues collectées lors des marées vertes ont vu le jour dans des pays impactés par ce phénomène, tels que la Chine et la France.Cette thèse traite de l’évaluation économique des marées vertes. Pour cela elle prend en compte, dans une optique coût-avantage, les coûts subis par les agents privés et les collectivités publiques, ainsi que les bénéfices issus de la valorisation des algues collectées lors de ces épisodes. La thèse repose sur deux cas d’étude, l’un en Chine (Mer Jaune) et l’autre en France (Bretagne). Les deux premiers chapitres sont consacrés aux marées vertes qui, depuis une dizaine d’années, se développent au printemps en Mer Jaune et viennent s’échouer sur les côtes du Shandong. Le premier chapitre étudie les mécanismes bioéconomiques à l’origine de ce phénomène, ses conséquences économiques, les politiques mises en œuvre pour y faire face, et les perceptions des acteurs et du public. Le deuxième chapitre cherche à évaluer le coût social des marées vertes, en le décomposant en coût de gestion d’une part (déduction faite de la valorisation d’une partie des algues récoltées) et en coût résiduel pour les activités marchandes et non marchandes d’autre part. Prenant la Bretagne comme cas d’étude, le troisième chapitre se focalise sur le thème de la valorisation des algues vertes. À l’aide d’un tableau entrées-sorties régionalisé, il évalue à différentes échelles spatiales les effets directs, indirects et induits d’un programme de valorisation industrielle des algues récoltées lors des marées vertes bretonnes. / Due to seasonal blooms of green macro-algae belonging to the ulvaceae family, green tides are part of the larger class of harmful algal blooms (HAB), which has developed worldwide at a high rate during the last three decades, favoured by the eutrophisation of coastal waters due to human activities. The massive accumulation of seaweeds on the shore resulting from green tides generates a variety of damages to market and non-market activities, and is a potential threat to human health. In the same time, green algae are a natural resource that may be turned into a variety of valuable products through industrial processing. R&D programs devoted to this subject have been launched in countries subject to green tides, such as China and France.The subject of this dissertation is the economic assessment of green tides, in a cost-benefit perspective. To this end, it studies the costs of green tides for private agents and public bodies, as well as the benefits due to the processing of algae.The dissertation relies on two case studies, one in China (Yellow Sea), and the other in France (Brittany). Chapter 1 and chapter 2 are dedicated to the case of the green tides that have developed each spring in the Yellow Sea and reached the southern shore of the Shandong province during the last decade. Chapter 1 investigates the bio-economic mechanisms of these episodes, their economic consequences, public management policies, and stakeholders’ perceptions. Chapter 2 tries to quantify the social cost of green tides, including management costs (minus benefits generated by green algae processing) and residual costs to market and non-market activities. Chapter 3 relies on the Brittany case, and focuses on the economic consequences of green algae industrial processing. Making use of a regionalized input-output table, it estimates, at various geographical scales, the economic impact of a program concerning the industrial processing of algae that are collected during the green tides on the Brittany shoreline.

The master thesis deals with the economic analysis of the company EYELEVEL s.r.o. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate economic situation of the company, to identify threats and opportunities that arise from its surrounding. On the basis of the conclusion strengths and weaknesses of the company are formulated with the recommendation in order to improve their current situation. The thesis is split into two parts, theoretical one and practical one. The theoretical part defines theoretical and methodological starting points. The principles and basic terms of the particular methods of financial analysis and the strategic analysis of the company´s surrounding were mentioned there as well. The company EYELEVEL s.r.o is for the first time introduced in the practical part. Then PEST analysis, PORTER analysis and financial analysis, the main concern of the thesis, are followed. All the results are summarize in the conclusion.

This thesis is divided up into two sections. The theory section deals with the allowance organization charactersitics, financing and economic specifics, accounting methods and with the topic of creation and use of obligatory funds. At the very beginning of the second section, the practice section, the National Institute of Technical and Vocational Education is introduced, the subject of its activities and a description of its accounting methods. The focus throughout the practice section is on analysis of economic and complementary activities of this Institute in 2002-2007.

The diploma work is focused on theoretical and practical analysis of methods of feasibility study and calculation of firm's value by method of discounted free cash flows. Tendencies of development and firm's weak points for past 6 years have been discovered by using various analysis. I was comparing change of individual indicators with the main indicator rentability on equity. The conclusion of my study is:" In case of increase in rentability on equity, we can expect improvement also of other indicators."

The topic of my thesis is the social and economic analysis of the administration district of municipality with extended competence Trhové Sviny. The social analysis focuses mostly on demographic characteristics and social infrastructure. The economic analysis focuses on regional labour market and structure of the economy. Next chapters focus on traffic and technical infrastructure, tourism, public administration and municipal co-operation.

Transdisciplinary focused work concentrates on the possibilities of the application of the system thinking in the various science branches. Out of system disciplines it studies in detail the system dynamics -- specifically Archetypes (general structures). Introduction to the general system theory can be found in the first section of the theoretical part. Next sections are more particular and refer to the main ideas of system dynamics and Archetypes. Next part of the work focuses on common methods of the economic analysis. Apart from their brief description there is also discussion about their main theoretical flaws. The economic analysis of the specific socio-economic issue (road speed limits) is performed in the last part of the work and it includes substantial usage of the Archetypes and general system-thinking attitude. Primary aim of this part is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis of the utility of Archetypes in the economic analysis.

The main aim of this thesis is to review the economic situation of Czech Airlines Company in period from 2002 till 2008. The thesis is divided into two main parts. The first theoretical part includes the explanation of basic financial analysis methods, such as horizontal and vertical analysis of financial statements, analysis of ratio indicators, working capital analysis etc. Practical part applies these methods to the company. Creditworthy and bankruptcy models analyse the complex assessment of the financial situation. The end of the thesis summarizes financial analysis results and includes recommendation for the management.