Condensing steam turbine. Master's thesis of master's studies of 2th years. This master's thesis is technical research. The contents of this technical research are an analysis of a mechanical equipment of that are used for condensing steam turbine, thermodynamic calculations of passage channel for specified inlet and outlet conditions of steam, design and construction, drawing of the turbine axial cross section, operating scheme of turbine and economic analysis of operation.

Thesis deals with appreciation of real estate investment before sale. Theoretical part of the thesis is describing basic concepts from the field of valuation of property and basic concepts of investment. There were also summarized basic types of investments, evaluation methods and financial expenses related to investment. Practical part of the thesis is focused on specific property, where were realized construction work. First of all were researched financial expenses of construction work, i.e. investment cost. The property was evaluated by three hypothetical variants of investment. Calculation of expenses related to borrowed capital followed. At the end of the thesis, the survey data were evaluated and compared.

Orientador: José Luz Silveira / Resumo: A utilização do hidrogênio como insumo energético para aplicações de transporte depende da disponibilização de alternativas renováveis para sua produção. Uma delas são as estações com eletrólise alimentada por uma planta solar fotovoltaica on-grid. Nesse trabalho, assume-se a substituição da atual frota de táxis da cidade brasileira Guaratinguetá-SP por veículos a célula-a-combustível. Para atender a demanda de hidrogênio dos veículos, é preciso produzir 170,24 kg de hidrogênio por dia. Esse hidrogênio deve ser fornecido comprimido a uma pressão de 87,5 MPa e a uma temperatura de -40°C, de acordo com norma vigente. Assim, propõe-se uma análise energética com o cálculo da energia necessária para produzir o gás por meio de uma planta fotovoltaica on-grid, bem como as perdas envolvidas. Também são calculadas energias e perdas relacionadas com a compressão e refrigeração do hidrogênio, bem como o volume dos tanques. Os resultados indicam uma necessidade de geração de 10.037 kWh por dia para atender todos os processos envolvidos na estação de abastecimento. Desse total, 56,53 % é entregue na forma de hidrogênio. Se for considerada a energia solar que incide diretamente sobre os painéis, esse percentual é de 9,33 %. A maior parte das perdas se concentra na conversão da irradiação solar em energia elétrica e na eletrólise da água, sendo estas as duas principais oportunidades para melhorias de eficiência. O custo do hidrogênio foi calculado em 16,197 US$/kg se produzido com energia s... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier for transport applications depends on the availability of renewable alternatives for its production. One of them is the electrolysis stations powered by a grid connected photovoltaic solar plant. In this work, it is assumed that the current taxi fleet in the Brazilian city of Guaratinguetá will be replaced by fuel cell vehicles. To meet the hydrogen demand of vehicles, it is necessary to produce 170.24 kg per day. This hydrogen must be supplied compressed at a pressure of 87.5 MPa and at a temperature of -40 °C, in accordance with current regulations. Thus, an energy analysis is proposed with the calculation of the energy required to produce the gas through a photovoltaic plant connected to the grid, as well as the losses involved. Energies and losses related to hydrogen compression and cooling are also calculated, as well as the volume of the tanks. The results indicate a need to generate 10,037 kWh per day to meet all the processes involved in the supply station. Of this total, 56.53 % is delivered in the form of hydrogen. If the incoming solar in the photovoltaic panels is considered, this percentage is 9.33 %. Most of the losses are concentrated in the conversion of solar irradiation into electrical energy and in the electrolysis of water, these being the two main opportunities for efficiency improvements. The cost of hydrogen was calculated at 16,197 US$/kg if produced with photovoltaic solar energy and at 20,812 US$/kg if produce... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Marktaustrittsprozesse und förmliche Konkurs- und Sanierungsverfahren gelten als grundlegende Elemente funktionsfähiger Marktwirtschaften und können in diesem Sinne als Indikatoren eines erfolgreichen Transformationsprozesses interpretiert werden. Diese Arbeit untersucht, unter welchen Bedingungen sie sich im litauischen Übergang von der Befehls- zur Marktwirtschaft herausbildeten. Es wird gezeigt, dass bereits die frühen Reformen der Liberalisierung und makroökonomischen Stabilisierung Marktaustritte hervorriefen. Diese waren fast ausschließlich informeller Natur. Angesicht seiner mangelhaften institutionellen Voraussetzungen war das Konkursrecht in der Frühphase der litauischen Transformation nicht in der Lage die Funktionen zu erfüllen, die ihm in reifen Marktwirtschaften zukommt. Seine strikte Anwendung hätte daher die wirtschaftliche Krise verstärken können. Erst als diese überwunden schien und sich zunehmend alle Elemente einer Wettbewerbsordnung etablierten, konnte und musste auch das Insolvenzsystem an Bedeutung und Funktionalität gewinnen.:TABELLENVERZEICHNIS IV KAPITEL 1 - EINLEITUNG 1 KAPITEL 2 – THEORETISCHE GRUNDLAGEN 6 2.1 DIE SYSTEMTRANSFORMATION AUS SICHT DER NEUEN INSTITUTIONENÖKONOMIK 6 2.2 EINE THEORIE DER TRANSFORMATION 9 2.2.1 Das Dilemma der Gleichzeitigkeit 10 2.2.2 Die Etablierung von Rechtsstaatlichkeit und Demokratie 12 2.2.3 Die Reform der Wirtschaftsordnung 12 2.2.3.1 Makroökonomische Stabilisierung und Liberalisierung 13 2.2.3.2 Privatisierung und institutionelle Reformen 14 2.3 MARKTAUSTRITTSVERFAHREN IN DER MARKTWIRTSCHAFT 17 2.3.1 Begriffsabgrenzung 17 2.3.2 Marktaustritte und Wirtschaftswachstum 20 2.3.3 Marktaustrittshindernisse 21 2.3.4 Marktaustritte aus Sicht der institutionenökonomischen Unternehmenstheorie 24 2.3.5 Förmliche Marktaustrittsverfahren 28 2.3.5.1 Die Notwendigkeit eines Insolvenzrechts 29 2.3.5.2 Die ökonomischen Ziele eines Insolvenzsystems 32 2.3.5.3 Grundzüge von Insolvenzverfahren 35 2.4 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 42 KAPITEL 3 – DER ÜBERGANG DER LITAUISCHEN REPUBLIK VON DER BEFEHLS- ZUR MARKTWIRTSCHAFT 45 3.1 DIE SOZIALISTISCHE REPUBLIK LITAUEN UND DER WEG IN IHRE UNABHÄNGIGKEIT 45 3.1.1 Litauen vor der kommunistischen Machtübernahme 45 3.1.2 Die Befehlswirtschaft in Litauen 48 3.1.3 Grundzüge der Befehlswirtschaft in der UdSSR 49 3.1.4 Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Litauen und der Sowjetunion 54 3.1.5 Glasnost und Perestroika 58 3.1.6 Der litauische Unabhängigkeitskampf 63 3.2 Der litauische Übergang von der Befehls- zur Marktwirtschaft 67 3.2.1 Die Postimperiale Krise 67 3.2.2 Die Transformation der politischen Ordnung 72 3.2.2.1 Etablierung der Rechtsstaatlichkeit 72 3.2.2.2 Die politische Landschaft 74 3.2.2.3 Konsolidierung der Demokratie 75 3.2.3 Die wirtschaftliche Transformation – Grundlegende Reformen 79 3.2.3.1 Liberalisierung 79 3.2.3.2 Makroökonomische Stabilisierung 84 3.2.3.3 Privatisierung und Eigentümerstruktur 90 3.3 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 105 KAPITEL 4 – MARKTAUSTRITTE IN DER LITAUISCHEN TRANSFORMATION 106 4.1 STRUKTURWANDEL 106 4.2 MARKTAUSTRITTSWEGE IN DER FRÜHPHASE DER LITAUISCHEN TRANSFORMATION 110 4.2.1 Wettbewerb und Harte Budgetrestriktion 110 4.2.1.1 Die Auswirkungen der Liberalisierung 111 4.2.1.2 Die Auswirkung der makroökonomischen Stabilisierung 113 4.2.2 Empirische Bestandsaufnahme zu Markaustrittsverfahren bis 1997 118 4.2.2.1 Downsizing 119 4.2.2.2 Förmliche Konkurs- und Sanierungsverfahren 123 4.3 MARKTAUSTRITTE VON 1997 BIS 2001 126 4.3.1 Der Einfluss der Privatisierung auf Marktaustrittsentscheidungen 127 4.3.1.1 Die Wirtschaftlichkeit litauischer Staatsunternehmen 127 4.3.1.2 Die Restrukturierung litauischer Privatunternehmen 136 a) Mitarbeiterbeteiligung 136 b) Managementbeteiligung 140 c) Outsiderprivatisierung 141 d) Ausländische Beteiligungen 145 4.3.2 Förmliche Konkurs- und Sanierungsverfahren 147 4.3.3 Einfluss der Banken auf litauische Marktaustrittsprozesse 150 4.3.3.1 Entwicklung des litauischen Bankensektors 151 4.3.3.2 Litauische Banken und Marktaustritte 154 4.4 MARKTAUSTRITTSVERFAHREN NACH 2001 162 4.4.1 Gesamtüberblick 162 4.4.2 Förmliche Sanierungsverfahren 164 4.4.3 Förmliche Konkursverfahren 165 4.5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 174 KAPITEL 5 – EINE ÖKONOMISCHE ANALYSE DES LITAUISCHEN INSOLVENZRECHTS 177 5.1 DAS LIETUVOS RESPUBLIKOS ĮMONIŲ BANKROTO ĮSTATYMAS VON 1992 177 5.1.1 Grundzüge des Konkursgesetzes 177 a) Fortführungsoptionen 178 b) Liquidationsverfahren 180 c) Rangfolge der Gläubiger 180 d) Rolle des Insolvenzverwalters 182 e) Einfluss der Gerichte 185 f) Rechte der Gläubiger 185 g) Insolvenztatbestände 186 5.1.2 Gesamtbeurteilung 188 5.2 DAS LIETUVOS RESPUBLIKOS ĮMONIŲ BANKROTO ĮSTATYMAS VON 1997 189 5.3 DIE RAHMENBEDINGUNGEN DES LITAUISCHEN INSOLVENZSYSTEMS 192 5.3.1 Zivil- und Handelsrechts 193 5.3.1.1 Die Reform des litauischen Zivil- und Handelsrechts 193 5.3.1.2 Grundzüge des litauischen Zivilgesetzbuches 198 5.3.1.3 Überblick über das Handels- und Gesellschaftsrecht 200 a) Allgemeine Vorschriften 200 b) Aktiengesellschaftsrecht 202 5.3.2 Funktionsfähigkeit des litauischen Rechtssystems 207 5.3.2.1 Grundzüge der Zivilprozessordnung 208 5.3.2.2 Zwangsvollstreckungsverfahren 209 5.3.2.3 Justizsystem 211 a) Ordentliche Gerichtsbarkeit 211 b) Schiedsgerichte 212 c) Funktionsfähigkeit des Gerichtssystems 213 d) Die Unabhängigkeit der litauischen Justiz 217 5.3.2.4 Gesamtbeurteilung 220 5.3.3 Zivilrechtliche Regelungen der Kreditsicherheiten 220 5.3.4 Rechnungslegungsgrundsätze 223 5.3.5 Insolvenzstrafrecht 225 5.4 ZWISCHENFAZIT 226 5.5 DAS AKTUELLE LITAUISCHE INSOLVENZRECHT 228 5.5.1 Grundzüge der litauischen Insolvenzgesetzgebung 228 a) Restrukturierungsverfahren 228 b) Vereinfachte Verfahren 229 c) Fristen und Beteiligung der Gerichte 230 d) Insolvenztatbestände 231 e) Rolle des Insolvenzverwalters 232 f) Rechte der Gläubiger 235 5.5.2 Gesamtbeurteilung 238 5.5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 242 KAPITEL 6 - FAZIT 244 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 250

Today, majority of the manufacturing industries are willing to implement automation in their plants depending on their specific benefits. Implementing automation into an existing production line requires a pre-study of all the operations to find out the optimal working area and working sequence that is possible to automate with the highest possible degree of efficiency. Thereby, this thesis work involves the study on the potential of implementation of collaborative robot in manual assembly lines of 13-Litre diesel engines thereby creating a human-robot collaboration scenario in the assembly line. This project was carried out at Volvo's powertrain production plant located in Skövde, Sweden. The initial study of assembly lines consisting of a predefined number of stations in the production of diesel engines was conducted. Concepts were developed and evaluated considering the results from pre-study using a suitable method. The finalized concept was simulated to visualize the practical benefits, obtain accurate timing data, and also to check for bottlenecks in the presented solution. A preliminary risk assessment process was carried out to identify and evaluate the possible risks that were involved in the finalized concept. The risk assessment process ensures the safety of the operator within the collaborative robot work cell. The study is concluded with an economic analysis which includes the figures for investment, payback period as well as the profit estimation for the simulated automation solution.

The interest in hydrogen as an energy carrier is growing. The whole world is investing in development of the technology surrounding hydrogen. In general the research regarding hydrogen focuses on hydrogen as an energy carrier, either for transportation as fuel or for storage and usage at a more profitable time or in times of need. In Sweden most of the current research focus on the transportation sector. This thesis explores the other part, stored hydrogen used at a more profitable time. A biogas-plant outside Uppsala city is used as a case exploring if the investment in hydrogen production and storage in combination with a battery storage is economically feasible. A model of a battery, an electrolyser and a hydrogen storage were created in Simulink where the output is the power flow: optimised towards the highest economic profit. Then, an economic analysis is made to explore the feasibility of the investment. The results show that the investment is not feasible in 2021. If the investment cost of the hydrogen system is reduced by 60%, the maintenance costs are reduced by 20% and the profit is increased by 50% the investment becomes feasible with a payback period of 15,2 years. These changes are reasonable in the coming 10 to 20 years with hydrogen technology developing and an increasingly unstable electric grid allowing for higher compensation for frequency regulating services. / Intresset för vätgas som energibärare växer. Hela världen investerar i forskningen kring vätgas. Oftast inriktar forskningen sig på vätgas som en energibärare med två tydliga huvudfokus: som bränsle för transporter eller för lagring och att använda energin vid ett bättre tillfälle. I Sverige fokuserar den mesta forskningen på transportsektorn. Denna rapport bearbetar den andra delen, att använda vätgas för lagring och utnyttja den vid ett mer lönsamt tillfälle eller vid behovssitutioner, till exempel då elnätet blir instabilt. En biogasanläggning utanför Uppsala används som ett fall för att undersöka om investeringen i vätgasproduktion och lagring i kombination med ett batterilager är ekonomisk lönsamt. En modell av ett batteri, en elektrolysör och ett vätgaslager skapades i Simulink där utparametern är effektflödet optimerad mot ekonomisk lönsamhet. Sen undersöktes systemet ekonomiskt utifrån effektflödet för att undersöka om investeringen var lönsam. Resultatet visade att så inte var fallet: det krävs en sänkt investeringskostnad för vätgassystemet med 60%, de årliga kostnaderna behöver sjunka med 20% och den årliga vinsten behöver öka med 50% för att investeringen ska bli lönsam med en återbetalningstid på 15,2 år. Dessa förändringar kan dock ske inom de kommande 10 till 20 åren då vätgasteknologin fortsätter utvecklas samtidigt som ett allt mer instabilt elnät bidrar till möjligheten för ökad ersättning för frekvensregleringstjänster.

The purpose of this study is to incrementally, through a combination of various methods, examine the assumptions about the working economic outcomes that can be made based on planned ergonomic intervention in a department at Pfizer Health AB in Strängnäs. The study contributes to knowledge about how assumptions on OSH financial results can be made, based on planned ergonomic interventions. These assumptions were based on biomechanical calculations made on the basis of ergonomics measurements with inclinometer. The study is important because previous research has shown that poor work environment have a bad impact on the economy of a company in different ways. It can for example be negative impact on the company's productivity and quality of the units produced or the services provided. Poor work environment can also contribute to increased absence due to illness. The study was conducted using three methods: 1) ergonomics measurement, 2) biomechanical calculations and 3) working economic analysis. To obtain documentation for the ergonomic measurements two inclinometers were used and attached to the arm and back at one long and one short test person. The biomechanical calculations were performed using a computer program called ALBA. The operations that were assumed to be most burdensome were calculated. Also an operation that remained unchanged after the intervention was calculated. That was made to give a better picture of how the workload would be after the intervention. The economic analysis was based largely from the assumption of sick leave due to heavy strenuous work. The calculation method used was "Remaining costs". The method helps to calculate the costs that the company had left when staff were absent from work. The study results showed that, through the assumption of one long-term illness every three years, it would be worth investing in ergonomic improvements for at least 4156 thousand kronor in C-Class (cost of occupational injuries + reduced product waste) with repayment in one year and four months. Compared to the cost of the planned interventions of 3150 thousand kronor it was assumed well worth implementing planned changes. The conclusion from the study was that the intervention could be recommended intended to reduce the workload and the repetitiveness of the employees. / Syftet med studien är att stegvis, genom en kombination av olika metoder, undersöka vilka antaganden om arbetsmiljöekonomiska utfall som kan göras baserade på planerade belastningsergonomiska interventioner vid en avdelning inom Pfizer Health AB i Strängnäs. Studien bidrar med kunskap om hur antaganden om arbetsmiljöekonomiska resultat kan göras utifrån planerade belastningsergonomiska interventioner. Antagandena har baserats på biomekaniska beräkningar som gjorts utifrån ergonomimätningar med inklinometer.  Studien är viktig eftersom forskning har visat att dålig arbetsmiljö har en negativ påverkan på ekonomin i ett företag på olika sätt. Det kan t.ex. vara genom negativ påverkan på företagets produktivitet och kvalitet på det som tillverkas eller utförs eller ge ökad sjukfrånvaro. Inom studien rymdes tre metoder som tillämpats stegvis: 1) ergonomimätning, 2) biomekaniska beräkningar och 3) arbetsmiljöekonomisk analys. För att få fram underlag för ergonomimätningarna användes två inklinometrar som var fästa på arm och rygg på lång respektive kort försöksperson. De biomekaniska beräkningarna genomfördes genom användning av datorprogrammet ALBA. De arbetsmomenten som antogs vara mest belastande beräknades. Även ett arbetsmoment som kvarstod oförändrat efter intervention beräknades. Detta för att ge en bättre bild av hur arbetsbelastningen skulle bli efter intervention. Den ekonomiska analysen utgick till stor del från antagande om sjukfrånvaro till följd av tungt belastande arbete. Beräkningsmetoden som användes var ”Kvarvarande kostnader”. Metoden hjälpte till att räkna fram de kostnader företaget hade kvar när personal var frånvarande från arbetet. Resultaten från studien visade att genom antagandet om en långtidssjukskrivning var tredje år skulle det vara värt att investera i ergonomiförbättrande åtgärder för minst 4156 tkr i C-klass (kostnad för arbetsskador + minskat spill) med återbetalning på ett år och fyra månader. Jämfört med kostnaden för planerade interventioner på 3150 tkr så antas det väl värt att genomföra planerade förändringar. Slutsatsen från studien blev att interventioner kunde rekommenderas till att genomföra ergonomiinterventioner som syftar till att minska arbetsbelastning och repetivitet för de anställda.

Gasification of biomass for electricity power generation has been a proven technology in a number of countries in the world. MSW consists of biomass, glass, plastics, metallic scrap and street debris. Biomass constitutes the highest proportion of MSW and being an energy resource, implies that it can contribute tremendously to the energy needs of any country since every country is endowed with this resource which is generated in enormous tonnes per day. The challenge would then be the choice of the technology to harness this abundant energy resource subject to financial and environmental constraints.    In Uganda, MSW gasification for power generation has never been implemented in spite of the 500-600 tonnes of MSW collected per day, the biomass component of the MSW comprising 88%. MSW is instead collected in skips, transported by trucks to a landfill were it is deposited and left to decompose releasing methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gases which are highly potent greenhouse gases. In this regard, the many tonnes per day of MSW collected in Kampala city (area of the study) portray significant potential of generating producer gas using the technology of gasification to run engines for power generation and this study evaluated possible gasifier-engine system applications for power generation. Experiments were carried out  at the Faculty of Technology, Makerere University to determine biomass characteristics (e.g. moisture content, ash content) and gasification parameters(e.g. lower heating value)  of MSW required for gasifier-engine applications. After establishing the lower heating value of the producer gas from MSW, a theoretical design of a gasifier-engine system was investigated for possible applications with the biomass component of MSW and an economic analysis was done to assess the feasibility of the project.

Gasification of biomass for electricity power generation has been a proven technology in a number of countries in the world. MSW consists of biomass, glass, plastics, metallic scrap and street debris. Biomass constitutes the highest proportion of MSW and being an energy resource, implies that it can contribute tremendously to the energy needs of any country since every country is endowed with this resource which is generated in enormous tonnes per day. The challenge would then be the choice of the technology to harness this abundant energy resource subject to financial and environmental constraints.    In Uganda, MSW gasification for power generation has never been implemented in spite of the 500-600 tonnes of MSW collected per day, the biomass component of the MSW comprising 88%. MSW is instead collected in skips, transported by trucks to a landfill were it is deposited and left to decompose releasing methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gases which are highly potent greenhouse gases. In this regard, the many tonnes per day of MSW collected in Kampala city (area of the study) portray significant potential of generating producer gas using the technology of gasification to run engines for power generation and this study evaluated possible gasifier-engine system applications for power generation. Experiments were carried out  at the Faculty of Technology, Makerere University to determine biomass characteristics (e.g. moisture content, ash content) and gasification parameters(e.g. lower heating value)  of MSW required for gasifier-engine applications. After establishing the lower heating value of the producer gas from MSW, a theoretical design of a gasifier-engine system was investigated for possible applications with the biomass component of MSW and an economic analysis was done to assess the feasibility of the project.

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