L'architecture physique des réseaux électriques et les structures organisationnelles des industries électriques survenues à la suite des réformes ont principalement été conçues en fonction des caractéristiques relatives aux infrastructures de transport et aux parcs de production. Or, les nouveaux enjeux de transition énergétique, associés aux progrès réalisés dans les équipements de communication et d'automatisation, plaident pour une plus grande participation des activités décentralisées de production et des consommateurs finals. Nous constatons que les systèmes électriques sont à l'aube d'évolutions majeures qui partagent une double caractéristique. La première et que ces évolutions nécessiteront des apports en capitaux considérables pour adapter et moderniser les réseaux de distribution. La seconde est que l'activation de l'aval de la chaîne électrique libère des gains d'efficacité économique actuellement inexploités, mais est également porteuse de contraintes nouvelles.Partant de ce constat, l'objectif de cette thèse est double. Il s'agit dans un premier temps de proposer une analyse théorique des instruments de régulation qui encadrent et orientent les dépenses des opérateurs réseau. Nous cherchons en nous appuyant sur la littérature à caractériser les outils de régulation les mieux adaptés à l'investissement en smart technologies. Puisqu'il est nécessaire de confronter l'analyse théorique aux faits, nous entreprenons de recenser les gains clés d'efficacité économique escomptés de la généralisation des smart grids. Nous illustrons chacun de ces gains par une étude empirique qui nous permet de comparer les résultats issus de notre analyse théorique aux schémas de régulation existants et de formuler un certain nombre de recommandations.Le second objectif de la thèse se concentre sur les impacts de la diffusion de programmes de la gestion de la demande. Le raisonnement adopté s'articule autour de deux constats. D'importants bénéfices sont attendus des réductions substantielles des pointes de demande, réductions qui se traduisent par de moindres opportunités de profit pour les producteurs. Il s'agira de réaliser une estimation des gains et pertes que l'on peut attendre de la gestion de la demande. Pour cela, nous développons et utilisons un modèle d'optimisation dans lequel nous intégrons plusieurs pays interconnectés dotés de parcs de production différenciés.La thèse montre que les cadres de régulation dominants actuellement sont limités dans leur portée incitative pour favoriser un investissement efficace dans la technologie, ce qui est susceptible de retarder son introduction. La quantification des impacts de la gestion de la demande montre quant à elle que des efficacités significatives peuvent être activées via la généralisation de ces mesures. Toutefois, elles posent des problèmes nouveaux dans la rémunération de l'existant, l'adéquation future des capacités, et souligne l'antagonisme potentiel entre perte de revenus pour les unités de pointe les plus réactives et développement des énergies bas carbone.De toute évidence, les interrogations soulevées par le développement des smart grids nécessitent que soit mené un débat politique éclairé puisque l'industrie électrique est indispensable à nos sociétés. Parmi le nombre considérable d'éléments à aborder, arriveront en bonne place les questions relatives au financement des projets d'investissement et à l'inclusion des nouvelles sources de flexibilité induites par l'adoption de la technologie dans les marchés électriques libéralisés. / The physical architecture of electricity grids and the organizational structure of power systems implemented after the reforms have traditionally be achieved according to the characteristics of the transmission infrastructures and power mixes. However, the new challenges related to energy transition favor a greater participation of decentralized generation and final consumers to system exploitation and competitive markets. This latter participation is made possible thanks to recent innovations in the fields of communication and remote control technologies.Significant evolutions are expected in power industries that share common characteristics. First, these evolutions suppose massive capital investments to modernize and adapt current power distribution grids. Second, it is expected the activation of distribution grids and final consumers will unleash substantial unexploited economic efficiency gains as well as impose new constraints.Taking these simple facts as a starting point, the objective of the thesis is twofold. In the first place, we provide a theoretical analysis of the regulatory instruments that monitor the system operators' expenses. Relying on the literature, we aim at characterizing what regulatory tools and incitation are suitable for investing in smart grids technologies. Since it is necessary to compare theoretical formulation to facts, we use an empirical approach that allows us to designate key benefits pursued by the development of smart grids and to compare our theoretical results with practical regulatory applications. Our findings eventually allow us to formulate recommendations.In the second place, the thesis focuses on the impacts of demand-side management during peak periods. We structure our approach around two general observations. Large benefits should be generated in lowering substantially peak demand. However, such situation also creates losses of profit for generators. We provide an estimation of efficiency gains and revenue losses induced by peak shedding. To this end, we develop and use a linear optimization model and expand our analysis to interconnected countries endowed with differentiated generation means.The thesis shows dominant regulatory frameworks are unsuited to provide the necessary sets of incentive to efficiently develop smart technologies. This can cause delays in their integration to power grids. The quantitative evaluation of the impacts generated by demand-side management shows significant efficiency gains are achievable through final consumers' flexibility. However, such measures create new discrepancies regarding installed capacities profitability, future capacity adequacy, and highlight potential antagonism between missing money for flexible peak capacities and the development of low carbon energies.It is clear the issues raised by the development of smart grids call for informed public debate as power industries are essential to our societies. Among the considerable amount of elements to discuss, issues relative to financing the investment projects and the inclusion of the new sources of flexibility induced by the technology in competitive markets will be of priority.

A cadeia produtiva do leite no Brasil se caracteriza pela carência na utilização de ferramentas de gestão e financeiras para o controle da atividade. Atualmente algumas linhas de pesquisa estão trazendo para o meio rural a utilização de indicadores de origem econômica e financeira para complementarem os já utilizados de origem técnica como indicadores de produtividade, escala de produção etc. Este trabalho objetivou correlacionar indicadores técnicos, econômicos e financeiros de propriedades produtoras de leite localizadas em Minas Gerais para buscar quais seriam os de eleição para acompanhamento e quais estariam mais relacionados à rentabilidade e retorno financeiro. Foram coletados dados mensais de 15 propriedades mineiras do período correspondido entre julho de 2012 e junho de 2013, além de visita e aplicação de questionário às mesmas. Os dados obtidos foram utilizados para o cálculo de índices técnicos, econômicos e financeiros e também para caracterização das propriedades. Sobre os indicadores foram aplicados os testes de Kruskal Wallis e Wilcoxon para comparar as médias entre as propriedades em relação aos três níveis de retorno sobre o Investimento da propriedade. Em seguida aplicou-se o teste de correlação de Spearman para cálculo dos indicadores de correlação de todas variáveis em relação aos indicadores de cunho econômico financeiro. Os indicadores econômicos e financeiros revelaram altos índices de correlação e diferenças entre médias entre si. Dos demais se destacaram, a relação de gasto com mão de obra /receita bruta e a perda com morte de animais. De acordo com os testes de correlação, a variável MARGEM DE EBITDA foi a que mais se correlacionou com os demais indicadores relacionados ao retorno financeiro da atividade e por isso foi a considerada a principal no controle financeiro das atividades produtivas. / Milk production chain in Brazil is characterized by deficiency in the use of financial management and to control the activity tools. Nowadays some researches are bringing to the rural environment the using of indicators of economic and financial source to complement those already used from technical origin as indicators of productivity, production scale etc. This study aimed to correlate technical, economic and financial indicators of milk-producing farms located in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, to find what indicators would be elected to follow and which would be more related to profitability and financial returns. Monthly data of 15 properties from Minas Gerais was collected between July 2012 and June 2013, as well as visiting and apllying questionnaire to all of them. The data were used to calculate the technical, economical and financial ratios and also to characterize the properties. The indicators were compared using Kruskal Wallis and Wilcoxon tests to compare means between the properties on three levels of return on investment. Then the Spearman correlation test was applied to calculate the indicators correlation of all variables in relation to financial end economical indicators. The economic and financial indicators showed high levels of correlation and mean differences between each other. The others that stood out was the ratio of spending on labor/gross income and losts with animal death. According to the correlation tests, the variable MARGIN OF EBITDA was more correlated with other indicators related to the financial return of the activity and therefore was considered the main financial control to use on productive activities.

The irrigated rice is common and important to the agricultural scenario of RS, however the spatial variability and low fertility of soils associated with some difficult weed control in this crop provided the use of crop rotation practices with soybean. The rotation with soybean can increase the production and to improve the soil fertility by fertility maps, fertility adjustment in site specific and others sustainable practices of the precision agriculture, therefore, equalizing the costs and expanding the profitability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the technical and economic efficiency of the site specific fertilization in the crop rotation between irrigated rice and soybean. The study was conducted in the farm Formosa Agropecuária, in São Gabriel - RS, during three years. In 2009 was determined the edge of the field with the navigation GPS and, following a grid sampling of 1 ha, was evaluated the soil variability. The fertility maps were made by CR Campeiro 7.0® software, and after this, the field was divided in two plots, the first with precision agriculture practices and the other kept the conventional management. The adjust of fertility in site specific was through of the maps of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The new sampling of soil in 2012, following a grid sampling of 1 ha, allowed identify the exportation of nutrients and to evaluate the fertility strategy and recommendation. In the years 2010 and 2011 by the SMS Ag Leader® software was made the maps of productivity, increasing the rice productivity in 3% in 2010 and 2,2% in 2012, besides 13% more in soybean productivity in 2011. These increases mean approximately U$ 225.00 per hectare. The use of precision agriculture techniques improves the soil fertility, identifying the spatial variability of soil resulting in a rise of production in the rotation between irrigated rice and soybean, specially by the maps of variation of nitrogen in rice. The cost of production was biggest with precision agriculture practices, but the relationship between benefits and cost was positive to this technology. Precision agriculture is practicable technical and economically in lowland. / A lavoura de arroz irrigado do RS tem grande importância no cenário agrícola, porém a alta variabilidade do solo, a baixa fertilidade e ocorrência de invasoras como o arroz vermelho prejudicam esta cultura. A rotação de culturas com a soja vem auxiliar no controle de plantas e no aumento da fertilidade, porém, ainda não é suficiente para alcançar os patamares de produtividade das variedades disponíveis. Assim é necessário ao produtor buscar alternativas para aumentar a produtividade e lucratividade, tendo na Agricultura de Precisão (AP) mais uma ferramenta para auxiliar no processo, através dos mapas de fertilidade, a realização das correções localizadas para racionalizar os custos das lavouras tornando o sistema mais sustentável. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência técnica e econômica da taxa variável de aplicação na cultura do arroz irrigado e da soja, foi desenvolvido o trabalho no município de São Gabriel na propriedade Formosa Agropecuária, por um período de três anos. Inicialmente em 2009 a área foi vetorizada com GPS de navegação e estabelecido uma malha de coleta com grid de 1,0 ha, para avaliar a variabilidade química do solo. Foi utilizado o software CR Campeiro 7 para gerar os mapas de atributos químicos. A partir destes resultados a área foi dividida em dois talhões, um deles para o uso das técnicas de AP, e o outro para o manejo habitual da lavoura. Foram gerados mapas de aplicação à taxa variável de N, P e K para a área destinada a AP. Os mapas de fertilidade foram repetidos em 2012, através de novas coletas de solo nos mesmos pontos, para verificar os efeitos das correções e das exportações de nutrientes. Foram gerados mapas de produtividade nos anos de 2010 e 2011 com o auxilio do software SMS Ag Leader para avaliação. Nas avaliações de produtividade, tivemos um resultado positivo de produção na safra 2010 de 3% no arroz, 2011 de 13% na soja e 2012 de 2,2% novamente no arroz, estas diferenças corresponderam a incremento financeiro nas safras de R$ 489,15 ha-1. A utilização da AP proporcionou além de aumento de produtividade, uma redução da diferença de fertilidade entre as áreas. A utilização das técnicas de mapeamento de AP foi eficiente para identificação da variabilidade do solo. A adubação variável proporcionou aumento de produção, com destaque para o N variável, com maior correlação positiva com a produção. O uso da técnica aumentou o custo total de produção, porém melhorou o custo benefício do investimento realizado por unidade de produção. O balanço de nutrientes foi negativo para K devido à retirada da palha do arroz. A utilização de AP foi favorável, técnica e economicamente a lavoura de várzea.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper aims to analyze the economic efficiency in wine production in Rio Grande do Sul through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). For this, we have used a sample of primary data collected in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, based on the crop year 2008/2009. The selection of variables to be analyzed is related to the importance of each inputs in wine production, and these are grouped in raw material, container, labor, fixed costs, identifying costs and other costs considering the main products of this industry are table wine (TW) and fine wine (FW), both appearing as the main items responsible for sales in unit production. For applying the DEA models in this study, the CCR and BCC models with input orientation had been adopted to evaluate the technical and scale efficiency of wineries and also to analyze economic efficiency. One can check that the wineries sample analyzed which produce more than half of the TW and FW wineries are operating at the inefficiency scale due to incorrect production scale. It was also found that the level of economic efficiency of wineries producing TW and FW is low, being only about 13% of them operating under economic efficiency. The group of wineries with allocative inefficiency represented more than 85% of the sampled wineries. / Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar a eficiência econômica na produção de vinhos do Rio Grande do Sul através da Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA). Para isso, utiliza-se uma amostra de dados primários coletados no Rio Grande do Sul, tendo por base o ano safra 2008/2009. A seleção das variáveis a serem analisadas está relacionada com a importância de cada um dos insumos (inputs) da produção vinícola, os quais são agregados em matériaprima, vasilhame, mão de obra, custos fixos, custos de identificação e outros custos - sendo que os principais produtos deste setor são o vinho de mesa (VM) e o vinho fino (VF), figurando como os principais responsáveis pelo faturamento das unidades produtivas. Na aplicação dos modelos DEA, no presente estudo, são adotados os modelos CCR e BCC com orientação insumo para avaliar a eficiência técnica e de escala das empresas vinícolas e para analisar a eficiência econômica. Pode-se verificar que, da amostra de vinícolas analisadas, mais da metade das produtoras de VM e VF está operando com ineficiência de escala, devido à escala de produção incorreta. Constatou-se, também que o nível de eficiência econômica das vinícolas produtoras de VM e VF é baixo, estando apenas cerca de 13% delas operando com eficiência econômica. O grupo das vinícolas com ineficiência alocativa representou mais de 85% das vinícolas amostradas.

A cadeia produtiva do leite no Brasil se caracteriza pela carência na utilização de ferramentas de gestão e financeiras para o controle da atividade. Atualmente algumas linhas de pesquisa estão trazendo para o meio rural a utilização de indicadores de origem econômica e financeira para complementarem os já utilizados de origem técnica como indicadores de produtividade, escala de produção etc. Este trabalho objetivou correlacionar indicadores técnicos, econômicos e financeiros de propriedades produtoras de leite localizadas em Minas Gerais para buscar quais seriam os de eleição para acompanhamento e quais estariam mais relacionados à rentabilidade e retorno financeiro. Foram coletados dados mensais de 15 propriedades mineiras do período correspondido entre julho de 2012 e junho de 2013, além de visita e aplicação de questionário às mesmas. Os dados obtidos foram utilizados para o cálculo de índices técnicos, econômicos e financeiros e também para caracterização das propriedades. Sobre os indicadores foram aplicados os testes de Kruskal Wallis e Wilcoxon para comparar as médias entre as propriedades em relação aos três níveis de retorno sobre o Investimento da propriedade. Em seguida aplicou-se o teste de correlação de Spearman para cálculo dos indicadores de correlação de todas variáveis em relação aos indicadores de cunho econômico financeiro. Os indicadores econômicos e financeiros revelaram altos índices de correlação e diferenças entre médias entre si. Dos demais se destacaram, a relação de gasto com mão de obra /receita bruta e a perda com morte de animais. De acordo com os testes de correlação, a variável MARGEM DE EBITDA foi a que mais se correlacionou com os demais indicadores relacionados ao retorno financeiro da atividade e por isso foi a considerada a principal no controle financeiro das atividades produtivas. / Milk production chain in Brazil is characterized by deficiency in the use of financial management and to control the activity tools. Nowadays some researches are bringing to the rural environment the using of indicators of economic and financial source to complement those already used from technical origin as indicators of productivity, production scale etc. This study aimed to correlate technical, economic and financial indicators of milk-producing farms located in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, to find what indicators would be elected to follow and which would be more related to profitability and financial returns. Monthly data of 15 properties from Minas Gerais was collected between July 2012 and June 2013, as well as visiting and apllying questionnaire to all of them. The data were used to calculate the technical, economical and financial ratios and also to characterize the properties. The indicators were compared using Kruskal Wallis and Wilcoxon tests to compare means between the properties on three levels of return on investment. Then the Spearman correlation test was applied to calculate the indicators correlation of all variables in relation to financial end economical indicators. The economic and financial indicators showed high levels of correlation and mean differences between each other. The others that stood out was the ratio of spending on labor/gross income and losts with animal death. According to the correlation tests, the variable MARGIN OF EBITDA was more correlated with other indicators related to the financial return of the activity and therefore was considered the main financial control to use on productive activities.

The objective of this study is to analyze the economic efficiency of Latin American technology companies according to their capital structure. Therefore, we carried out a descriptive study, using documentary and quantitative evidence. The sample included Latin American companies in the technology sector in Thomson’s® database, from 2009 to 2013. The evidence shows that Brazilian companies had higher debt levels from 2009 to 2013. So, it seems that Brazilian companies use more third-party capital to finance their assets. Regarding the economic efficiency measured by an efficiency score obtained by the DEA,® according to capital structure, debt ratio and profitability, Brazilian companies have a lower economic efficiency compared to other Latin American companies. / El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la eficiencia económica de las empresas tecnológicas latinoamericanas según su estructura de capital. Para esto, se realizó una investigación descriptiva, documental y cuantitativa. La muestra incluyó a las empresas latinoamericanas en el sector tecnológico según la base de datos Thomson®, durante 2009 y 2013. Las evidencias demostraron que las empresas brasileñas tuvieron niveles altos de endeudamiento durante el periodo 2009-2013. De esta forma, se entiende que las empresas brasileñas utilizan mayor capital de terceros para financiar sus activos.En relación a la eficiencia económica, medida por el score de eficiencia obtenido por la DEA® a partir de la estructura de capital (nivel de endeudamiento e índices de rentabilidad), las empresas brasileñas muestran una menor eficiencia económica en comparación a las demás empresas latinoamericanas. / O estudo objetivou analisar a eficiência econômica das empresas de tecnologia latino-americanas de acordo com sua estrutura de capital. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva, por meio de pesquisa documental com abordagemquantitativa. A amostra compreendeu as companhias latino-americanas no setor de tecnologia da base de dados Thomson ®, no período de 2009 até 2013. As evidências demonstram que as empresas brasileiras apresentaram maior nível de endividamento no período de 2009 a 2013. Dessa forma, percebe-se que as empresas brasileiras utilizam um maior nível de capital de terceiros para financiar seus ativos. Em relação à eficiência econômica medida pelo score de eficiência obtido por meio do DEA®, a partir da estrutura de capital, medida pelo nível de endividamento e pelos índices de lucratividade, as empresas brasileiras apresentaram menor eficiência econômica em relação às demais empresas latino-americanas.

Vinte e quatro cordeiros cruzados, machos inteiros, com aproximadamente 70 dias de idade, com peso vivo inicial de 22 ± 1,61 kg e peso vivo final de 37 ± 2,16 kg, foram alimentados com quatro dietas com alto teor de concentrado, contendo diferentes tipos de grãos (milho quebrado, milho em grão, sorgo e milheto). Os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, alimentados por 66 dias e posteriormente abatidos. Durante o período experimental avaliou-se a espessura de gordura subcutânea e área de olho de lombo, entre a 12ª e 13ª costelas por ultrassonografia. Também foi avaliado o desempenho e digestibilidade dos animais. Após o abate, foram realizadas medidas de comprimento de carcaça, comprimento de perna e estabelecido o índice de compacidade das carcaças. Foram analisadas a maciez, cor e perdas por cocção. Também foram separados cinco cortes comerciais para determinação do rendimento, em relação ao peso da meia carcaça, assim como as aparas. Posteriormente foi realizada análise econômica das quatro dietas fornecidas aos animais. Os animais alimentados com milho em grão apresentaram melhor eficiência alimentar (P<0,05), sendo superiores àqueles alimentados com controle ou com sorgo, mas sem diferença do milheto. As digestibilidades de matéria orgânica, matéria seca e proteína bruta foram maiores (P<0,05) para o milho em grão e milheto, seguidos pelo sorgo e controle. Os valores de nutrientes digestíveis totais, energia digestível e energia metabolizável não diferiram entre as dietas (P>0,05). A área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea, maciez e perda por cocção não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelas diferentes fontes de grãos. O teor de vermelho (a *) foi maior na carne de animais alimentados com sorgo e milheto (P=0,0017), enquanto o teor de amarelo (b *) foi maior nos animais alimentados com dietas de grãos de milho e milheto (P=0,0025), quando comparado ao sorgo. As medidas morfométricas não diferiram entre os tratamentos, nem o rendimento dos cortes, exceto pelo lombo que teve maior rendimento nos animais que receberam milho grão e sorgo (P<0,05). Não houve diferença estatística entre a eficiência técnica dos quatro tratamentos (P>0,05). Os tratamentos à base de milho grão e milheto apresentaram maior eficiência econômica. O uso do milho quebrado em substituição ao milho grão só seria recomendado com segurança se seus preços fossem 24% mais baixos que o do milho grão. Diante dos comportamentos históricos dos preços do sorgo e do milheto, estes poderiam substituir o milho sem prejuízo estatisticamente significativo do desempenho zootécnico. / Twenty four male crossbred lambs, with mean weight and age of 22 kg and 70 days were fed with high concentrate level for 66 days in order to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of four different treatments (cracked corn, corn grain, sorghum grain and millet grain) on the carcass and meat quality. The animals were assigned to a randomized block design. During the trial period there were evaluated subcutaneous fat thickness and loin eye area, between 12th and 13th rib by ultrasound. There were also measured animals performance and digestibility. After slaughter, there were evaluated carcass and leg length and established carcass compactness index. There were analyzed shear force, meat color parameters and cooking losses. Moreover, there were separated five commercial cuts for determination of yield in relation to the half carcass weight, as well as chips. Economic analysis of the four treatments was realized. Animals fed corn grain were more efficient (P<0.05) than those fed control or sorghum, but no difference was observed to the millet treatment. Organic matter, dry matter and crude protein digestibility were higher (P<0.05) for grain corn and millet, followed by sorghum and control. The values of total digestible nutrients, digestible and metabolizable energy were not different among diets (P>0.05). Loin eye area, backfat thickness, tenderness and cooking losses were not affected (P>0.05) by different sources of grain. The red content (a *) were higher in meat from animals fed sorghum and millet (P=0.0017), while the yellow content (b *) was higher in animals fed corn and millet diets (P=0.0025) when compared to sorghum. Morphometric measurements and cut yields did not differ among treatments, except for loin, that presented higher yield in animals fed with corn grain and sorghum treatments (P <0.05). There was no statistical difference for the technical efficiency between the four treatments (P>0.05). Corn grain and millet showed highest economic efficiency. The use of cracked corn instead corn grain would only be recommended safely if corn grain prices were 24% lower than cracked corn. Given the historical behavior of sorghum and millet prices, these ingredients could replace corn without prejudice production performance.

Cette thèse a pour thème central les liens entre les décisions de formation et de licenciement, ainsi que l'efficience économique de ces décisions. La formation est ici entendue comme formation spécifique à l'entreprise dont les salariés bénéficient au cours de leur vie professionnelle via leur employeur. Le premier chapitre évalue, à partir de données individuelles, les rendements de la formation en France, à la fois sur le plan de la mobilité (emploi-emploi et emploi-chômage) qu'en termes de gain salarial. Le deuxième chapitre examine comment une protection de l'emploi, différenciée selon l'âge des salariés, affecte la volonté des entrepreneurs de former leurs travailleurs. Le troisième chapitre met en évidence que les décisions de formation et de destruction d'emploi sont fortement complémentaires. Dès lors, des subventions à la formation ciblées par niveau de qualification et combinées à des taxes sur le licenciement (également ciblées par niveau de qualification) doivent être mises en place pour que ces décisions soient socialement optimales. Le quatrième chapitre analyse comment le risque de licenciement, différencié entre les travailleurs d'un même niveau de qualification selon leur niveau d'aptitude, peut être source d'inégalités salariales. Enfin, le dernier chapitre souligne que, face aux disparités salariales, de formation et de risque de licenciement entre les salariés d'un même niveau de qualification, les subventions à la formation et les taxes sur le licenciement, nécessaires à l'efficacité économique, devraient non seulement différer selon la catégorie socioprofessionnelle, mais également au sein de chacune. / This thesis consists of five essays on firm-specific training investments, job destruction and inefficiencies issues. Both the positive aspects of firm-specific training and job destructions and the normative implications are considered. From French panel data, Essay 1 brings evidence on the empirical effect of formal training on workers’ mobility on the labor market, as well as on wages. Essay 2 identifies the effect of an exogenous change in employment protection among older workers on firms’ incentives to provide training. In light of theoretical considerations, this seems to be an important concern since employment protection may have an age-differentiated impact due to its anticipation. Essay 3 shows how complementary firms’ firing and training decisions are. Therefore, we suggest that skill-directed training subsidies and firing taxes (skill-directed as well) should be implemented to reach the optimal allocation in an imperfect labor market. Essay 4 highlights the role of firms’ decisions about reservation productivity in the wage dispersion analysis. Finally, the framework in Essay 5 generates a wage distribution, transition rates from employment to unemployment and average training amounts per worker by wage interval at the same time. In particular, we show that workers with the same skill level are paid and trained differently and have different employment to unemployment transitions rates. Therefore, we suggest that training subsidies and firing taxes should not only be skill-directed, but should also differ within a skill group of workers.

Cette thèse examine les déterminants de la performance économique des coopératives agricoles. Elle porte plus précisément sur le cas des coopératives vinicoles du Languedoc-Roussillon qui constituent, avec 70% de la production régionale, le moteur de ce bassin de production viticole.Grâce à une approche multi paradigmatique de la gouvernance (théorie de l'agence, théorie des parties prenantes et théorie cognitive), ce travail analyse l'influence de ces différentes modes de gouvernance et des investissements immatériels qui y sont liés sur la performance économique au sens large (amont, aval et financière).Cette thèse distingue, à travers le « dilemme coopératif », la notion de performance à court terme, axée sur l'optimisation du revenu des associés coopérateurs, et celle de performance à long terme, focalisée sur la création de richesse pour l'entreprise coopérative.Cette recherche applique une méthodologie alliant approche qualitative essentiellement exploratoire et approche quantitative confirmatoire. L'analyse s'appuie sur 25 entretiens qualitatifs semi-directifs auprès de dirigeants ainsi que sur 87 enquêtes quantitatives réalisées à l'aide d'un questionnaire et traitées partiellement grâce à l'outil d'intelligence économique COOPERFIC®. Les résultats montrent que la gouvernance coopérative résulte bien d'une combinaison complexe de trois dimensions complémentaires (disciplinaire, partenariale et cognitive) qui ont chacune une influence notable sur la performance économique. En matière purement financière, il apparaît que la dimension disciplinaire de la gouvernance peut entraîner soit un équilibre de la performance orientée vers le court terme (optique adhérents), soit un équilibre axé sur le long terme (optique direction et salariés). Pour ce qui est de la dimension partenariale, elle est porteuse d'un accroissement général de la performance financière (à court et long terme). Enfin, une forte dimension cognitive provoque, de son côté, un accroissement exclusif de la performance financière à long terme, en lien avec une stratégie d'investissements immatériels prononcée, elle-même déterminée par le niveau d'implication des acteurs dans la gouvernance cognitive.Cette étude a ses limites car elle repose principalement sur le point de vue des dirigeants salariés et concerne un peu moins de la moitié des coopératives vinicoles du Languedoc-Roussillon. Toutefois, jusqu'à présent, très peu de recherches empiriques ont été menées sur le lien entre gouvernance et performance des coopératives agricoles, ainsi que sur le rôle essentiel des investissements immatériels dans cette relation. Cette thèse contribue donc à la connaissance des modes de gouvernance dans la coopération agricole et, plus généralement, à celle des déterminants de la performance des coopératives agricoles. Elle est, sur le plan académique, une contribution à la littérature gestionnaire portant sur la gouvernance des coopératives agricoles, ainsi que sur leur performance. / This thesis deals with the economic performance factors of agricultural cooperatives and more precisely of wine production cooperatives in Languedoc-Roussillon, which account for 70% of regional production and drive growth of wine production development in the region. Using a multi-paradigmatic approach to governance (agency theory, stakeholder theory, as well as cognitive theory), this work analyses the influence of different modes of governance and intangible investments on broader economic performance (upstream, downstream, and financial).This thesis maps out the “cooperative dilemma”: short-term performance based on optimizing cooperative members' incomes versus long-term performance focusing on value creation for the cooperative. This research applies a methodology combining a qualitative approach, essentially exploratory, with a confirmatory quantitative approach. Analysis was based on 25 semi-structured qualitative interviews of managers as well as 87 quantitative surveys using a questionnaire and partially evaluated using the economic data base COOPERFIC®.Results show that cooperative governance is a result of a complex combination of three complementary dimensions (disciplinary dimension, partnerships, and the cognitive), each of which has a significant influence on economic performance. In purely financial terms, it seems the disciplinary dimension of governance can lead to either a performance balance geared to the short term (vision of members) or long term (vision of management and employees. Stakeholders approach lead to better financial performance both in the short and long terms. Finally, a strong cognitive approach to governance leads to better financial performance only in the long term, when linked to a well-developed strategy of intangible investments, itself determined by the level of implication of agents involved in the cognitive governance.This study has its limits since it is based mainly on the point of view of salaried managers and concerns a little less than half of the wine cooperatives in Languedoc-Roussillon. Nevertheless, until now, very little empirical research has been carried out on the link between governance and performance of agricultural cooperatives, as well as the essential role intangible investments play in their relationship. Consequently this thesis contributes to our knowledge of styles of governance in agricultural cooperatives, and more generally to what determines the performance of agricultural cooperatives. From an academic point of view, it is a contribution to writing on managing agricultural cooperatives and how they perform.

The work focuses on wind-power energetics area in the Czech republic. On the basis of a set referential project, which is typical for current Czech conditions, it intends to answer two key questions. The first one deals with risk and inquires into how critical individual factors are. For this purpose financial analysis and especially sensitivity analysis are used. The other issue solved in this work is detection of economic efficiency of the referential project. The output is based on the prediction of the critical factors.