Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Acids are one of the major components that originate largely from the berry, that are found in wine, and that influence the sensory perception. The presence of organic acids in adequate concentrations in the grape berry, of which tartaric- and malic acid are the main organic acids present, is important as this determines the potential of a must to produce a good and stable wine. The effect of temperature on the organic acid content of the must is widely discussed with higher temperatures in general being associated with lower quantities of organic acids present in the juice, and lower temperatures during ripening associated with higher quantities, specifically in the case of malic acid. Due to the topographical diversity of the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin district and the closeness of the ocean and the occurrence of sea breezes, the mesoclimate differs greatly over short distances. Sixteen sites, consisting of eight Sauvignon Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon sites respectively, were selected from a broader terroir study site network. Three vintages with complete climatic datasets were selected for vintage comparisons. Climate in the study area was monitored on differing scales, and data from a weather station network, as well as from mesoclimatic dataloggers within the sites were available. The available data was firstly compared to determine the variability of the data, not only between the two climatic scales, but also between the sites. Different climate classification indices and parameters available in literature were thereafter compared and evaluated for the best representation in this area. The Huglin index was found to be a better representation regarding the thermal climatic indices. Due to the great differences between temperatures noted for the mesoclimatic loggers and the nearest automatic weather station, the use of mesoclimatic logger data was preferred, and is advised in future studies where this scale of data is available. Malic and tartaric acid has a definite synthesis period up until véraison, after which the content of tartaric acid remains constant in the berry and the content of malic acid decreases until harvest due to mainly respiration. The temperature data was therefore separated in a synthesis period from flowering to véraison, and a ripening period from véraison to harvest. In this study, clear differences were firstly seen in the climate as expected, not only between sites per vintage, but in addition between vintages and between vintages per site. The phenological differences between the sites could be largely attributed to the differences in temperature as phenology and temperature was found to be highly correlated in this study. Differences in the ripening parameters were noticed in addition to the contents of the organic acids between sites, although no definite contribution of temperature was shown to affect the contents of these compounds at either véraison or harvest. These differences may be attributed to other factors such as the soil water content and the canopy architecture. In addition, these factors all contribute in differing percentages to the differences found in the contents per site. It was found though that temperature can be used as an indicator of the organic acid content in the grape berry, considering that the temperature data is available on a mesoclimatic scale, separated in a synthesis and period of degradation, and the number of hours within the temperature thresholds are determined. Differences seen in the organic acid contents can however not only be attributed to the differences in topography and the temperature as discussed in this study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sure is belangrike druifkomponente wat grootliks hul oorsprong in die korrel het, in die wyn voorkom, en die sensoriese persepsie van die wyn beïnvloed. Die voorkoms van organiese sure in genoegsame konsentrasies in die korrel, waarvan wynsteensuur en appelsuur die hoof organiese sure is, is belangrik aangesien dit die potensiaal van die sap om ʼn goeie en stabiele wyn te produseer, bepaal. Hoe temperatuur die inhoud van organiese sure in die druiwesap affekteer is gereeld onder bespreking, met hoër temperature in die algemeen geassosieer met ʼn laer inhoud van organiese sure, terwyl laer temperature geassosieer word met ʼn hoër inhoud van organiese sure in die sap, veral in die geval van appelsuur. As gevolg van die topografiese diversiteit van die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsprong distrik, asook die nabyheid van die oseaan met die gepaardgaande voorkoms van die seebries, verander die mesoklimaat aansienlik oor klein afstande in hierdie area. Vir die studie was sestien wingerde, wat bestaan het uit agt Sauvignon Blanc en agt Cabernet Sauvignon wingerde, geselekteer vanuit ʼn groter terroir studie. Verder was drie seisoene, met volledige klimaatsdatastelle, geselekteer vir die vergelyking van data tussen die seisoene. Klimaat was op verskillende skale binne die studie area gemonitor en data van ʼn weerstasie netwerk, sowel as van mesoklimaat dataversamelaars binne die wingerde, was beskikbaar. Die beskikbare datastelle was vergelyk, asook geëvalueer, om die mees verteenwoordigende datastel vir die area te bepaal. Met die oorweging van die termiese indekse was daar gevind dat die Huglin indeks beter verteenwoordigend van die area was. Verder, as gevolg van die groot verskille wat gevind is tussen die temperature gemeet met die mesoklimaat dataversamelaars en die naaste outomatiese weerstasie, was daar besluit dat die gebruik van die mesoklimaat data verkies is en is dit ook aan te beveel vir die gebruik in toekomstige navorsing indien die tipe data beskikbaar is. Wynsteen- en appelsuur het beide ʼn definitiewe sintese periode tot en met véraison, waarna die hoeveelheid wynsteensuur in die korrel relatief konstant bly en die hoeveelheid appelsuur afneem hoofsaaklik as gevolg van respirasie. Die temperatuur data was dus verdeel in ‘n periode van sintese vanaf blom tot en met véraison, en ʼn rypwordingsperiode vanaf véraison tot en met oes. In hierdie studie was daar eerstens groot verskille waargeneem in die klimaat soos wat daar verwag is. Hierdie verskille was nie net waargeneem as tussen die seisoene nie, maar ook tussen die wingerde binne ʼn seisoen. Die fenologiese veskille tussen die wingerde wat ook waargeneem is, kon hoofsaaklik aan die verskille in die temperatuur toegeskryf word en ʼn goeie korrelasie tussen temperatuur en fenologie is opgemerk. Merkwaardige verskille in die rypwordingsparameters, asook in die inhoud van die organiese sure, was waargeneem, alhoewel die bydrae van temperatuur op die inhoud van hierdie komponente by véraison of oes nie as definitief getoon is nie. Dit kan toegeskryf word aan die bydrae van ander faktore, soos byvoorbeeld die grondwaterinhoud en die lowerargitektuur, op die inhoud van hierdie komponente. Die addisionele faktore dra egter in verskillende persentasies by tot die verskille waargeneem tussen die wingerde.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main objective of this investigation was to study the decision making process of wine companies and wine grape growers which belong to the Altos Montes Wine Producers Association (APROMONTES), to identify to what extend these participants are aligned in the adoption of innovations required to increase their market competitiveness. In this study we use as theoretical framework a combination of the prospect theory, the new evolutionary economics and the transition cost economics. Our theoretical contribution for the understanding of the decision making process in the adoption of innovations is constituted by the connection between the judgment heuristics and the concepts related to innovation which are influenced by the categories of analysis found in the transition cost economics. This research was based on the information collected through interviews with twelve wine companies associated to APROMONTES, twenty-five wine grape growers associated to these wine companies and also seven interviews with independent wine grape growers, trying to understand their decision making process in relation to their attempt to innovate in their production units. The analysis of the information collected shows the existence of decisions based on judgment heuristics which lead to unaligned decisions on the part of wine companies and wine grape growers, which make difficult the adoption of prescriptive innovations by the sector necessary to the increase of competitiveness in that production chain association. / O objetivo principal desta tese foi analisar o processo decisório de Viticultores e Vinicultores da Serra Gaúcha, mais especificamente da APROMONTES (Associação de Produtores dos Vinhos dos Altos Montes), no sentido de identificar em que medida esses participantes estão alinhados na adoção de inovações capazes de incrementar a competitividade da SAG Vitivinícola. Neste estudo, utilizamos como referencial teórico uma combinação entre a teoria da perspectiva, a nova economia evolucionária e a economia dos custos de transação. Nossa contribuição teórica para o entendimento do processo decisório para adoção de inovações se deu por meio do estabelecimento de conexões entre a utilização de heurísticas de julgamento e de conceitos ligados às inovações as quais são influenciadas por categorias de análise contempladas na economia dos custos de transação. Esta pesquisa se apoiou em informações levantadas através de entrevistas realizadas com doze vinícolas integrantes da APROMONTES, de vinte e cinco entrevistas com viticultores ligados a essas vinícolas e de sete entrevistas com viticultores independentes, buscando entender o processo decisório desses no que diz respeito à decisão de inovarem em suas unidades de produção. A apreciação das informações levantadas evidencia a existência de decisões baseadas em heurísticas de julgamento que conduzem a decisões desalinhadas por parte de vinícolas e viticultores, o que dificulta a adoção de inovações prescritas como necessárias para o aumento da competitividade daquelas cadeias de produção.

The Wine Jars Speak: A text study. Reworked and translated from a Swedish MA thesis, Vinkärlsetiketterna berättar: En textstudie from 2008 in Egyptology, Uppsala University. This paper examines the texts written on shards from wine jars found at El-Amarna, Tutankhamun’s tomb (KV 62) and Deir el-Medina. Information concerning the administration of wine and its production, found in these texts, is examined. Wine was an important element in Egyptian society and a common iconographic motif in tombs at Thebes during New Kingdom. A survey on previous research on the subject is presented. This is followed by analysis of the different reoccurring elements found in the texts. A definition of the standard formulation of the wine jar label texts is given and the minimal level of information needed for the administration of wine production and distribution is identified.  The chapter of the analysis deals with the various types of information given in the label texts, such as date, wine classification, and function. The next chapter presents the words associated with the vineyard, the names of the institutions involved in the production and use of wine, and the place names that identify where wine production took place. The following chapter deals with the titles and personal names of the officials involved in wine production. This study shows that these small texts contribute to an understanding of wine production. They also display continuity in form that bridges the turbulence of the Amarna Period. The earlier examples of these texts do not have an ideological component. It is first with the Ramesside Period, and the more intrusive inclusion of the name of the King, that some ideological intent can be identified.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper aims to analyze the economic efficiency in wine production in Rio Grande do Sul through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). For this, we have used a sample of primary data collected in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, based on the crop year 2008/2009. The selection of variables to be analyzed is related to the importance of each inputs in wine production, and these are grouped in raw material, container, labor, fixed costs, identifying costs and other costs considering the main products of this industry are table wine (TW) and fine wine (FW), both appearing as the main items responsible for sales in unit production. For applying the DEA models in this study, the CCR and BCC models with input orientation had been adopted to evaluate the technical and scale efficiency of wineries and also to analyze economic efficiency. One can check that the wineries sample analyzed which produce more than half of the TW and FW wineries are operating at the inefficiency scale due to incorrect production scale. It was also found that the level of economic efficiency of wineries producing TW and FW is low, being only about 13% of them operating under economic efficiency. The group of wineries with allocative inefficiency represented more than 85% of the sampled wineries. / Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar a eficiência econômica na produção de vinhos do Rio Grande do Sul através da Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA). Para isso, utiliza-se uma amostra de dados primários coletados no Rio Grande do Sul, tendo por base o ano safra 2008/2009. A seleção das variáveis a serem analisadas está relacionada com a importância de cada um dos insumos (inputs) da produção vinícola, os quais são agregados em matériaprima, vasilhame, mão de obra, custos fixos, custos de identificação e outros custos - sendo que os principais produtos deste setor são o vinho de mesa (VM) e o vinho fino (VF), figurando como os principais responsáveis pelo faturamento das unidades produtivas. Na aplicação dos modelos DEA, no presente estudo, são adotados os modelos CCR e BCC com orientação insumo para avaliar a eficiência técnica e de escala das empresas vinícolas e para analisar a eficiência econômica. Pode-se verificar que, da amostra de vinícolas analisadas, mais da metade das produtoras de VM e VF está operando com ineficiência de escala, devido à escala de produção incorreta. Constatou-se, também que o nível de eficiência econômica das vinícolas produtoras de VM e VF é baixo, estando apenas cerca de 13% delas operando com eficiência econômica. O grupo das vinícolas com ineficiência alocativa representou mais de 85% das vinícolas amostradas.

The aim of the Master thesis is to design a new building of winery in Drnholec in Výsluní street located on plot No. 1643/81. It is a sloping plot with total area 18 158 m2. The building has two above-ground floors and a basement. In the basement there is a vertical load-bearing structure consists of cast-in-place reinforced conrete and in the above-ground floor there are sand-lime blocks. A horizontal load-bearing structure are design from prestressed panel Spiroll. There is designed a green warm flat roof. This complex of winery is divided into four independently functional operation: wine production, administrative part, accommodation and tasting room with retail. In the basement there is situated wine production with technical facilities. In the ground floor there is a separate area with tasting room and its support area, further there is a part of wine production, retail, office and staff facilities. In the first floor there is accommodation. The design of the building emphasizes the architectural character and the building also meets the energy requirements in full. The shape solution is designed so that the object fits into the vineyard environment.

The topic of the diploma thesis is the design of a representative building of the Nikolsburg winery, which decided to get rid of the role of mediator of the grapes supply for another winery to produce its own wine. This building is to house a four-star hotel for thirty people, a tasting room with a view of the barrique barrels, a restaurant for forty people and a small wellness area. This newly designed building is located in the outskirts of Mikulov between the nature reserves Turold and Růžový vrch. The basic concept was created depending on the slope of the terrain and the orientation to the cardinal directions. I also tried my best to take advantage of attractive views and limit the view of the technical zone, which is located southwest of the plot. The façade made of ceramic fittings from the Flexbrick company helps me with this intention. An important expressive element of the building is the division of the last floor with hotel rooms, which are oriented to the surrounding landmarks - Mikulov with the Holy Hill and Růžový vrch.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The rural development strategies, associated with the debate on family farms, have emphasized alternative forms of agricultural land for the territories of Rio Grande do Sul, which are contemplated by a large diversity of production systems. In Serra Gaúcha, there is significant production of grapes, with organic basis, as well as conventional. Although both systems coexist, have typical characteristics to the modus operandi of farmers. The decisions are basically driven by strategic objectives and dependents of the potential and limitations of organizations to provide benefits and minimize uncertainties. Thus, the research aims to identify which system of production has the best economic result, since it can influence the adoption of one or another system. For this purpose, the research has a quantitative and inductive nature, delineated by the applied method, with exploratory goals and survey procedure using semi-structured interview. Operationally, were characterized the different production systems through descriptive analysis and comparison of means. The means analyzed illustrated that the outcome variables of organic production system are lower than the same average of conventional system. Considering the classification of costs, there was a similar behavior in the distribution of costs in both production systems, with the largest expenditures are concentrated in fixed costs, with significant representation of family labor. In variable costs, the use of fungicide, fertilizer and corrective collaborate to increase the total cost. Moreover, the test t-independent indicated that for fixed costs, variable costs, operating costs, total cost and total gross income there is no significant differences between the systems. However, the same test revealed significant differences between gross margins, operating income and net margins on both production systems. Although the composition of costs present similar dynamics, in conventional system gross, total and operating income are larger than in the organic system. The same applies to the net margin, even if it is negative, indicating a possible decapitalization of production systems in the long term. Due to the peculiarities of agricultural production, the process of making decisions about how, what and how produce is influenced by the availability of resources, the economic and financial objectives and the implications of these actions on the well-being of family members. Therefore, to identify the condition closest to the ideal condition, that determinate the farmer adopt for one or another system of production, can be a challenge for researchers. / As estratégias de desenvolvimento rural, associadas ao debate sobre agricultura familiar, têm destacado formas alternativas de produção agrícola para os territórios agrários do Rio Grande do Sul, que são contemplados por extensa diversidade de sistemas de produção. Na Região Serrana, é significativa a produção de uva, com base orgânica, bem como convencional. Embora os sistemas coexistam, eles apresentam características peculiares ao modus operandi dos produtores rurais. As decisões são basicamente orientadas por objetivos estratégicos e dependentes das potencialidades e limitações das organizações para trazer benefícios e a minimização das incertezas. Destarte, a pesquisa visa identificar qual dos sistemas de produção apresenta o melhor resultado econômico, uma vez que ele pode influenciar na adoção de um ou outro sistema. Para tanto, a pesquisa possui abordagem quantitativa e de natureza indutiva, delineada pelo método aplicado com objetivos exploratórios e procedimentos de levantamento de informações, através de entrevista semiestruturada. Operacionalmente, foram caracterizados os diferentes sistemas de produção por meio da análise descritiva e comparação de médias. As médias analisadas ilustraram que as variáveis de resultado do sistema de produção orgânico são menores que as mesmas médias do sistema convencional. Considerando a classificação dos custos, evidenciou-se um comportamento semelhante na distribuição das despesas nos dois sistemas produtivos, sendo que as maiores despesas concentram-se nos custos fixos, com significativa representatividade da mão-de-obra familiar. Nos custos variáveis, o uso de fungicida, fertilizante e corretivo colabora para o aumento do custo total. Ademais, o teste t-independente indicou que para os custos fixos, custos variáveis, custo operacional, custo total e renda bruta total não há diferenças significativas entre os sistemas. Todavia, o mesmo teste revelou diferenças significativas entre as margens brutas, rendas operacionais agrícolas e margens líquidas dos dois sistemas produtivos. Apesar da composição dos custos apresentarem dinâmicas similares, no sistema convencional a renda bruta, total e operacional são maiores que no sistema orgânico. O mesmo acontece com a margem líquida, ainda que seja negativa, indicando uma possível descapitalização dos sistemas produtivos, no longo prazo. Devido às particularidades da produção agropecuária, o processo de tomada de decisão sobre o quanto, o que e como produzir é condicionado pela disponibilidade de recursos, pelos objetivos econômicofinanceiros e pelas implicações destas ações no bem-estar dos membros da família. Portanto, identificar a condição mais próxima do ideal que condicione o agricultor adotar um ou outro sistema produtivo pode ser um dos desafios dos pesquisadores do setor.

The purpose of this master’s thesis was to design an object situated on South Moravia nearby the Nove Mlyny dam with the view at the Palava Hills. The house is designed as extremely environmental friendly and energy saving in „A“ category according to the SEN-scale of building energy demand. Water purification and water management are part sof the ecological koncept. The primary target of the building is a wine production. It concerns grapes stemming, pressing, fermentation, aging, bottling and bottle stocking. One integral part of the building is an accomodation for 44-60 guests, who have the degustation room, restaurant and natural pool at hand. One last part is the CHKO Pálava information centre where i tis available to get information, internet access, or to use the library or lecture hall.

This thesis deals with the Kosovar agricultural economy and the introduction of new approaches. Kosova is an economy in transition with high unemployment, young population and structural problems. The privatization process promises a better future and economic growth. However, hard work and new approaches are needed. Privatization does not mean immediate growth. Hereby, clusters are considered as an appropriate approach to develop rural areas. Especially the wine sector in Kosova could be an example for cluster development as it is a promising sector. Wine has a long history in Kosova although wine consumption is not widespread. This sector is a rare example where exports are higher than imports. Climate conditions cheep working force and as stated the background make this sector attractive. Foreign agencies and investors are very interested in this sector. This thesis will show the main problems and main opportunities of this sector. It will describe the structural changes and current developments. Cluster creation is not a government function. Further, it is not a tailor-made solution. In fact, clustering involves many roles. Each participant has certain duties but the whole process needs coordination. The monitoring and supervision of the whole process, the identification of needs and permanent exchange of the participants are organized in a cluster. At the end, a win-win situation is created even if competition is raised to a high level. Competition and the functioning of free markets guarantee the success of the sector and as a results regional development. One cluster helps to create another. Starting one process means that many others could follow. By reading this thesis, the reader should recognize potentials and understand the local circumstances. This is the aim of the study. / Faton Deva "Shkodra" 14, Prishtina 10000 Kosova mob: +377(0)44122883 e-mail:faton99d@gmail.com

The diploma thesis deals with project of a new building of winery production. Winery has one floor and a basement. We can split the winery into three parts. First part – production. This whole part is dedicaded to the production of wine. It consists of spaces where grapes are degraded, fermented, pressed, stored, bottled, labeled and subsequently exported. Production has a volume of 300 000 l of wine. Second part is for administration. There are two offices and a confrence room. Third part is for public using and it is composed of the tasting room with view at the wineyard and of the retail hall. The structural system is prefabricated skeleton of reinforced concrete. The roof is constructed as a flat green roof.