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The diploma thesis deals with the topic of liquidation as a form of economic decline of companies. In the theoretical part of the thesis economic decline is outlined and the legal regulations related to the process of liquidation are elaborated. The practical part of the thesis provides the reader with the analysis of statistical data regarding the insolvency and liquidation processes in the Czech Republic and with the further description of the particular case of liquidation on the example of Cooperative G 19.

<p>Declining industries are privileged at the expense of new innovative ones in some cities but not others. In order to understand why, I develop an argument about how politics aggregates the demand for industrial rents across space. Geographically concentrated industries produce electorates with homogenous preferences in favor of supporting established local firms. In electoral systems where politicians are beholden to voters in a narrow geographic constituency, politicians will support efforts to prop up these industries even as these measures stymie innovation. Conversely, in electoral systems where politicians are beholden to broad party interests, politicians will support nationally important and geographically dispersed industries. Concentrated industries, by contrast, are more likely to die a rapid death and leave public resources available for new pioneering firms. Thus, the intersection between electoral and political geography provides insight into the Schumpeterian creative destruction needed to transform a city into a post-industrial economy. I formalize my argument in two models: one analyzing the demand of subsidies over public goods by voters and another exploring the tradeoff between rent-seeking and innovation by firms. I test the resulting hypotheses through cross-country statistical regressions and two in-depth case studies. Using firm-level data across many countries I show that political geography conditions the provision of subsidies to declining firms, and that electorally important firms are less likely to innovate. Then, using original field data I investigate the causal impact of political institutions and economic geography on the provision of subsidies by utilizing exogenous shocks in Thailand and India.</p> / Dissertation

This thesis examines the relationship between the state and civil society in Zimbabwe. The relationship between the state and civil society is discussed under the categories of the concepts democratisation, good governance and sustainable development. The nature of the relationship between the state and civil society in Africa is examined to set out parameters for state-civil society debate in Zimbabwe. The discussion of the relationship between the state and civil society in Zimbabwe is synthesised into three parts, the post-independence era, the post-1990s and the post-2000. From these discussions it is argued that the relationship between the state and civil society was peaceful in the first decade of independence and this was because the state maintained dominance and control over all sectors of civil society. However, the 1990s saw a collapse of peaceful relations between the state and civil society in Zimbabwe. The collapse of the peaceful relationship between the state and civil society came as a result of the country’s economic decline and the authoritarian practices in Zimbabwe, which saw the emergence of a confrontational civil society towards the state. In the early 2000s, it is observed that the state became repressive towards civil society through the introduction of repressive laws which include Access to Information and Privacy Act (AIIPA) and the Public Order and Security Act (POSA). For peaceful relations between the state and civil society to exist in a sustainable manner, the state must continuously promote and practice democracy and good governance. In addition, the state should play a pivotal role of enhancing sustainable development in a manner that meets the socio-economic realities of its population. / Thesis (M.A. (Political Studies))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011

This thesis examines the relationship between the state and civil society in Zimbabwe. The relationship between the state and civil society is discussed under the categories of the concepts democratisation, good governance and sustainable development. The nature of the relationship between the state and civil society in Africa is examined to set out parameters for state-civil society debate in Zimbabwe. The discussion of the relationship between the state and civil society in Zimbabwe is synthesised into three parts, the post-independence era, the post-1990s and the post-2000. From these discussions it is argued that the relationship between the state and civil society was peaceful in the first decade of independence and this was because the state maintained dominance and control over all sectors of civil society. However, the 1990s saw a collapse of peaceful relations between the state and civil society in Zimbabwe. The collapse of the peaceful relationship between the state and civil society came as a result of the country’s economic decline and the authoritarian practices in Zimbabwe, which saw the emergence of a confrontational civil society towards the state. In the early 2000s, it is observed that the state became repressive towards civil society through the introduction of repressive laws which include Access to Information and Privacy Act (AIIPA) and the Public Order and Security Act (POSA). For peaceful relations between the state and civil society to exist in a sustainable manner, the state must continuously promote and practice democracy and good governance. In addition, the state should play a pivotal role of enhancing sustainable development in a manner that meets the socio-economic realities of its population. / Thesis (M.A. (Political Studies))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011

Yes / The global economy has experienced considerable turbulence since 2007. The financial crisis has been viewed as the trigger for a prolonged period of economic decline. This decline remains an issue for all member states of the European Union, the eurozone and beyond. We argue genesis of this crisis lies in the integration negotiations of 1991, ratified in 1992. These produced a flawed economic model within the eurozone. Given the seeds of decay were planted at origin; we argue the solution can be found through a reconstructed eurozone via looser integration, where countries less equipped to deal with the realities of closer integration will be economically independent.

O litoral norte paulista, no fim do século XVIII, tem a produção do açúcar e aguardente como os principais produtos exportados aos portos do Rio de Janeiro e de Santos através da navegação de cabotagem. O café aparece na região logo nos primeiros anos do século XIX, e torna-se dentro de dez anos o maior produto agrícola a ser exportado pelas vilas do litoral norte paulista. A região sofre com duas restrições comerciais do governo paulista que visava desenvolver a agricultura na província, em finais do século XVIII e início do XIX, o que marcará a decadência da produção açucareira e de aguardente. O potencial econômico da região só é retomado alguns anos depois com a produção cafeeira, o que eleva o número da população livre, o contingente escravo, e também, a posse média dos proprietários de cativos. O crescente econômico da região se apresenta até meados da primeira metade do século XIX, entrando a seguir em um declínio econômico acentuado devido à concorrência do café de outras regiões próximas, que detinham maior potencialidade de produção e distribuição. No início do século XIX a região também se dedicou a outras atividades comerciais como a pesca de baleias e o corte venda de madeiras de alto valor comercial empregada na construção naval. A decadência econômica do litoral norte paulista só tem fim com a descoberta pelo turismo e um novo planejamento econômico nacional no início da segunda metade do século XX. / The north coast of São Paulo, in the end of the XVIII century, has sugar and sugar cane brandy as the main products exported to the Rio de Janeiro and Santos ports through the coast. Coffee shows up in the region right in the first years of the XIX century,becoming in a period of ten years the biggest agricultural product exported by the north Coast villages. The region has suffered with two commercial restrictions from São Paulo´s government that aimed to develop the agriculture in the province,in the end of XVIII and beggining of XIX century, that will point the decay of sugar and sugar cane brandy production.The region economical power is retaken only some years later with the coffee production, which increases the number of free population, the number of slaves, and also, the average number slave owners. The region economic growth is present until the first half of XIX century, getting into a severe economic decline due to the coffee competition of other close regions, which had more production and distribution power. In the beggining of XIX century the region has also been into other commercial activities, such as the whaling and the cutting and selling of timbers of high commercial value used in ship building. The north coast economic decay has only an end with the tourism and a new national economic planning in the beggining of the second half of the XX century.

O litoral norte paulista, no fim do século XVIII, tem a produção do açúcar e aguardente como os principais produtos exportados aos portos do Rio de Janeiro e de Santos através da navegação de cabotagem. O café aparece na região logo nos primeiros anos do século XIX, e torna-se dentro de dez anos o maior produto agrícola a ser exportado pelas vilas do litoral norte paulista. A região sofre com duas restrições comerciais do governo paulista que visava desenvolver a agricultura na província, em finais do século XVIII e início do XIX, o que marcará a decadência da produção açucareira e de aguardente. O potencial econômico da região só é retomado alguns anos depois com a produção cafeeira, o que eleva o número da população livre, o contingente escravo, e também, a posse média dos proprietários de cativos. O crescente econômico da região se apresenta até meados da primeira metade do século XIX, entrando a seguir em um declínio econômico acentuado devido à concorrência do café de outras regiões próximas, que detinham maior potencialidade de produção e distribuição. No início do século XIX a região também se dedicou a outras atividades comerciais como a pesca de baleias e o corte venda de madeiras de alto valor comercial empregada na construção naval. A decadência econômica do litoral norte paulista só tem fim com a descoberta pelo turismo e um novo planejamento econômico nacional no início da segunda metade do século XX. / The north coast of São Paulo, in the end of the XVIII century, has sugar and sugar cane brandy as the main products exported to the Rio de Janeiro and Santos ports through the coast. Coffee shows up in the region right in the first years of the XIX century,becoming in a period of ten years the biggest agricultural product exported by the north Coast villages. The region has suffered with two commercial restrictions from São Paulo´s government that aimed to develop the agriculture in the province,in the end of XVIII and beggining of XIX century, that will point the decay of sugar and sugar cane brandy production.The region economical power is retaken only some years later with the coffee production, which increases the number of free population, the number of slaves, and also, the average number slave owners. The region economic growth is present until the first half of XIX century, getting into a severe economic decline due to the coffee competition of other close regions, which had more production and distribution power. In the beggining of XIX century the region has also been into other commercial activities, such as the whaling and the cutting and selling of timbers of high commercial value used in ship building. The north coast economic decay has only an end with the tourism and a new national economic planning in the beggining of the second half of the XX century.

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