Die schnelle Urbanisierung weltweit treibt die Expansion, Erneuerung und Modernisierung der gebauten Umwelt, die als Raum für menschliches Wohnen und gesellschaftliches Handeln dient, voran. Dieses Wachstum hat zu einem erheblichen Ressourcenverbrauch und Emissionen geführt, die die globale Ressourcengewinnung und den Klimawandel beeinflussen. Daher ist das Verständnis der Ressourcendynamik innerhalb der gebauten Umwelt von entscheidender Bedeutung. Auf Grundlage dieses Verständnisses kann die Entwicklung von Aktivitäten der Kreislaufwirtschaft (CE) den Ressourcenaufwand und Umweltprobleme mindern, eine effiziente Ressourcennutzung fördern und den Übergang zur CE in der gebauten Umwelt erleichtern. Die Zirkularität von Baumaterialien variiert aufgrund der Unterschiede in den räumlichen Kontexten im geografischen Sinne erheblich, sodass identische CE-Strategien und sie antreibende technische Innovationen (TIs) nicht in allen Regionen anwendbar sind. Die aktuelle Forschung liefert oft fragmentierte und teilweise unvollständige Einblicke in die räumlichen Auswirkungen und Anwendungen von TIs innerhalb der zirkulären gebauten Umwelt; beispielsweise werden oft nur einzelne CE-Strategien untersucht, lokale räumliche Kontexte häufig vernachlässigt und es fehlt an dynamischen Bewertungen von TIs. Folglich bleibt es eine Herausforderung, die Dynamik von Baumaterialien systematisch zu verstehen und zu analysieren sowie geeignete Strategien und TIs anzuwenden, um ihrer Zirkularität zu verbessern. Diese Dissertation zielt darauf ab, den Einfluss von TIs in unterschiedlichen räumlichen Kontexten hinsichtlich der Materialdynamik in der gebauten Umwelt zu untersuchen und die Frage zu beantworten: „Wie wirken sich TIs und räumliche Merkmale auf die Zirkularität der gebauten Umwelt aus?“ Basierend darauf wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass die Anpassung von TIs an lokale Kontexte den Beitrag von CE-Strategien zur Ressourceneffizienz in der gebauten Umwelt verbessern kann. Zu diesem Zweck wird ein methodologischer Rahmen gesetzt, der sich auf die Materialflussanalyse (MFA) stützt und Bibliometrie, Systemdynamik, dynamische MFA (dMFA), kontinuierliche MFA (cMFA) sowie Lebenszyklusbewertung (LCA) integriert. Dieser Rahmen wird verwendet, um die linearen und zirkulären Dynamiken von Baumaterialien zu analysieren. Der auf dem MFA-Konzept basierende CE-Rahmen wird in drei Studien eingesetzt, um die Auswirkungen von räumlichen Merkmalen, TIs und Fall-TI auf die Zirkularität von Baumaterialien zu erforschen. Ausgehend von diesen Ergebnissen werden kontextspezifische CE-Strategien und entsprechende TIs vorgeschlagen, um die Materialzirkularität zu verbessern und Rohstoffe zu schonen. Darüber hinaus wird die Anwendung von Fall-TI in verschiedenen Regionen untersucht, um die Bedeutung der räumlichen Merkmale für die Zirkularität von Materialien und deren Einfluss auf die Reduzierung des globalen Erwärmungspotentials herauszuarbeiten. Erstens wurde eine Literaturrecherche durchgeführt, um Publikationen zur gebauten Umwelt und CE zu sammeln und die fragmentierten und impliziten räumlichen Informationen zu extrahieren. Diese Informationen wurden dann mithilfe des Closing-Slowing-Narrowing (CSN)-Ansatzes systematisiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass unterschiedliche räumliche Merkmale die Zirkularität von Materialien in der gebauten Umwelt durch drei Hauptstrategien beeinflussen können (CSN-Ansatz): Schließen (Schaffung geschlossener Kreisläufe zwischen Endnutzung und Produktion), Verlangsamen (Verlängerung der Lebensdauer von Produkten) und Verengen (Reduzierung des Materialverbrauchs). Die effektive Nutzung räumlicher Informationen in Regionen mit unterschiedlichen Urbanisierungsgraden kann dazu beitragen, kontextspezifische CE-Strategien zu entwerfen und so den Wert von Baumaterialien zu maximieren. Zweitens wurde mithilfe eines Systemdynamikmodells der cMFA der Einfluss von TIs unter verschiedenen CE-Strategien bezüglich der linearen und zirkulären Dynamiken von Beton, dem am meisten verwendeten Baumaterial der gebauten Umwelt, untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass verschiedene TIs die Systemzirkularität und Ressourceneffizienz verbessern können, indem sie die vier zirkulären Flüsse beeinflussen: Reduzieren, Wiederverwenden, Recyceln und Reparieren. Unter stabilen Bestandsbedingungen kann die kombinierte Anwendung ausgewählter TIs im Vergleich zu einem Referenzszenario (ohne TI) den Zufluss um bis zu 71 % reduzieren und den Verlust von 65 % der natürlichen Ressourcen verhindern. Dabei zeigen die Untersuchungen auch, dass die Szenarien, die mit den höchsten zirkulären Flüssen verbunden sind, nicht notwendigerweise die größten Ressourceneinsparungen erzielen. In der Praxis sollten daher die Wirkungen der zirkulären Flüsse über die bloße Maximierung der Flüsse selbst gestellt werden. Drittens und letztens zielt diese Studie darauf ab, die Ergebnisse der ersten und zweiten Schritte am Beispiel der aufstrebenden Technik der Karbonatisierung von recyceltem Betonzuschlag, die derzeit im Rahmen des CE einer ersten industriellen Anwendung unterzogen wird, zu bewerten und zu validieren. Diese Analyse bewertet Ressourcenschonungen, CO2-Emissionsreduktionen und wirtschaftliche Vorteile in verschiedenen Regionen und zeigt, dass die Verfeinerung lokalisierter technischer und räumlicher Parameter den Beitrag der TIs zu Umwelt- und Wirtschaftsziele verbessern kann. Dieses Beispiel dient als Referenz für die Bewertung der Anwendung anderer TIs in räumlichen Kontexten. In dieser Doktorarbeit wird die Integration von Systemdynamik in dMFA und cMFA Methoden innerhalb der industriellen Ökologieforschung für die gebaute Umwelt untersucht. Die Ergebnisse liefern wertvolle Erkenntnisse für die Entwicklung und Gestaltung von CE-Strategien sowie die Bewertung technischer Parameter, insbesondere für sich verstädternde Gebiete, mit dem Fokus, den Übergang der gebauten Umwelt hin zur Zirkularität aus der Lebenszyklusperspektive von Baumaterialien voranzutreiben. / Rapid urbanization worldwide is driving the expansion, renewal, and modernization of the built environment, which serves as the space for human habitation and societal operation. This growth has led to substantial resource consumption and emissions, influencing global resource extraction and climate change. Therefore, understanding resource dynamics within the built environment is essential. Developing circular economy (CE) activities based on this understanding can mitigate resource pressure and environmental issues, promote efficient resource utilization, and facilitate the transition towards a CE in the built environment. The circularity of construction materials varies significantly due to the difference in spatial contexts in the geographical sense, making identical CE strategies and the technical innovations (TIs) driving them inapplicable across all regions. Current research often provides fragmented and partial insights into the spatial impacts and applications of TIs within the circular built environment, e.g. they have typically focused on single CE strategy, frequently neglected local spatial contexts, and lacked dynamic evaluations of TIs. Consequently, it remains challenging to systematically understand and analyze the dynamics of construction materials and apply suitable strategies and TIs to enhance their circularity. This thesis aims to investigate the influence of TIs applied in different spatial contexts on material dynamics in the built environment, addressing the question: 'How do TIs and spatial characteristics impact circularity in the built environment?' Based on this, the study hypothesizes that adopting TIs according to local contexts can enhance the contribution of CE strategies to resource efficiency in the built environment. To this end, the study establishes a methodological framework centered on Material Flow Analysis (MFA), integrating bibliometrics, dynamic MFA (dMFA), continuous MFA (cMFA), and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This framework is used to analyze the linear and circular dynamics of construction materials. The CE framework, based on the MFA concept, is employed across three studies to explore the impact of spatial characteristics, TIs, and case TI on the circularity of construction materials. From these findings, the research proposes context-specific CE strategies and corresponding TIs to improve material circularity and conserve raw materials. Additionally, the research examines the application of case TI in different regions to underscore the importance of spatial characteristics in the materials’ circularity and its impact on reducing Global Warming Potential. Firstly, a literature review was conducted to gather publications on the built environment and CE, extracting the fragmented and implicit spatial information addressed. This information was then systematized using Closing-Slowing-Narrowing (CSN) approach. The results indicate that different spatial characteristics can influence the circularity of materials in the built environment through three main strategies (CSN approach): closing (creating closed loops between end-use and production), slowing (extending product lifespan), and narrowing (reducing material consumption). Effectively utilizing spatial information in regions with varying urbanization levels can help design context-specific CE strategies, thereby maximizing the value of construction materials. Secondly, leveraging a System Dynamics model of cMFA, the study examined the impact of TIs under different CE strategies on the linear and circular dynamics of concrete, the most consumed material in the built environment. The findings reveal that various TIs can enhance system circularity and resource efficiency by influencing the four circular flows: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Repair. Under stable stock conditions, the combined application of selected TIs can reduce inflow by up to 71% and prevent the loss of 65% of natural resources compared to a reference scenario lacking such initiatives. Importantly, the study also reveals that scenarios contributing the highest circular flows do not necessarily yield the greatest resource savings. Therefore, in practical applications, the impact of circular flows should be prioritized over merely maximizing the flows themselves. Lastly, using the emerging technique of recycled concrete aggregate carbonation, which is currently undergoing preliminary industrial application within the CE framework, this study aims to evaluate the results obtained from the first and second steps. The analysis assesses resource savings, CO2 emission reductions, and economic benefits in different regions, demonstrating that refining localized technical and spatial parameters can enhance the contribution of the TIs to environmental and economic goals. This example provides a reference for evaluating the application of other TIs in spatial contexts. This doctoral thesis offers an exploration of dMFA and cMFA methodologies within industrial ecology research for the built environment. The findings provide valuable insights for designing CE strategies and evaluating technical parameters, particularly for urbanizing areas, with a focus on advancing the transition of the built environment towards circularity from a lifecycle perspective of materials.

Atualmente, a ciência econômica tem aplicado conceitos e teorias na questão ambiental para melhor utilização dos recursos naturais, visando ao desenvolvimento sustentável, ou seja, garantir que as futuras gerações igualmente possam dispor do meio ambiente. A economia possui ferramentas que podem ser utilizadas na gestão hídrica, para otimizar o uso da água e preservar o meio ambiente. A experiência internacional tem demonstrado a utilização de importantes instrumentos econômicos de políticas públicas para a gestão dos recursos hídricos, com inegável efetividade. O Estado de Roraima, localizado na Amazônia e com grande patrimônio ambiental e abundantes corpos de água, tem o dever de cuidar melhor de seus recursos naturais. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar alguns instrumentos econômicos de políticas públicas, criados pela legislação federal e estadual, e aplicáveis ao Estado de Roraima. O método de estudo baseia-se em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, abordando pesquisas empíricas sobre o tema. Conclui-se que, dos instrumentos disponíveis, apenas a outorga do direito de uso foi implementada, e os outros mecanismos, principalmente a cobrança pelo uso da água, tem sido negligenciado pelas políticas públicas estaduais. / Nowadays, economic science has applied concepts and theories in environmental issues for the better use of natural resources, aiming at sustainable development, i.e. ensuring that future generations can also have the environment. The economy has tools that can be used in water management to optimize water use and preserve the environment. International experience has demonstrated the important use of economic instruments of public policy for the management of water resources, with undeniable effectiveness. The Roraima State, located in the Amazon and with major environmental heritage and abundant water bodies, has a duty to take better care of their natural resources. This dissertation aims to analyze some economic instruments of public policy, created by federal and state laws, and applicable to the state of Roraima. The study method is based on documentary and bibliographical research, empirical research addressing the issue. We conclude that the instruments available, only granting the right of use was implemented, and other mechanisms, especially the charge for water use, has been neglected by the state public policies.

Atualmente, a ciência econômica tem aplicado conceitos e teorias na questão ambiental para melhor utilização dos recursos naturais, visando ao desenvolvimento sustentável, ou seja, garantir que as futuras gerações igualmente possam dispor do meio ambiente. A economia possui ferramentas que podem ser utilizadas na gestão hídrica, para otimizar o uso da água e preservar o meio ambiente. A experiência internacional tem demonstrado a utilização de importantes instrumentos econômicos de políticas públicas para a gestão dos recursos hídricos, com inegável efetividade. O Estado de Roraima, localizado na Amazônia e com grande patrimônio ambiental e abundantes corpos de água, tem o dever de cuidar melhor de seus recursos naturais. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar alguns instrumentos econômicos de políticas públicas, criados pela legislação federal e estadual, e aplicáveis ao Estado de Roraima. O método de estudo baseia-se em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, abordando pesquisas empíricas sobre o tema. Conclui-se que, dos instrumentos disponíveis, apenas a outorga do direito de uso foi implementada, e os outros mecanismos, principalmente a cobrança pelo uso da água, tem sido negligenciado pelas políticas públicas estaduais. / Nowadays, economic science has applied concepts and theories in environmental issues for the better use of natural resources, aiming at sustainable development, i.e. ensuring that future generations can also have the environment. The economy has tools that can be used in water management to optimize water use and preserve the environment. International experience has demonstrated the important use of economic instruments of public policy for the management of water resources, with undeniable effectiveness. The Roraima State, located in the Amazon and with major environmental heritage and abundant water bodies, has a duty to take better care of their natural resources. This dissertation aims to analyze some economic instruments of public policy, created by federal and state laws, and applicable to the state of Roraima. The study method is based on documentary and bibliographical research, empirical research addressing the issue. We conclude that the instruments available, only granting the right of use was implemented, and other mechanisms, especially the charge for water use, has been neglected by the state public policies.

Atualmente, a ciência econômica tem aplicado conceitos e teorias na questão ambiental para melhor utilização dos recursos naturais, visando ao desenvolvimento sustentável, ou seja, garantir que as futuras gerações igualmente possam dispor do meio ambiente. A economia possui ferramentas que podem ser utilizadas na gestão hídrica, para otimizar o uso da água e preservar o meio ambiente. A experiência internacional tem demonstrado a utilização de importantes instrumentos econômicos de políticas públicas para a gestão dos recursos hídricos, com inegável efetividade. O Estado de Roraima, localizado na Amazônia e com grande patrimônio ambiental e abundantes corpos de água, tem o dever de cuidar melhor de seus recursos naturais. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar alguns instrumentos econômicos de políticas públicas, criados pela legislação federal e estadual, e aplicáveis ao Estado de Roraima. O método de estudo baseia-se em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, abordando pesquisas empíricas sobre o tema. Conclui-se que, dos instrumentos disponíveis, apenas a outorga do direito de uso foi implementada, e os outros mecanismos, principalmente a cobrança pelo uso da água, tem sido negligenciado pelas políticas públicas estaduais. / Nowadays, economic science has applied concepts and theories in environmental issues for the better use of natural resources, aiming at sustainable development, i.e. ensuring that future generations can also have the environment. The economy has tools that can be used in water management to optimize water use and preserve the environment. International experience has demonstrated the important use of economic instruments of public policy for the management of water resources, with undeniable effectiveness. The Roraima State, located in the Amazon and with major environmental heritage and abundant water bodies, has a duty to take better care of their natural resources. This dissertation aims to analyze some economic instruments of public policy, created by federal and state laws, and applicable to the state of Roraima. The study method is based on documentary and bibliographical research, empirical research addressing the issue. We conclude that the instruments available, only granting the right of use was implemented, and other mechanisms, especially the charge for water use, has been neglected by the state public policies.

L’objectif fondamental de cette thèse consistait, après avoir relevé la complexité du lien entre l’économie et l’environnement, à mettre en évidence d’une part, les différents travaux et analyses sur la théorie des havres de pollution ainsi que les théories concurrentes et d’autre part, à apporter une contribution empirique à cette théorie. Ainsi, en évaluant empiriquement l’attractivité de l’Amérique latine et de l’Europe pour les entreprises manufacturières espagnoles appartenant auxsecteurs réputés polluants, on s’est évertué à montrer que les déterminants de cet attrait vers ces deux régions ne suivent pas la même trajectoire. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons un modèle gravitaire développé au moyen de l’économétrie des données de panel. C’est autour de ces points centraux que se sont articulés les quatre chapitres de notre thèse. Nos résultats valident l’existence d’effets de havres de pollution en Amérique latine, renforçant ainsi les conclusions tirées par les défenseurs de cette théorie. Ainsi, les localisations des industries polluantes espagnoles dans cetterégion sont déterminées par la présence simultanée des économies d’agglomération, d’une main d’oeuvre qualifiée et un engagement environnemental faible conjugué à un climat institutionnel douteux caractérisé par une présence massive de l’Etat dans l’économie et une banalisation de la corruption. Il convient de préciser que cette présence espagnole semble moins concernée par les libertés politiques et civiles dans la région, par les niveaux d’imposition et par la taille du marché domestique. Concernant la présence espagnole dans les pays européens, ce sont plutôt lesstratégies horizontales qui paraissent dominer les politiques d’internationalisation des entreprises polluantes espagnoles. Ces dernières semblent prêter bien plus d’attention à des facteurs tels que la qualité de la main-d’oeuvre, la performance des infrastructures, les économies d’agglomération et l’accès au marché qu’à la sévérité de la politique environnementale locale. / We have plotted a complex link between Economy and Environment, consequently we could determined the main objective of this thesis which was on one hand to highlight various papers and studies about the theory of contamination havens and about others competitive theories, and on another hand, to propose an empirical contribution to these theories. Thus, by evaluating the attractiveness of Latin America and Europe for Spanish manufacturing corporations involved in sectors known as contaminated, we focused on the fact that the determinants of this attract to both regions don’t follow the same way. In order to fulfill this specific study, we have used a gravity model developed using econometric panel data. Indeed, we have built our four main chapters of the thesis around these major points. The results obtained can argue that effects of contamination havens effectively exist in Latin America, strengthening conclusions put out by the defenders of this theory. Moreover, the place where are located Spanish contaminating manufacturing in thisregion are determined by the existence of agglomeration economies, skilled labor market, a weak engagement in environment issues united to a high level of corruption governmental institutions.In consequence, we can add that the Spanish government in this zone feels less concerned by the quality of way of life and liberty of citizens than by levels of taxes and size of domestic market. Concerning the Spanish implementation of strategies in these Europeans countries, the most relevant are horizontal strategies which seem to dominate internationalization process in Spanish contaminating manufacturing. These ones seem to pay attention to the quality of skilled labor forces, strength of infrastructure, agglomeration economies and access to the market more than the control of environmental local policies.