Bibliography: p. 191-200. / 200 p. : ill. (chiefly col.), map (fold.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Persistence mechanisms of Erodiophyllum elderi are investigated in terms of life history strategies and patchy population theory. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Botany, 1999

Many orchids require mycorrhizal symbioses with fungi for their development and survival. Rhizanthella gardneri the Western Australian underground orchid is associated with the companion plant Melaleuca uncinata and its ectomycorrhizal fungus symbiont. Much less is known about the habitat requirements of its sister species, R. slateri, which occurs in Eastern Australia. The absence of chlorophyll from Rhizanthella gardneri and R. slateri results in total dependency on associations with fungal symbionts. Many ecological and biological aspects of these fascinating orchids remained poorly known, including the identity of the fungal associates and the nature of their tripartite associations with Rhizanthella and Melaleuca. Extremely high specificity of these mycorrhizal relationships is likely to be the most important factor explaining the highly specific habitat requirements of underground orchids. The purpose of this study was to conduct further investigations of the role of the mycorrhizal associations of Australian underground orchids by identifying the fungi involved in these associations, optimising their growth in sterile culture and devising efficient means for synthesising their tripartite associations with R. gardneri and M. uncinata. In total, 16 isolates of fungi were successfully obtained from the two underground orchids and used in a series of experiments to understand both the nature of the fungi and their relationship with orchids. The identity of these fungi was established by using conventional morphological and molecular methods. Cultural and morphological studies revealed that all isolates from R. gardneri and R. slateri were binucleate rhizoctonias with affinities to members of the genus Ceratobasidium. However, the teleomorph state that was observed from the R. slateri symbiont during this study more closely resembled a Thanatephorus species. Further identification using ITS sequence comparisons confirmed that mycorrhizal fungi of Rhizanthella belonged to the Rhizoctonia alliance with relatives that include Thanatephorus, Ceratobasidium, or Rhizoctonia from other continents with over 90% similarity. Most of these related fungi are known as plant pathogens, but some were orchid mycorrhizal fungi. However, the isolates from the two underground orchids were most closely related to each other and formed a discrete group relative to other known members of the Rhizoctonia alliance. Sterile culture experiments determined culture media preferences for mycorrhizal fungi from Rhizanthella and other orchids. A fully defined sterile culture medium designed to more closely resemble Australian soil conditions was formulated. This new medium was compared to undefined media containing oats or yeast extract and recommendations for growth of these fungi are provided. The undefined media based on oats provided the best growth of most fungi, but the new Australian soil media was also effective at growing most orchid mycorrhizal fungi and this fully defined media was less prone to contamination and should provide more reproducible results. A comparison of three methods for inoculating M. uncinata with the underground orchid fungi resulted in the production and characterisation of ectomycorrhizal roots and hyphae formed by fungi isolated from R. gardneri and R. slateri. These underground orchid fungi could easily be distinguished from other mycorrhizal fungi (caused by airborne contamination) by the characteristic appearance of these roots and hyphae. A new system for growing and observing tripartite mycorrhizal associations was devised using pots with side viewing windows and the use of transparent seed packets to contain Rhizanthella seeds. This method allowed all the stages of seed germination to be observed in the glasshouse, culminating in the production of underground orchid rhizomes. Seed germination was only successful when seed was placed directly over active M. uncinata ectomycorrhizas confirmed to belong to the correct fungus by microscopic observations through the side of window pots. The importance of these new scientific discoveries concerning the biology and ecology of the underground orchids and their associated fungi for the recovery of these critically endangered orchids are discussed.

[Truncated abstract] This thesis explores the ecophysiology of cocooning and non-cocooning Australian burrowing desert frogs in order to specify the details of these two alternative survival strategies. Many details of these life-history strategies have not previously been determined for Australian frogs. In this study the detailed method of function and formation of the cocoon itself was investigated for the first time, as were the moulting cycles, which drive cocoon formation. Cocooning species had consistently shorter inter-moult-periods than non-cocooning species, which is presumably adaptive, allowing production of cocoon layers at a faster rate. Transmission electron microscopy revealed cocoon formation in Cyclorana platycephala to be a plastic, rather than static adaptation. The initial stages of cocoon formation appear to be the most critical. Cocoon layer formation is fastest in the first month and the initial layers produced are thicker than subsequent layers. Also, only in this initial stage does layer thickness appear to be influenced by soil moisture. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the lips, eyelids and cloaca of cocooned frogs to be sealed by continuous layers of cocoon. However, it remains unclear precisely how the continuous junctions between cells from discreet sources, such as the upper and lower lip, are formed. Measurements of evaporative water loss and resistance over various relative humidity gradients suggested that water content within the cocoon structure is very low unless the external RH is > 93%. Therefore, anuran cocoon is confirmed to function as a specialised and highly effective barrier to water diffusion in arid-zone frogs. ... Within a dune swale, N. aquilonius burrows were an average depth of 1.13 m in loamy sand (clay = 6%, silt = 7%). Neobatrachus aquilonius excavated from the claypan had well formed cocoons, while those found in the dune swale had only one or two thin layers, indicating cocoon formation had only just commenced, although the last rainfall had been over six months prior. This suggests that N. aquilonius is able to switch between the cocooning and non-cocooning strategy in different soil types and different conditions. In summary, cocoon formation was found not to be an entirely passive accumulation of layers. Cocoon formation involved specialisation in the rate and thickness of epithelial layer production and the sealing of layers over lips, eyes and cloaca. Moreover, the cocoon was confirmed to operate effectively as a diffusion barrier at all except the highest external relative humidity. Like cocoon-forming species, Notaden nichollsi was found to metabolically depress to survive for longer periods underground. However, they cannot survive for the entire period

Bibliography: p. 191-200. Persistence mechanisms of Erodiophyllum elderi are investigated in terms of life history strategies and patchy population theory.

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Thesis (MSc (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / This study was undertaken to quantify some of the effects of daily fertigation on ecophysiological responses in citrus trees (Citrus spp.). Initial research was conducted to optimise and standardise the sampling procedure to quantify stem water potential (ψstem) in citrus trees. To reliably determine the plant water status of citrus trees, the following conditions are required to minimise unwanted variation in ψstem measurements. Bagging of leaves with black polyethylene envelopes covered with aluminium foil 3 to 4 hours prior to measuring ψstem allows the plant water status in those leaves to equilibrate with whole-tree plant water status, thereby providing a realistic measurement of the current water status. The use of aluminium foil to cover the bagged leaves, reduces unwanted heat stress by reflecting sunlight, and dramatically reduced variation in ψstem. The time of day at which ψstem measurements are made is important to ensure consistency in comparisons among treatments and interpretation of irrigation treatment effects. “Physiological midday” is the preferred time of day to measure ψstem, i.e. 1100 HR. Transpiring leaves with open stomata would be in sun-exposed positions on the east side of trees and should be used for making ψstem measurements. Under similar experimental conditions as those used here, only three leaves per replicate are required to detect a difference of 0.05 MPa in ψstem between treatment means. Plant water status categories were developed which may have useful practical applications, i.e. >-1.0 MPa = no water deficit; -1.0 to -1.2 MPa = low water deficit; -1.2 to -1.4 MPa = moderate water deficit; <-1.4 to -1.6 MPa = high water deficit; and <-1.6 MPa = severe water deficit. Attempts are being made to develop systems that improve crop management and enhance citrus fruit production through efficient and timeous application of water and mineral nutrients which has led to the use of daily drip fertigation or the open hydroponics system (OHS). However, the perceived benefits are not necessarily supported by facts. Fruit size and yield are apparently enhanced, but possible negative aspects of the system have not been quantified. Fruit produced on trees grown under daily drip fertigation generally have a lower total soluble solids concentration than on trees under micro-sprinkler irrigation. This is mainly due to a dilution effect that is caused by the greater availability of water and the uptake thereof. Sugar accumulation can be optimised by controlling the amount of water that the plant receives at different developmental stages. Therefore, it is essential to quantify the ecophysiological responses and benefits of OHS/daily fertigation, as well as the effects of this technology on fruit quality. ‘Nules Clementine’ mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) trees in two commercial orchards in Simondium, Western Cape province, South Africa, received differential irrigation treatments. The treatments were applied at the end of stage I (± mid December) of fruit development. Stem water potential, fruit size and internal fruit quality were determined. Water-deficit stress enhanced sugar accumulation of ‘Nules Clementine’ mandarin by 0.3 to 0.6 °Brix under certain conditions. These conditions require that the difference in ψstem should be of a sufficient intensity of between 0.16 and 0.3 MPa, and this difference should be maintained for a sufficient duration of between 4 and 6 weeks. Furthermore, deficit irrigation should be applied relatively early in fruit development, namely during the sugar accumulation stage which starts within 4 weeks of the end of the fruit drop period and continues until harvest.

Orientador: Dagoberto Martins / Banca: Robinson Antonio Pitelli / Banca: Eduardo Andrea Lemus Erasmo / Banca: Mario Sergio Tomazela / Banca: Sidnei Roberto de Marchi / Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento e caracterizar o ambiente de ocorrência de Brachiaria subquadripara, sendo constituído de três etapas: (i) avaliar a população e os fatores abióticos presentes no reservatório de Barra Bonita em duas épocas (seca e águas); (ii) seleção da solução nutritiva (solução base) favorável ao crescimento a partir de diferentes diluições (80, 60, 40, 20 e 0%) da solução nutritiva completa de Sarruge em casa-de-vegetação e (iii) avaliar o crescimento e absorção de nutrientes sob o efeito de diferentes concentrações (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) de N, P e K na solução base em casa-devegetação. As coletas foram realizadas nos dias 06/07/2004 e 14/01/2005 em pontos previamente selecionados e georreferenciados, os quais constituíram-se de 13 pontos no reservatório Barra Bonita (7 pontos no braço do rio Piracicaba e 6 pontos no braço do rio Tietê). Foram realizadas coletas de solo, sedimento, água e plantas. A distribuição em relação à área de infestação das populações de B. subquadripara foi considerada heterogenia entre os pontos amostrados no reservatório de Barra Bonita, principalmente no verão referente à 2ª época. A diluição de 20% da solução nutritiva propiciou melhores condições ao desenvolvimento da planta e foi considerada representativa para ser utilizada como solução base destinada à aplicação dos diferentes níveis de N, P e K. A variação sazonal influenciou na distribuição das populações, a qual ocorreu de forma heterogênea na estação chuvosa em relação à densidade populacional. O Rio Tietê foi considerado um ambiente mais eutrófico do que o Rio Piraracicaba tanto em relação ao solo quanto em relação à coluna d’água. O crescimento de B. subquadripara apresentou melhor ajuste aos modelos exponencial e linear, sendo obtidos coeficientes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and characterize the occurrence environment of Brachiaria subquadripara being consisted of three stages: (i) evaluate the population and the abiotic factors present in the reservoir of Barra Bonita in two seasons (drought and waters); (ii) selection of nutritious solution (base solution) favorable to growth from different dilutions (80, 60, 40, 20 and 0%) of Sarruge’s complete nutritious solution, at green house and (iii) evaluate the growth and nutrients absorption under the effect of different N, P and K concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) in the base solution, at green house. Collections were carried out in July 6, 2004 and January, 14, 2005, in previously selected and georeferred places, which consisted of 13 places at Barra Bonita reservoir (7 places in the branch of the Piracicaba River and 6 places in the branch of the Tietê River). Soil, sediment, water and plants collections were carried out in each place. The distribution in relation to infestation area of B. subquadripara populations was considered heterogeneous among the places chosen in the Barra Bonita reservoir, mainly in the summer of the 2nd season. The 20% dilution of nutritious solution allowed better conditions for plant development and was considered significant to be used as base solution destined to the application of different levels 4 of N, P and K. Seasonal variation influenced the populations distribution, which heterogeneously occurred in the rainy season, in relation to population density. The Tietê River was considered the most eutrophic environment than the Piracicaba river, in relation to both soil and water column. B. subquadripara growth presented better adjustment to exponential and linear models, with determination coefficients above 90% and probability of 0,001 to 0,05. The absence of nitrogen affected the foliaceous area... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:40:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 machado_raf_dr_botfca.pdf: 1268669 bytes, checksum: a94002e1be9b4d17ac8aabc97d374c98 (MD5) / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar parâmetros fisiológicos e acúmulo diferencial de matéria seca e nutrientes em linhagens de milho contrastantes para tolerância à seca e eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio. Foram desenvolvidos 2 experimentos em casa de vegetação da Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Sete Lagoas – MG. No primeiro se foram avaliadas 4 linhagens de milho, 2 tolerantes (L6.1.1 e L13.1.2) e 2 sensíveis à seca (L1147 e L1170) submetidas a 2 regimes hídricos (controle e estresse) e fases da cultura (estádio V6, florescimento e ambas). O estresse no estádio V6 não influenciou nas características avaliadas, porém o défice hídrico durante o florescimento resultou em retardamento no florescimento das linhagens sensíveis com elevada resistência estomática e potencial hídrico resultando em significativa redução na transpiração. A produção de matéria seca das linhagens foi influenciada pelo défice hídrico. A produção de espigas e grãos das linhagens tolerantes foi muito superior às linhagens sensíveis. No segundo experimento as linhagens L13.1.2 e L1170 foram submetidas a 2 regimes hídricos (controle e estresse) e duas doses de nitrogênio (20 e 80 mg dm-3 solo) durante o florescimento. O défice hídrico e a menor dose de nitrogênio aumentaram o intervalo entre os florescimentos masculino e feminino. As linhagens exibiram redução na resistência estomática quando se aplicaram 80 mg N dm-3 solo. A adição de maior dose de N propiciou acréscimos significativos na matéria seca das folhas e espigas, enquanto o défice hídrico reduziu a matéria seca do colmo. A adição de N promoveu aumentos nos teores de clorofila das folhas. O défice hídrico não influenciou a L1170, enquanto que a L13.1.2 apresentou maiores teores relativos de clorofila sob défice hídrico. Na análise da fluorescência da clorofila não foram detectadas diferenças... / The study had for objectives to evaluate physiological parameters and accumulation of dry matter and nutrients in contrasting inbred lines for drought tolerance and nitrogen efficiency use. Two experiments were carried out greenhouse of Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Sete Lagoas, MG – Brazil. In the first were evaluated two tolerant corns (L6.1.1 and L13.1.2) and two sensitive to drought (L1147 and L1170) submitted to two water regimes (control and stress) and of crop growth (V6 stage, flowering and both). The water stress at V6 stage didn’t have influence in the characteristics evaluated. The water stress at flowering resulted in delayed flowering, high stomatic resistance and water potential with significant reduction in evapotranspiration in sensitive corns. The dry matter production of inbred lines was influenced by the water stress. The ears and grains production of tolerant corn were greater than sensitive. In the second experiment, inbred lines L13.1.2 and L1170 were submitted to two water regimes (control and stress) and two level of nitrogen (20 and 80 mg N dm-3 soil) during flowering. The water deficit and the low level of N increased the anthesis silking interval. The application of 80 mg N dm-3 soil resulted in reduction in the stomatic resistance of inbred lines. The addition of high level of N increased the dry matter of the leaves and ears, while the water deficit reduced the dry matter of stem. The addition of N promoted increases in chlorophyll content of leaves. The water deficit didn’t have effect in L1170, however L13.1.2 presented higher chlorophyll relative content under water stress. In chlorophyll fluorescence analyzes were not observed differences in the initial fluorescence...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Resumo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar parâmetros fisiológicos e acúmulo diferencial de matéria seca e nutrientes em linhagens de milho contrastantes para tolerância à seca e eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio. Foram desenvolvidos 2 experimentos em casa de vegetação da Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Sete Lagoas - MG. No primeiro se foram avaliadas 4 linhagens de milho, 2 tolerantes (L6.1.1 e L13.1.2) e 2 sensíveis à seca (L1147 e L1170) submetidas a 2 regimes hídricos (controle e estresse) e fases da cultura (estádio V6, florescimento e ambas). O estresse no estádio V6 não influenciou nas características avaliadas, porém o défice hídrico durante o florescimento resultou em retardamento no florescimento das linhagens sensíveis com elevada resistência estomática e potencial hídrico resultando em significativa redução na transpiração. A produção de matéria seca das linhagens foi influenciada pelo défice hídrico. A produção de espigas e grãos das linhagens tolerantes foi muito superior às linhagens sensíveis. No segundo experimento as linhagens L13.1.2 e L1170 foram submetidas a 2 regimes hídricos (controle e estresse) e duas doses de nitrogênio (20 e 80 mg dm-3 solo) durante o florescimento. O défice hídrico e a menor dose de nitrogênio aumentaram o intervalo entre os florescimentos masculino e feminino. As linhagens exibiram redução na resistência estomática quando se aplicaram 80 mg N dm-3 solo. A adição de maior dose de N propiciou acréscimos significativos na matéria seca das folhas e espigas, enquanto o défice hídrico reduziu a matéria seca do colmo. A adição de N promoveu aumentos nos teores de clorofila das folhas. O défice hídrico não influenciou a L1170, enquanto que a L13.1.2 apresentou maiores teores relativos de clorofila sob défice hídrico. Na análise da fluorescência da clorofila não foram detectadas diferenças ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The study had for objectives to evaluate physiological parameters and accumulation of dry matter and nutrients in contrasting inbred lines for drought tolerance and nitrogen efficiency use. Two experiments were carried out greenhouse of Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Sete Lagoas, MG - Brazil. In the first were evaluated two tolerant corns (L6.1.1 and L13.1.2) and two sensitive to drought (L1147 and L1170) submitted to two water regimes (control and stress) and of crop growth (V6 stage, flowering and both). The water stress at V6 stage didn't have influence in the characteristics evaluated. The water stress at flowering resulted in delayed flowering, high stomatic resistance and water potential with significant reduction in evapotranspiration in sensitive corns. The dry matter production of inbred lines was influenced by the water stress. The ears and grains production of tolerant corn were greater than sensitive. In the second experiment, inbred lines L13.1.2 and L1170 were submitted to two water regimes (control and stress) and two level of nitrogen (20 and 80 mg N dm-3 soil) during flowering. The water deficit and the low level of N increased the anthesis silking interval. The application of 80 mg N dm-3 soil resulted in reduction in the stomatic resistance of inbred lines. The addition of high level of N increased the dry matter of the leaves and ears, while the water deficit reduced the dry matter of stem. The addition of N promoted increases in chlorophyll content of leaves. The water deficit didn't have effect in L1170, however L13.1.2 presented higher chlorophyll relative content under water stress. In chlorophyll fluorescence analyzes were not observed differences in the initial fluorescence...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Orientador: João Domingos Rodrigues / Coorientador: Frederico Ozanan Machado Durães / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MichelleKTO_TESE.pdf: 1678269 bytes, checksum: 2628721250631bcc75d47a3eb941af20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Erythrina velutina é uma espécie arbórea nativa da Caatinga. Objetivou-se obter informações da ecofisiologia de mudas de Erythrina velutina. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo. Experimento 01 - níveis de luminosidade (pleno sol e 50% de sombreamento). Experimento 02 - Substratos (arisco + esterco bovino curtido (4:1) e subsolo da área do campus de Angicos + esterco bovino curtido (4:1)) e o segundo fator constituído de dois Acessos (árvores distribuídas no campus da UFERSA). Experimento 03 Substratos organo-minerais (S1 - arisco; S2 - arisco + esterco bovino curtido (20%); S3- arisco + superfosfato simples (300 g m-3); S4 - arisco + superfosfato simples + micronutrientes (300 g m-3, 50 g m-3); S5 - arisco + superfosfato simples + micronutrientes + esterco bovino curtido (300 g m-3, 50 g m-3, 20%)) e o segundo fator constituído de dois Acessos. Experimento 04 - manejo de irrigação (sem ou com restrição hídrica). Os experimentos 01 e 02 foram avaliados a cada 28 dias, e 03 e 04 a cada 14 dias, analisando: comprimento da parte aérea, número de folhas, diâmetro de coleto, área foliar, massa da matéria seca (caule, folhas, raiz, parte aérea, relação massa da parte aérea e de raiz, e total), razão de área foliar, razão de peso foliar, área foliar específica, taxa de crescimento absoluto, taxa de crescimento relativo e taxa assimilatória líquida. A condição de sombreamento possibilitou maiores taxas de crescimento, fitomassa e área foliar, sendo observada ocorrência de estresse hídrico, verificada pela redução da área foliar e da fitomassa. Mudas com maiores valores de fitomassa podem ser produzidas em substratos constituídos de esterco bovino curtido e diferentes solos. Na análise de crescimento, ambos os Acessos tiveram crescimento semelhante nos substratos orgânicos. Obtiveram-se maiores valores de taxas de crescimento quando produzidas nos Substratos 5 e 2. Foram obtidos maiores valores de taxas de crescimento e biomassa do Acesso 2. As mudas foram influenciadas pela restrição hídrica à qual foram submetidas e a condição de irrigação diária possibilitou maiores taxas de crescimento. A produção de mudas de Erythrina velutina pode ser realizada em condição de viveiros com 50% de sombreamento, manejo de irrigação diária, em substratos constituídos de arisco mais esterco e susbstratos organo-minerais / Erythrina velutina é uma espécie arbórea nativa da Caatinga. Objetivou-se obter informações da ecofisiologia de mudas de Erythrina velutina. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo. Experimento 01 - níveis de luminosidade (pleno sol e 50% de sombreamento). Experimento 02 - Substratos (arisco + esterco bovino curtido (4:1) e subsolo da área do campus de Angicos + esterco bovino curtido (4:1)) e o segundo fator constituído de dois Acessos (árvores distribuídas no campus da UFERSA). Experimento 03 Substratos organo-minerais (S1 - arisco; S2 - arisco + esterco bovino curtido (20%); S3- arisco + superfosfato simples (300 g m-3); S4 - arisco + superfosfato simples + micronutrientes (300 g m-3, 50 g m-3); S5 - arisco + superfosfato simples + micronutrientes + esterco bovino curtido (300 g m-3, 50 g m-3, 20%)) e o segundo fator constituído de dois Acessos. Experimento 04 - manejo de irrigação (sem ou com restrição hídrica). Os experimentos 01 e 02 foram avaliados a cada 28 dias, e 03 e 04 a cada 14 dias, analisando: comprimento da parte aérea, número de folhas, diâmetro de coleto, área foliar, massa da matéria seca (caule, folhas, raiz, parte aérea, relação massa da parte aérea e de raiz, e total), razão de área foliar, razão de peso foliar, área foliar específica, taxa de crescimento absoluto, taxa de crescimento relativo e taxa assimilatória líquida. A condição de sombreamento possibilitou maiores taxas de crescimento, fitomassa e área foliar, sendo observada ocorrência de estresse hídrico, verificada pela redução da área foliar e da fitomassa. Mudas com maiores valores de fitomassa podem ser produzidas em substratos constituídos de esterco bovino curtido e diferentes solos. Na análise de crescimento, ambos os Acessos tiveram crescimento semelhante nos substratos orgânicos. Obtiveram-se maiores valores de taxas de crescimento quando produzidas nos Substratos 5 e 2. Foram obtidos maiores valores de taxas de crescimento e biomassa do Acesso 2. As mudas foram influenciadas pela restrição hídrica à qual foram submetidas e a condição de irrigação diária possibilitou maiores taxas de crescimento. A produção de mudas de Erythrina velutina pode ser realizada em condição de viveiros com 50% de sombreamento, manejo de irrigação diária, em substratos constituídos de arisco mais esterco e susbstratos organo-minerais