Orientador: Rafael Silva Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia. / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T05:52:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BrumJr._Mauro_M.pdf: 3526243 bytes, checksum: 44324833dc08e57ffd87e138721c4c83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A partição de recursos hídricos do solo é um dos modelos plausíveis para explicar os mecanismos que promovem a coexistência e a diferenciação de nicho entre espécies em comunidades vegetais. As raízes constituem a principal interface de troca de água entre a planta e o solo, de modo que profundidade radicular é um atributo chave que pode influenciar o funcionamento hidráulico das plantas. O campo rupestre e o campo de altitude são vegetações campestres que ocorrem em montanhas ou chapadas sob diferentes regimes de água devido às diferenças climáticas e pedológicas, sendo o campo rupestre mais árido que o campo de altitude. Essas comunidades são bem conhecidas devido à alta diversidade de espécies, mas pouco se sabe a respeito da diversidade de estratégias de uso de água. Entender as estratégias hidráulicas das plantas é importante para fazer previsões das respostas das comunidades em relação às mudanças climáticas. Diante disso, o nosso objetivo foi responder: quais são os padrões de aquisição e uso de água por plantas que coexistem em uma vegetação de campo rupestre e outra de campo de altitude? Além disso, quais são as estratégias de uso de água entre as plantas com sistemas subterrâneos contrastantes nessas comunidades? Nós avaliamos a composição de isótopos estáveis da água do solo e contrastamos com a composição isotópica da água do xilema de 15 espécies de plantas em cada comunidade. A composição isotópica da água do xilema foi usada como um indicador para estimar a profundidade do solo na qual as plantas estão absorvendo a água. Também fizemos escavações das raízes para verificar qual é o tipo morfológico de cada espécie e contrastar com os resultados da composição isotópica da água do xilema. Além disso, medimos o potencial hídrico da madrugada, do meio dia e a condutância estomática máxima três vezes durante a estação seca (junho, julho e agosto). Nós demonstramos que em ambas as comunidades há uma diversidade interespecífica de formas de sistemas subterrâneos, sendo que o campo rupestre apresentou maior variação interespecífica de uso de água em perfis verticais do solo. As plantas do campo de altitude apresentam raízes mais superficiais do que no campo rupestre. Além disso, demonstramos que a profundidade do sistema radicular é um bom preditor do potencial hídrico da madrugada e do grau de regulação estomática para as plantas do campo rupestre, mas não do campo de altitude. Não encontramos relação entre a profundidade do sistema radicular e o potencial hídrico do meio dia em ambas as comunidades / Abstract: Soil water partitioning is a plausible model to explain the mechanisms that allow species coexistence and niche segregation in plant communities. Roots are the main interface of water exchange between plant and soil, so rooting depth is a key trait that affects whole-plant hydraulic function. The campos rupestres and campos de altitude are two shrubland communities that occur in mountainous plateaus under contrasting water regimes due to differences in their climatic and pedological variables, campos rupestres being more arid than campos de altitude. These communities are well known for their high species diversity but little is known about the diversity of water use strategies. Understanding plant hydraulic strategies is important for improving predictions of community responses to changes in climate. Our goal was to respond: what are the patterns of water acquisition and use in campo rupestres and campo de altitude? Furthermore, what are the water use strategies of plants with contrasting rooting depths in these plants communities? We evaluated the ?D of soil water and xylem water of 15 species in each community. The ?D of xylem water was used as proxy of rooting depth. We also excavated the roots of all species to evaluate their root morphological pattern and to compare with the isotopic data. Furthermore, we measured pre-dawn and midday water potentials and stomatal conductance three times during the dry season (June, July and August, 2012). We found a high interespecific diversity of root types in both communities and higher variance of hydraulic traits at campo rupestre. Campo de altitude plants had shallower roots than campo rupestre. Moreover, we demonstrated that pre-dawn water potential is a good predictor of rooting depth, which in turn is a good predictor of the degree of stomatal control for campo rupestre community but these patterns were not found at campo de altitude. We did not find any relationship between rooting depth and midday water potential for both communities / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia

O propósito dos estudos fenológicos é descrever e compreender como o desenvolvimento dos organismos ocorre em resposta às variações ambientais que mudam ciclicamente e como certos fatores estimulam a geração de uma cascata de sinais e reações que abrangem desde mudanças moleculares, bioquímicas e fisiológicas, os que acabam se manifestando como padrões anuais de abundância e reprodução. As mudanças ambientais ocorrem em escalas temporais (diárias, sazonais, interanuais) e espaciais (latitudinal, em profundidade, em altitude) e têm um forte impacto no crescimento e desenvolvimento das espécies, em especial de aquelas com características sésseis. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar os padrões fenológicos (sazonais e latitudinais) de abundância, reprodução, fotossíntese e capacidade antioxidante de dois gêneros de macroalgas de importância ecológica e econômica, Porphyra spp. (rodofícea) e Lessonia spp. (feofícea), distribuídas ao longo da costa norte e centro (25° - 34°S) do Chile. Os resultados mostram que variações sazonais de radiação e latitudinais de temperatura influenciam significativamente as respostas fenológicas e ecofisiológicas das espécies estudadas. No caso de Porphyra spp., o ajuste temporal mais notório envolve um desenvolvimento fenológico anual para a população do norte e perene para as do centro e sul. As características fisiológicas mostraram diminuição na eficiência fotossintetizante, pigmentos (clorofila α, carotenoides e ficobiliproteínas) e proteínas solúveis em primavera-verão, acompanhados por aumento da capacidade antioxidante. No caso de Lessonia e embora a abundância não tenha mostrado uma mudança sazonal nas populações, o ajuste temporal mais notório aconteceu nas características fisiológicas, com diminuição na eficiência fotossintetizante, pigmentos (clorofilas α e c, carotenoides), fenois e capacidade antioxidante durante o verão, acompanhado por aumento na absorptância do talo, ETRmax e NPQ. Estudos sobre as identidades taxonômicas das populações de Porphyra são necessários para distinguir entre possíveis padrões devido à caraterísticas da espécie de possíveis variações morfológicas ou ecotípicas. Estudos das espécies de Lessonia próximas aos seus limites de distribuição biogeográfica poderiam elucidar se as diferenças fenológicas e fisiológicas são devido a padrões dependentes das espécies ou são mascaradas por características ambientais locais. Os estudos fenológicos e as mudanças em nível bioquímico/fisiológico podem subsidiar novos destinos da biomassa produzida ou da matéria prima proveniente de organismos de importância econômica. Além disso, alterações nos padrões fenológicos e ecofisiológicos típicos podem direcionar a compreensão sobre os impactos de câmbios ambientais tais como os câmbios climáticos globais, contaminação e poluição, sobrexploração e as interações e dinâmica entre as populações / The purpose of phenological studies is to describe and understand how the development of the organisms occurs in response to environmental variations which change cyclically and how certain factors stimulate the generation of signals and a cascade of reactions from molecular, biochemical and physiological levels, which at the end manifests annual patterns of abundance and reproduction. Environmental changes occur in time scale (daily, seasonal, interannual) and spatial scale (latitudinal, depth, altitude) and have a strong impact on growth and development of the species, especially those with sessile characteristics. The purpose of this study was to characterize the phenology (seasonal and latitudinal) of abundance, reproduction, photosynthesis and antioxidant capacity of two macroalgae with ecological and economic importance, Porphyra spp. (Rhodophyta) and Lessonia spp. (Phaeophyceae), distributed along the coast north and center (25° - 34°S) in Chile. The results show that seasonal changes in radiation and latitudinal temperature significantly influence the phenological and ecophysiological responses of the species studied. For Porphyra spp., the most notorious temporal adjustment involves an annual phenological development from north population in contrast to perennial populations from central and south. The physiological characteristics showed decrease in photosynthetic efficiency, pigments (chlorophyll a, carotenoids and phycobiliproteins) and soluble proteins in spring-summer, accompanied by increasing in antioxidant capacity. For Lessonia spp., although the abundance showed no seasonal changes between the populations, the most notoriously temporal adjustment occurs in physiological characteristics with decrease in photosynthetic efficiency, pigments (chlorophylls a and c, carotenoids), phenols and antioxidant capacity during the summer, followed by increase in thallus absorptance, ETRmax and NPQ. Studies on the taxonomic identity of Porphyra populations are required to distinguish between possible characteristics due to species-specific patterns from morphological or ecotypes variations. Studies in the species Lessonia near their limits of biogeographical distribution could elucidate whether the phenological and physiological differences are due to patterns species-specific or are masked by local environmental characteristics. The phenological studies and changes in the biochemical/physiological levels can subsidize new destination of biomass production and raw material from organisms economically important. Moreover, changes in typical phenological and ecophysiological patterns can give a light about environmental impacts of alterations such as global climate changes, contamination and pollution, overexploitation and interactions and dynamics between populations.

Carbon dioxide efflux rates (CER) of stems and roots of overstory and understory black cherry (<i>Prunus serotina</i> Ehrh., BC), red maple (<i>Acer rubrum</i> L., RM) and northern red oak (<i>Quercus rubra</i> L., RO) trees were monitored over two growing seasons at two contrasting sites in the Great Smoky Mountains to investigate diurnal and seasonal patterns in respiration and to develop prediction models based on environmental and plant parameters. CER of small roots (d<0-8 mm) was measured with a newly developed system which allows periodic <i>in situ</i> measurements by using permanently installed flexible cuvettes. Temperature-adjusted CER of roots showed no diel variation. The moderate long-term changes occurred simultaneously in all species and size classes, suggesting that they were driven mostly by environmental factors. Mean root CER ranged from 0.5 to 4.0 nmol g⁻¹ d.w. s⁻¹. Rates were up to six times higher for fine roots (d<2.0 mm) than for coarse roots. CER (per unit length) of boles (d>10 cm) and twigs (d<2 cm) was related to diameter by the function lnCER = a+<i>D</i>·lnd, with <i>D</i> between 1.2 and 1.8. A new, scale-invariant measure of CER, based on <i>D</i>, facilitated comparisons across diameters. Q₁₀ varied with the method of determination, and it was higher in spring (1.8-2.5) than in autumn (1.4-1.5) for all species. Daytime bole CER often fell below temperature-based predictions, likely due to transpiration. The reduction (usually <10%) was less pronounced at the drier site. Twig CER showed more substantial (often >±50%) deviations from the predictions. Deviations were higher in the canopy than in the understory. Mean bole maintenance respiration (at 20°C and d=20 cm) was 0.66, 0.43 and 0.50 μMol m⁻¹, while the volume-based growth coefficient was around 5, 6 and 8 mol cm⁻³ for BC, RM and RO, respectively. In a controlled study, BC and RM seedlings were fumigated in open-top chambers with sub-ambient, ambient and twice-ambient levels of ozone. The twice-ambient treatment reduced stem CER in BC by 50% (p=0.05) in July, but there was no treatment effect in September or in RM. Ozone reduced root/shoot ratio and diameter growth in BC, and P_max in both species. / Ph. D.

Lionfish (Pterois spp.), an invasive species native to the Indo-Pacific, have permanently established themselves throughout the greater Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and regions of the Western Atlantic ranging from as far north as North Carolina to central Brazil. As their fundamental range expands, lionfish threaten to migrate into estuarine environments as they have been found to tolerate low salinities and an eclectic range of temperatures. The physiological capacity of invasion was assessed by quantifying the visual ecology of lionfish utilizing corneal electroretinography (ERG) as well as their metabolic scope and hypoxia tolerances under various temperature-oxygen-regimes utilizing intermittent-flow respirometry. Seasonal changes in temperature-dissolved oxygen levels consistent with Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico inshore estuaries not only exceed the physiological tolerances of lionfish, but also constrain metabolic scope at sub-lethal levels by significantly limiting maximum metabolic rate across all temperatures. Median Scrit values were 33%, 39%, 46%, and 54% at 15, 20, 25, and 30℃ respectively. Luminous sensitivities, temporal resolutions (Flicker fusion frequency), and spectral sensitivities scaled similarly with other estuarine piscivores indicating lionfish possess a visual system that can function effectively within estuarine photic conditions. Overall, visual characteristics of estuaries will not pose as a significant barrier to lionfish, but minimum winter temperatures and hypoxia will pose controlling and limiting factors substantially preventing further inshore invasion. However, caution should still be advised as lionfish may capitalize on specific temporal and spatial scales that provide suitable habitat quality and abundance of prey items. Further insight is needed to forecast the effects of temperature-dissolved oxygen on lionfish metabolic-scope.

Although all spiders possess fluorophores in their hemolymph, the expression of external fluorescence is much more restricted. The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in externally-expressed fluorescence between sexes, life stages, and species of spiders. To approach this question, we developed novel instrumentation to capture fluorescence with photographs of our specimens. We paired these fluorescence measurements with spectrometer measurements to attempt to determine the role that fluorescence plays in the overall coloration in spiders. The study was divided into four sections. First, we examined how fluorescence varies in sexes and life stages in Misumena vatia, an ambush predator that typically preys on insects when they are on flowers. We found that adult females possess brighter external fluorescence than males in all body areas that we measured. We also found that external fluorescence remains relatively similar through life stages in females, but darkens over the course of a male's life. It is likely that the differences between males and females relate to differences in feeding ecology. External fluorescence may contribute to a visual signal allowing females to visually blend in with flowers. The second study involved a series of experiments to determine whether freezing spiders at a temperature of -80°C affects their fluorescence intensity. In spiders considered “white thomisids”, fluorescence intensity increased after freezing, whereas fluorescence brightness in darker-pigmented spiders did not change to any similar extent. It seems likely that tissue trauma due to freezing is the cause of increased fluorescence intensity after freezing. The third study examined fluorescence brightness across ages and life stages of Araneus diadematus, a spider which is exposed to the sun, but builds large webs in which to snare prey. We found that, unlike M. vatia, adult males are the more brightly fluorescent sex, with adult females and all immature life stages possessing significantly less bright external fluorescence. It is unclear why these differences exist, but differences in ecology between adult males and all other life stages could play a role. Additionally, dim fluorescence may contribute to subtle patterning and/or convey photoprotection benefits to immatures and adult females. In the final study, we examined external fluorescence across the Thomisidae family. Because of a relatively large number of species with a small sample size, we divided them into “white” and “dark” thomisids based on taxonomy and what is known about ecology. The white thomisids tend to be prey on insects on the exposed surfaces of flowers, whereas dark thomisids more often reside in leaf litter and crevices. We found that white thomisids fluoresce more brightly than dark thomisids. There were no differences between the sexes in either group, however. The differences between white and dark thomisids may be related to differences in feeding ecology, whereas males and females of the same group tend to have similar ecological characteristics, and also possess similar levels of fluorescence brightness.

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Whole genome duplication, or polyploidy, is a common process in plants by which failures in meiosis or fertilization result in offspring with twice the number of chromosomes. This doubles the number of copies of every gene, an effect thought to generate new ‘raw material' upon which natural selection can act. Few studies exist examining the consequences of polyploidy for plant physiological traits. Doubling the number of gene copies may have unknown effects on leaf structure and function. In this study, I compare diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid species within the genus Helianthus (wild sunflowers). Forty different accessions of wild sunflowers were grown under standardized greenhouse conditions and phenotyped for both leaf functional traits and leaf hyperspectral reflectance. Interestingly, I find that whole genome duplication can have effects on leaf functional traits relevant to both size and ecophysiology, and thus that polyploidy may lead to functional trait differentiation between polyploids and their diploid progenitors.

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No description available.