Entre os maiores desafios existentes para a cultura da soja, os estresses bióticos e abióticos se destacam e a incidência de patógenos como a ferrugem asiática, causam grandes perdas aos produtores. No Brasil, a ferrugem é a principal causa de prejuízos nas lavouras e estratégias para o seu controle mais eficiente são necessárias. O melhoramento genético para a tolerância constitui uma importante ferramenta para manter a ferrugem em níveis abaixo de dano econômico por um período mais duradouro. Outro aspecto importante da cultura da soja é relacionado com a sua utilização, destacando-se a produção de farelo com alto teor de proteína e de óleo comestível e combustível. Apesar de apresentar uma rica composição nutricional, o seu uso direto na alimentação humana ainda não é comum no Brasil. Uma das formas de incluir a soja na dieta é na forma de hortaliça, também conhecida como Edamame, em que as vagens são colhidas ainda verdes ou imaturas (estádio R6) e os grãos consumidos após breve cozimento. Contudo, poucos esforços têm sido dedicados para desenvolver novos genótipos com boa performance agronômica e adequados ao consumo humano. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar genótipos de soja para a produção de soja hortaliça que apresentem tolerância à ferrugem. Para isto foram realizados cruzamentos entre seis genitores com boas características agronômicas em um esquema dialélico 6x6, gerando 15 cruzamentos. Estes genótipos foram avaliados nas gerações F2 e F3 para a produtividade e o tamanho das sementes, sendo que na geração F3, foram adicionados outros dez caracteres. Nas duas gerações, foi estimada a sua tolerância à ferrugem, utilizando manejos diferentes da doença com fungicidas. Foram realizadas análises de variância individuais e conjuntas, agrupamento de médias, análises dialélicas, tendo sido estimados os coeficientes de herdabilidade e correlações entre os caracteres. As análises mostraram a existência de variabilidade entre os genótipos avaliados e indicaram que os cruzamentos apresentaram desempenho superior aos genitores para caracteres importantes. O uso dos diferentes manejos da ferrugem com fungicidas mostrou-se eficiente uma vez que foi possível identificar genótipos tolerantes. Além disso, foram detectadas interações genótipos x ambientes significativas, fato que representou um desafio para a seleção dos melhores genótipos. Os genitores BRS 267, USP 13-66.136 e USP 13-19.007 destacaram-se por apresentar estimativas altas de capacidade de combinação e os cruzamentos USP 13-66.136 x USP 13-19.007, USP 13-66.136 x USP 13-19.034, BRS 267 x USP 13-19.007 e Tengamine x USP 13-19.007 apresentaram os melhores desempenhos. As estimativas de capacidade específica de combinação (Sii) dos genitores indicaram a existência de divergência entre eles e os caracteres apresentaram altas herdabilidades. A magnitude e a significância das correlações indicaram a possibilidade de seleção de genótipos precoces com sementes grandes e, também, evidenciaram que a seleção de genótipos com período mais longo entre R6 e R7 (SGR6) beneficia a produtividade. Portanto, foi possível identificar genitores e cruzamentos promissores para o desenvolvimento de novas linhagens apropriadas para a produção de soja hortaliça com tolerância à ferrugem. / Among the major challenges for soybean cultivation, biotic and abiotic stresses stand out and the incidence of pathogens such as Asian rust can cause extensive losses to farmers. In Brazil, rust is the main cause of crop damage and strategies for a more efficient control are necessary. Breeding for tolerance is an important tool to keep rust below economic damage for a longer period. Another important aspect of the soybean crop is related to its use, which is directed to the production of high-protein meal, edible oil and fuel. Although this legume has a rich nutritional composition, its direct use in the diet is still not common in Brazil. One of the ways to use soybean as food is in the form of vegetable, also known as Edamame, in which the pods are harvested green or immature (R6 stage) and the grains consumed after brief cooking. However, few efforts have been devoted to developing new soybean genotypes with good agronomic performance and characteristics suitable for human consumption. The present research had the objective of evaluating soybean genotypes for the production of vegetable soybean with rust tolerance. For this, crosses between six parents with good agronomic characteristics were performed in a 6x6 diallel scheme, generating 15 crosses. These genotypes were evaluated in the F2 and F3 generations for seed yield and size, and in the F3 generation, ten other traits were added. In both generations, tolerance to rust was estimated in experiments designed for different managements of the disease with fungicides. Individual and joint analyzes of variance, grouping of means, diallel analyzes, and estimation of heritability and correlation coefficients were performed. The analyzes showed the existence of variability among the evaluated genotypes and indicated that the crosses presented superior performance to the parents for important traits. The use of different rust managements with fungicides was efficient, since it was possible to identify tolerant genotypes. In addition, significant genotypes x environments interactions were detected, a fact that represented a challenge for the selection of the best genotypes. The parents BRS 267, USP 13-66136 and USP 13-19007 stood out for presenting high estimates of general combining ability and the crosses USP 13-66136 x USP 13-19007, USP 13-66136 x USP 13-19034, BRS 267 x USP 13-19007 and Tengamine x USP 13-19.007 presented the best performances. Estimates of specific combining ability (Sii) of the parents indicated divergence between them and the traits showed high estimates of heritability. The magnitude and significance of the correlations indicated the possibility of selecting early genotypes with large seeds and showed that the selection of genotypes with a longer period between R6 and R7 (SGR6) benefits seed yield. Therefore, it was possible to identify promising parents and crosses for the development of new lines suitable for the production of vegetable soybean with rust tolerance.

Soja är en av världens viktigaste proteingrödor och används bland annat till foder och livsmedel. Den globala efterfrågan på soja har gjort att stora ytor mark har exploaterats under en relativt kort tidsperiod. Eftersom det inte finns någon utbredd sojaodling eller några processanläggningar för soja inom Sverige idag importeras soja från andra länder. För att öka Sveriges självförsörjningsgrad och resiliens inom proteingrödor och livsmedel skulle baljväxter som soja kunna odlas i större utsträckning. Forskare menar att det går att odla soja i Sverige men intresset från både jordbrukarnas och allmänhetens sida är svalt. För att ta reda på om möjligheterna och utmaningarna att etablera en kommersiell sojaodling i Sverige skiljer sig ur ett teoretiskt och praktiskt perspektiv genomfördes kvalitativa intervjuer med både forskare och jordbrukare som har kunskap/erfarenhet av soja. Theory of Planned Behavior användes som ett verktyg för att få en djupare förståelse för vilka av teorins komponenter attityd, subjektiv norm och upplevd kontroll som påverkar jordbrukarna i deras beslutfattande. Resultatet från studien pekar på att varken möjligheter eller utmaningar skiljer sig nämnvärt ur ett praktiskt och teoretiskt perspektiv. Både jordbrukare och forskare menar att en svensk soja till foder är uteslutet eftersom den inte skulle kunna konkurrera prismässigt med den importerade sojan. Därtill menar de att ekonomiska aspekter samt det svenska klimatet är en utmaning. Däremot menar jordbrukarna och forskarna att en svensk soja till livsmedel är en möjlighet, det skulle kunna skapa ett mervärde och således kunna konkurrera med den importerade sojan, framförallt den färska sojabönan edamame. Vidare menar de att det ökande intresset för vegetabilisk kost utgör en möjlighet som i framtiden kan skapa en större efterfrågan på svensk soja. Resultatet visar också att jordbrukarnas beslutsfattande påverkas av det teoretiska ramverkets komponent attityd i störst utsträckning. / The Soybean is one of the world's most important protein crops and is used, among other things, for food and animal feed. The global demand for soy has led to large areas of land being exploited in a relatively short period of time. As there is no widespread soy cultivation or any processing plants for soy within Sweden today, soy is imported from other countries. To increase Sweden's degree of self-sufficiency and resilience in protein crops and food, legumes such as soy could be grown to a greater extent. Researchers believe that it is possible to grow soy in Sweden, but the interest from farmers is at the moment low. To find out whether the possibilities and challenges of establishing a commercial soybean cultivation in Sweden differs from a theoretical and practical stance, a qualitative method in the form of semi-structured interviews was conducted with both researchers and farmers. The Theory of Planned Behavior was used as a framework to gain a deeper understanding of which of the theory's components attitude, subjective norm and perceived control influences the farmers in their decision-making. The results from the study indicates that neither possibilities nor challenges differ significantly from a practical and theoretical stance. To begin with, both farmers and researchers believe that Swedish soy for animal feed can be excluded because it would not be able to compete, in terms of price, with the imported soy. In addition, they believe that the economic aspects and the Swedish climate are challenges. On the other hand, farmers and researchers believe that Swedish soy for food is an opportunity. It could create added value and thus be able to compete with the imported soy, especially the fresh soybean edamame. In addition, they believe that the growing interest in plant-based diets is an opportunity that in the future can create a greater demand for Swedish soy. The results also show that farmers' decision-making is, to a greater extent influenced by the component attitude, based on the theoretical framework.