This phenomenological study examined the experiences and perceptions of child-centered play therapists who deliver shortened sessions in the clinic setting. Using the phenomenological analysis procedures based on Moustakas' modified Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method, a coding team of three doctoral students found 10 themes related to child-centered play therapists' (N = 5) experiences delivering shortened session lengths. Each theme is defined and further described using verbatim transcript examples. This study has practical and clinical implications for child-centered play therapist development and training. The results of this study point to the need for further research in child-centered play therapists' experiences delivering play therapy-as-usual. Finally, future research regarding the change process in child-centered play therapy theory is also implicated.

The focus of this case study was a study abroad program for student-athletes at a high academically achieving, small liberal arts college in the mid-west region of the United States. The program is designed to maintain a culture of internationalism and multiculturalism by exposing as many student-athletes as possible to study abroad. I reviewed literature to extract an appropriate theoretical framework along with variables that aligned with the purpose of the study; structural and organizational characteristics of the institution, student's background and pre-college traits, interaction with agents of socialization and institutional environment, and quality of effort. I used the semi-structured interview process to interview 9 senior student-athletes (3 female, 6 male; 7 White, 1 African American/White, 1 Chilean/White) who participated in study abroad during the 2015-2016 academic school year at the researched institution and to interview 5 administrators who facilitate the athletic department at the institution. I found that certain critical elements emerged as necessary to create and maintain a study abroad program geared specifically to the needs of the student-athlete population. I also found strong implications for adaptable elements that could generate opportunities for student-athletes to study abroad at a higher rate. These elements serve as a recommended framework and set of initial guidelines for student-athletes and athletic departments nationwide.

Anthropology is an underrepresented subject in precollegiate education. Despite concerted institutional efforts through organizations such as the American Anthropological Association (AAA), there has not been significant growth in the field. Although the field of anthropology has not shown significant growth at the precollegiate level, there does exist a presence of precollegiate anthropology, especially through the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO) and standalone courses at schools at the elementary through high school level. Many of these standalone courses were created by an individual teacher. This applied thesis used anthropological methods to identify if a social network exists among precollegiate anthropology teachers while also examining how the AAA can create and/or facilitate a stronger community of precollegiate anthropology teachers. Linking to institutions such as the Advanced Placement program in addition to IB may create the critical mass to encourage a positive feedback loop which produces more anthropology students at the college level and more individuals who create standalone courses. With a growth in precollegiate programs, the existing social networks within and outside the AAA will grow.

The study of culturally relevant pedagogy (CRP) within a social and emotional learning (SEL) program is timely as it supports the increasing body of literature on narrowing the educational gaps prevalent among Black students. Current research is lacking regarding if and how educators utilize CRP to support the learning of SEL competencies with Black students. For this study, the tenets of cultural relevance, SEL competencies, and the leadership practices of one urban district seeking to increase its overall accountability rating as deemed by the state of Texas were examined. The purpose of this study was to determine the adequacy of the district's response to the needs of Black students in terms of cultural relevance when selecting a SEL program and developing a support plan for the program's implementation at the campus level. A secondary purpose was to examine the extent to which the district embedded CRP practices into their adopted SEL program. A qualitative exploratory research design and case study research approach were utilized. Documents related to the SEL program chosen by the district were analyzed. In addition, semi-structured interviews with district leaders and a focus group with campus administrators were conducted. It was found that there were no direct actions by the district toward ensuring that district's SEL program was culturally relevant nor was there support provided to ensure that SEL was implemented in a way that would be meaningful to Black students. Implications for future practice, recommendations for future research, and a researcher reflection serve as the conclusion.

This study was concerned with the effectiveness of Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy (NRMT) carried out within a Developmental, Individual-Difference, Relationship-based (DIR®)/Floortime Framework in addressing the individual needs of children with autism. In NRMT, the child is an active participant in the music making process, playing various instruments that require no formal training. The therapist's task is to improvise music built around the child's musical responses, reactions, responses, and/or movements to engage him or her in a musical experience that will facilitate musical relatedness, communication, socialization, and awareness. The DIR® model provides a comprehensive framework for assessing, understanding, and treating the child. It centers on helping the child master the building blocks of relating, communicating, and thinking through the formulation of relationships via interactive play, using Floortime (a systematic way of working with the children to help them reach their developmental potential). This study sought to determine the effectiveness of NRMT in meeting musical goals specifically established for each individual child, and to conclude if progress in musical goals paralleled progress in non-musical (DIR®) goals. / Music Therapy

In academic institutions, e-learning platforms are widely used to manage learning contents, assessments, and student communication and act as a primary system for managing teaching and learning activities. Due to public health concerns during COVID-19, online learning was the primary medium of instruction used to teach students. During this time, the world also noticed the increased activity of identity theft, individual and institutional content theft, and ransom attacks in many educational institutions since most students were using digital technologies to learn, and information, including personal and intellectual content, was being shared online. This study sought to identify college students' perceptions of information security regarding online learning platforms. This study focused on college students because they are active users of online learning tools, and there is a potential need for increased awareness regarding information security measures within these tools that could potentially create vulnerabilities that may lead to security breaches. The global COVID-19 pandemic accelerated online learning methods, making it more critical for institutions to pay more attention to cybersecurity and ransom attacks. The results from this study will facilitate an understanding of student's confidence in the learning platforms and their level of knowledge related to information security while using the Internet. Additionally, the result may help e-learning platform providers to create safer and more secure solutions that protect the integrity of the information shared.

De grandes enquêtes en milieu scolaire, au Québec comme ailleurs, ont documenté depuis les années 2000 la portée des violences homophobes, particulièrement à l’école secondaire, ainsi que leurs impacts négatifs sur les élèves qui en sont victimes, qu’ils s’identifient ou non comme lesbiennes, gais, bisexuel(le)s ou en questionnement (LGBQ). La diffusion des résultats de ces enquêtes, ainsi que les constats similaires d’acteurs sur le terrain, ont fait accroitre les appels à la vigilance des écoles quant aux discriminations homophobes pouvant prendre forme en leur enceinte. Plusieurs des responsabilités résultant de cette mobilisation ont échoué par défaut aux enseignants, notamment en raison de leur proximité avec leurs élèves. Cependant, malgré la panoplie de publications et de formations visant explicitement à les outiller à ce sujet, les enseignants rapportent de manière consistante manquer de formation, d’habiletés, de soutien et d’aise à l’idée d’intervenir contre l’homophobie ou de parler de diversité sexuelle en classe. Cette thèse de doctorat vise à comprendre les pratiques d’intervention et d’enseignement que rapportent avoir les enseignants de l’école secondaire québécoise, toutes orientations sexuelles confondues, par rapport à la diversité sexuelle et à l’homophobie. Dans une perspective interdisciplinaire, nous avons interrogé la sociologie de l’éducation, les études de genre (gender studies) et les études gaies et lesbiennes, ainsi qu’emprunté aux littératures sur les pratiques enseignantes et sur l’intervention sociale. Les données colligées consistent en des entrevues semi-structurées menées auprès de 22 enseignants du secondaire, validées auprès de 243 enseignants, par le biais d’un questionnaire en ligne. Étayés dans trois articles scientifiques, les résultats de notre recherche permettent de mieux saisir la nature des pratiques enseignantes liées à la diversité sexuelle, mais également les mécanismes par lesquels elles viennent ou non à être adoptées par les enseignants. Les témoignages des enseignants ont permis d’identifier que les enseignants sont globalement au fait des attentes dont ils font l’objet en termes d’intervention contre l’homophobie. Ceci dit, en ce qu’ils sont guidés dans leurs interventions par le concept limité d’homophobie, ils ne paraissent pas toujours à même de saisir les mécanismes parfois subtils par lesquels opèrent les discriminations sur la base de l’orientation sexuelle, mais aussi des expressions de genre atypiques. De même, si la plupart disent condamner vertement l’homophobie dont ils sont témoins, les enseignants peuvent néanmoins adopter malgré eux des pratiques contribuant à reconduire l’hétérosexisme et à alimenter les mêmes phénomènes d’infériorisation que ceux qu’ils cherchent à combattre. Sauf exception, les enseignants tendent à comprendre le genre et l’expression de genre davantage comme des déterminants de type essentialiste avec lesquels ils doivent composer que comme des normes scolaires et sociales sur lesquelles ils peuvent, comme enseignants, avoir une quelconque influence. Les stratégies de gestion identitaire des enseignants LGB influencent les pratiques qu’ils rapportent être en mesure d’adopter. Ceux qui optent pour la divulgation, totale ou partielle, de leur homosexualité ou bisexualité peuvent autant rapporter adopter des pratiques inclusives que choisir de se tenir à distance de telles pratiques, alors que ceux qui favorisent la dissimulation rapportent plutôt éviter autant que possible ces pratiques, de manière à se garder de faire face à des situations potentiellement délicates. Également, alors que les enseignants LGB étaient presque exclusivement vus jusqu’ici comme ceux chez qui et par qui se jouaient ces injonctions à la vie privée, les enseignants hétérosexuels estiment également être appelés à se positionner par rapport à leur orientation sexuelle lorsqu’ils mettent en œuvre de telles pratiques. Nos résultats révèlent un double standard dans l’évocation de la vie privée des enseignants. En effet, la divulgation d’une orientation hétérosexuelle, considérée comme normale, est vue comme conciliable avec la neutralité attendue des enseignants, alors qu’une révélation similaire par un enseignant LGB est comprise comme un geste politique qui n’a pas sa place dans une salle de classe, puisqu’elle se fait au prix du bris d’une présomption d’hétérosexualité. Nos résultats suggèrent qu’il existe de fortes prescriptions normatives relatives à la mise en genre et à la mise en orientation sexuelle à l’école. Les enseignants s’inscrivent malgré eux dans cet environnement hétéronormatif. Ils peuvent être amenés à y jouer un rôle important, que ce soit en contribuant à la reconduction de ces normes (par exemple, en taisant les informations relatives à la diversité sexuelle) ou en les contestant (par exemple, en expliquant que certains stéréotypes accolés à l’homosexualité relèvent d’aprioris non fondés). Les discours des enseignants suggèrent également qu’ils sont traversés par ces normes. Ils peuvent en effet choisir de se conformer aux attentes normatives dont ils font l’objet (par exemple, en affirmant leur hétérosexualité), ou encore d’y résister (par exemple, en divulguant leur homosexualité à leurs élèves, ou en évitant de conforter les attentes dont ils font l’objet) au risque d’être conséquemment pénalisés. Bien entendu, cette influence des normes de genre diffère d’un enseignant à l’autre, mais semble jouer autant sur les enseignants hétérosexuels que LGB. Les enseignants qui choisissent de contester, explicitement ou implicitement, certaines de ces normes dominantes rapportent chercher des appuis formels à leurs démarches. Dans ce contexte, une telle quête de légitimation (par exemple, la référence aux règlements contre l’homophobie, la mobilisation des similitudes entre l’homophobie et le racisme, ou encore le rapprochement de ces enseignements avec les apprentissages prescrits pour leur matière) est à comprendre comme un outillage à la contestation normative. La formation professionnelle des enseignants sur l’homophobie et sur la diversité sexuelle constitue un autre de ces outils. Alors que les enseignants québécois continuent d’être identifiés comme des acteurs clés dans la création et le maintien d’environnements scolaires non-discriminatoires et inclusifs aux réalités de la diversité sexuelle, il est impératif de les appuyer en multipliant les signes formels tangibles sur lesquelles leurs initiatives peuvent prendre appui (politiques explicites, curriculum scolaire inclusif de ces sujets, etc.). Nos résultats plaident en faveur d’une formation enseignante sur la diversité sexuelle, qui ferait partie du tronc commun de la formation initiale des maîtres. Chez les enseignants en exercice, il nous apparait préférable de miser sur une accessibilité accrue des formations et des outils disponibles. En réponse toutefois aux limites que pose à long terme une approche cumulative des formations spécifiques portant sur différents types d’oppressions (l’homophobie, le racisme, le sexisme, etc.), nous argumentons en faveur d’un modèle d’éducation anti-oppressive au sein duquel les élèves seraient invités à considérer, non seulement la multiplicité et le caractère situé des divers types d’oppressions, mais également les mécanismes d’attribution de privilège, de constitution de la normalité et de la marginalité, et de présentation de ces arbitraires culturels comme des ordres naturels. / In Québec and elsewhere, school climate surveys have documented since 2000 the prevalence of homophobic violence, especially in high schools, and its negative impacts of its victims— whether or not they identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual or questioning (LGBQ). The dissemination of subsequent data, as well as similar observations made by various actors on the field, have resulted in calls for schools to be vigilant towards homophobic discriminations that could take place onto their premises. Many of these responsibilities have fallen onto the shoulders of teachers, partly because of their close proximity to students. However, despite the sheer number of sexual diversity awareness-building training sessions and publications available to them, teachers consistently report lacking the training, the abilities, the support, and the comfort needed to intervene against homophobia or to refer to sexual diversity in class. This doctoral thesis aims at understanding the pedagogical and intervention practices relative to homophobia and sexual diversity that Québec high school teachers of different sexual orientations report putting forth. Borrowing from sociology of education, gender studies, as well as gay and lesbian studies, we adopted an interdisciplinary lens that also incorporated literature on teaching practices and social intervention. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 high school teachers, and these findings were validated through an online questionnaire filled out by 243 teachers. Results detailed in three scientific papers allow a better understanding of teaching practices relating to sexual diversity, but also of the various mechanisms through which they come to be adopted or not by teachers. Teachers seem globally aware of the expectations that surround them in terms of intervening against homophobia. However, since their interventions appear to be guided by the limiting concept of homophobia, they can be unaware of the subtle mechanisms through which discriminations based on sexual orientation, but also atypical gender expressions, can operate. Furthermore, although most teachers claim condemning homophobia, they can nevertheless implement practices that can perpetuate heterosexism and feed into the very symbolic violence they try to put an end to. Aside from rare cases, teachers appear to understand gender and gender expression as essentialist and determinant factors they must learn to work with, rather than social norms they can come to influence as teachers. Identity management strategies advocated by LGB teachers influence the practices they report being capable of, or at ease of, implementing. Teachers opting for total or partial disclosure of their LGB identity can either choose to adopt inclusive practices or to keep at a safe distance from such initiatives. Those who choose to hide their sexual orientation can also consider that implementing practices that are inclusive of sexual diversity is not a viable option for them. Although LGB teachers have long been seen as the ones constrained by these injunctions regarding private life, heterosexual teachers declare having to explicitly state their sexual orientation when they undertake such practices. Our results suggest that teachers are held to different standards with regards to their personal lives. While heterosexual teachers do not hesitate to refer to their heterosexual status, perceived as normal sexual, LGB teachers must assess the most discreet allusion to their home life, in as much as the neutrality supposedly threatened by openly homosexual teachers constitutes a normative and heterosexist status quo. There appears to be strong normative prescriptions relative to gender and sexual orientation in schools. Teachers operate in this heteronormative environment and can come to play an important role in the propagation (for ex., by silencing informations regarding sexual diversity) or the contestation of these norms (for ex., by explaining to students that some of their opinions on LGB people are informed by stereotypes and therefore not empirically valid). The discourses of teachers suggest they themselves are influenced by these norms. They can decide to conform to the normative expectations that target them as teachers (for ex., by asserting their heterosexuality) or choose to resist to them (for ex., by coming out as non-heterosexuals to their students, or by avoiding to explicitly reinforce the expectations that target them) at the risk of being consequently penalized. This influence of gender norms varies from one teacher to another, but seems to be at play for both heterosexual and LGB teachers. The teachers who choose to contest, either explicitly or implicitly, some of these norms report looking for formal signs supporting their initiatives. In this context, their quest of legitimization (whether it is referring to policies against homophobia, calling to mind the similarities between homophobia and racism, or mobilizing the subject in relation to the contents that are prescribed by school authorities) should be understood as a quest for tools to support their normative contestation. Teacher training on homophobia and sexual diversity is another of these tools. As Québec teachers continue to be identified as key actors in the creation and preservation of school environment that are non-discriminatory and inclusive to sexual diversity, it is imperative that they be able to lean on tangible formal signs supporting their actions (ie. explicit policies against homophobia and heterosexism, curriculum that is inclusive of these topics). Our results call for mandatory training sessions on homophobia and sexual diversity for pre-service teachers. In-service teachers would benefit from an improved accessibility of available tools and training rather than mandatory training sessions. Considering the long-term limits that are inherent to a cumulative approach to teaching training – suggesting teachers ought to receive specific trainings on each type of oppression (homophobia, racism, sexism, etc.), we argue for an model based on anti-oppressive education. In this model, students would be taught to consider that knowledge is always situated and that various types of oppressions can operate at once. They would also learn about the social mechanisms through which various groups come to be privileged, normalised or marginalised.

Through research into suggested sources a study was made to provide a collection of supplemental reading materials for use by teachers of American history at the junior high school level. These materials are intended to provide information, to promote individual achievement, to spark interests, and to be a motivation for independent reading.

Il existe un discours, qui gagne chaque jour en popularité dans les milieux académiques et professionnels, qui se reproduit dans le quotidien familial et socioculturel, sur une adolescence qui est perçue comme un problème, une étape de crise avec laquelle il est difficile de négocier. À partir des écrits de Foucault (1976) on peut penser que cette inquiétude s’inscrit dans la construction du dispositif occidental de la sexualité. À partir de ce concept, l’objectif de cette recherche était de dégager les constructions possibles d’un ou de dispositifs de sexualité chez des adolescents(es) vivant en situation de pauvreté au Brésil (Belém-Pará). La méthode de recherche choisie a été un devis qualitatif selon une approche ethnographique qui consiste à décrire et à interpréter un système ou un groupe socioculturel (Creswell, 1998). La principale technique de cueillette des données, en plus des techniques d’observation ethnographique et l’analyse documentaire, a été l’entrevue en profondeur, en face à face, à partir de questions ouvertes. Quatorze adolescent(e)s vivant dans le même quartier pauvre de Belém ont été observé(e)s et interviewé(e)s, de même que leurs parents. L’analyse des données, effectuée selon l’analyse de contenu proposée par Bardin (1977) ont révélé un dispositif de sexualité présent tant chez les adolescents, parents et professeurs rencontrés, et s’appuyant sur l’école, les églises, les médias et l’État, qui a été décrit comme un dispositif du sexe sécuritaire alors qu’un dispositif d’alliance, au sens de Foucault, a été décrit après analyses et confirmation des données comme l’alliance des puissants. Ces résultats, avec en plus des informations nouvelles sur la sexualité amazonienne à partir des légendes locales du Boto et d’Iara, permettent de voir sous un nouvel angle la question de la construction sociale de la sexualité chez des adolescent(e)s vivant en situation de pauvreté à Belém (Pará) au Brésil et ont conduit à des recommandations spécifiques pour améliorer la recherche et les pratiques professionnelles. / There is a discourse, gaining in popularity every day in academic and professional environment, which is reproduced in family and socio-cultural day-to-day life, regarding an adolescence perceived as problematic, a stage of crisis with which it is difficult to negotiate. Based on the writings of Foucault (1976), it is possible to think that this concern enters into the western construct of apparatus of sexuality. Based on this concept, the objective of this research project was to identify the possible constructs of one or more apparatus of sexuality in adolescents living in poverty in Brazil (Belém, Pará). The research methodology selected was a qualitative assessment using an ethnographic approach consisting in describing and interpreting a socio-cultural system or group (Creswell, 1998). The principal data collection technique, in addition to ethnographic observation and documentary analysis, was face-to-face in-depth interviews based on open questions. Fourteen adolescents living in the same underprivileged Belém neighbourhood were observed and interviewed, as well as their parents. The data analysis, carried out using Bardin’s content analysis (1977), revealed a apparatus of sexuality among the adolescents, parents and teachers interviewed based on the school, the church, the media and the State, which was described as a apparatus of safe sex whereas a apparatus of alliance, within the meaning of Foucault, was described after analysis and confirmation of the data as an alliance of the powerful. These results, with new information on an Amazonian sexuality arising from local Boto and Iara legends, cast new light on the question of the social construct of sexuality among adolescents living in poverty in Belém in the Brazilian state of Pará and led to specific recommendations to improve research and professional practices. / Existe um discurso, que aumenta a cada dia mais e mais em popularidade não apenas no meio acadêmico, mas também no profissional, que se reproduz no cotidiano familiar e sociocultural, sobre uma adolescência que é percebida como um problema, uma etapa de crise com a qual é dificil de se negociar. À partir dos escritos de Foucault pode-se pensar que esta inquietude se inscreve na construção do dispositivo ocidental da sexualidade. À partir deste concepto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi de deixar imergir as construções possiveis de um ou mais dispositivos de sexualidade dos adolescentes vivendo em situação de pobreza no Brasil (Belém-Pará). O método de pesquisa escolhido foi qualitativo dentro de uma abordagem etnográfica qui consiste à descrever e à interpretar um sistema ou um grupo sociocultural (Creswell, 1998). A principal técnica de coleta de dados, além das técnicas de observação etnográficas e análise documental, foi a entrevista em profundidade, em face à face, à partir de questões abertas. Quatorze adolescent(e)s vivendo no mesmo bairro pobre de Belém foram observados e entrevistados, assim como seus pais. A análise dos dados, efetuou-se segundo a análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin (1977) que revelaram un dispositivo de sexualidade presente tanto nos adolescentes, pais e professores encontrados, e se apoiando nas escolas, igrejas, midias e Estado, que foram descritas como um dispositivo de sexo seguro, enquanto que, um dispositivo de aliança, no sentido de Foucault, foi descrito após análises e confirmação dos dados como aliança dos poderosos. Estes resultados também proprocionaram novas informações sobre a sexualidade amazonense à partir das lendas regional do Boto et da Iara, permitindo perceber através de um novo ângulo a questão da construção social da sexualidade dos adolescentes vivendo em situação de pobreza à Belém (Pará) no Brasil, e conduziram à recomendações específicas para aperfeiçoar a pesquisa e as práticas profissionais.

Ce projet de mémoire vise à examiner dans quelle mesure la participation aux activités parascolaires modère le lien entre l'affiliation aux pairs déviants et le désengagement comportemental différentiel des adolescents et des adolescentes entre la première et la deuxième secondaire. L'échantillon initial est composé de 448 élèves de première secondaire fréquentant deux écoles de la région de Montréal. Au cours de deux années consécutives, le niveau de désengagement comportemental, la participation aux activités parascolaires et le nombre d'amis déviants ont été évalués à partir de mesures auto-révélées par l'élève. Les résultats démontrent qu'au-delà du niveau de scolarité de la mère et du niveau de déviance du jeune, l'affiliation à des pairs déviants est positivement associée au désengagement comportemental de l'adolescent. Par ailleurs, la participation aux activités parascolaires semble être un facteur aggravant pour le désengagement comportemental du jeune. De plus, nos résultats révèlent que l'effet de la participation aux activités parascolaires n’est pas le même pour les garçons et pour les filles. En discussion, plusieurs pistes de réflexion sont soulevées pour expliquer ces résultats surprenants. Les implications pour la recherche et l’intervention sont également présentées. / This study aims to examine the moderating role of extracurricular activities on the relationship between deviant peer affiliation and boys’ and girls’ disengagement between the first and second years of secondary school. The sample was composed of 448 students from two secondary schools in Montreal. During two successive years, the level of behavioral disengagement, extracurricular activities participation, and number of deviant peers were evaluated with self-reported measures. Results show that, beyond the mother’s educational level and youth deviancy, affiliation with deviant peers is positively associated with adolescent behavioral disengagement. Moreover, extracurricular activities participation is positively but marginally associated with student disengagement. Finally, results suggest that the effect of extracurricular activities participation varies between boys and girls. The discussion highlights the different implications of these results for research and intervention.