Thesis deals with the introduction of the bachelor of professional studies in the dual form of the Czech Republic as a response to growing dissatisfaction firms in the labor market structure and quality of graduates. The aim is to determine whether and in what fields is the introduction of a professional bachelor's degree may be an alternative to the current system of higher education, and to what extent the company would be willing to contribute to this education system alone participate, in the form of teaching in schools, funding and employment of students during their practice.

The purpose of this dissertation was to provide a functional definition of adequacy synthesized from the application of efficiency (E), equality/equity/dignity (EED), and excellence/quality (EQ) value clusters found in various state litigations pertaining to the financial systems used to distribute educational opportunity. Questions researched in this study were (a) In what manner might the tension of the paradoxical demands of community responsibility and individual rights housed within the principle of liberty be used creatively in the development of public policy? (b) How do the value clusters inherent in democracy allow for balance and affect the provision of adequate educational opportunity? (c) Using value critical analysis, how does funding litigation clarify the search for the meaning of adequate educational opportunity? (d) What themes appear throughout these cases that may be used to build consensus for the development of policy frameworks and the evaluation of present funding systems designed to provide adequate educational opportunity in a particular time and place? As an examination of policy, legal research was used to analyze litigation in cases in which the provision of educational opportunity was challenged based on the terms of art under girding standards established for the delivery of public education. This study was implemented in five stages: 1. Values clusters to be examined were selected through the review of the history of educational opportunity in this nation and current literature addressing public values and education policy. 2. Through the examination of the paradox within the principle of liberty that guarantees individual rights and requires community responsibility, consideration was given to the creative tension, both principled and structural, that laid the foundation for and continues to drive the democratic process. 3. The role that policy development plays in establishing balance was outlined, noting the argumentation process used to transform knowledge through values, to create the framework necessary to take consistent action. 4. Value critical analysis examined the definition given to values clusters of efficiency (E), equality/equity/dignity (EED), and excellence/quality (EQ) as found in court cases adjudicated in the last fifty years affecting the provision of educational opportunities. Litigation was analyzed, considering the standards established for the delivery of public education in state constitutions, the value given to the terms of art underpinning those standards, and the definitions for those terms as established by the courts. 5. Using the information gleaned, a policy framework was developed to structure adequate educational opportunity for all children. / Ph. D.

Este trabalho visa (a) desenvolver um modelo para estimar os custos, os investimentos necessários e o consequente impacto orçamentário para a garantia do direito à educação em condições de qualidade nos sistemas públicos de educação básica para a população em idade escolar obrigatória (4 a 17 anos) e para a população fora da faixa etária obrigatória que não concluiu a escolarização básica e deseja exercer o direito à educação; (b) desenvolver, com base no modelo, o protótipo de um simulador de custos para planejamento de sistemas públicos de educação básica em condições de qualidade (SIMCAQ) a fim de orientar o desenvolvimento de um sistema computacional; e (c) a aplicação do protótipo a casos reais. A revisão da literatura que analisa a trajetória do planejamento no setor público brasileiro e, especialmente, no setor educacional, apresentou inúmeras evidências de ausência ou falhas na previsão dos custos das metas estabelecidas. Este aspecto é considerado como um dos principais motivos pelo qual parte dos planos governamentais brasileiros resultou em descontinuidades e metas frustradas. Em consonância com esta realidade, a literatura também mostra que as experiências quanto ao planejamento e apuração dos custos dos serviços públicos brasileiros são recentes e escassas, o que dificulta o dimensionamento do aporte financeiro necessário para fazer face às ações propostas nos planos. Neste contexto, três fatores justificam os esforços desta pesquisa: (a) a necessidade de subsidiar os planos educacionais com estimativas de valores necessários para consecução de objetivos e metas de curto, médio e longo prazo; (b) a necessidade de estimar o custo por aluno necessário para garantir um padrão mínimo de qualidade do ensino nas escolas públicas; e (c) a necessidade de implantar sistemas de análise de custos para reduzir as disparidades do custo efetivamente praticado nas escolas como forma de assegurar a equalização de oportunidades educacionais e a igualdade de condições para o acesso e permanência na escola. Sendo assim, para a consecução dos objetivos propostos, foi realizada uma pesquisa com abordagem quantitativa de caráter exploratório e descritivo. Foi desenvolvido um modelo conceitual para estimar os custos do processo de adequação de uma rede de ensino a \"parâmetros de condições de qualidade\" durante determinado período de tempo. Igualmente, a partir do modelo, foi elaborado um protótipo do SIMCAQ utilizando 66 planilhas eletrônicas relacionadas por fórmulas e operadores lógicos segundo o projeto lógico que descreveu as cinco etapas do fluxo de informações. A aplicação do protótipo a três municípios goianos de portes distintos e redes públicas de ensino com características diversas mostrou que o SIMCAQ consegue realizar estimativas da demanda por matrículas, professores e infraestrutura dos prédios escolares, etc. por localização de moradia (urbano / rural) e por etapas de ensino conforme parâmetros de qualidade pré-estabelecidos. Além disso, o protótipo calculou o valor do custo-aluno-ano para cada etapa por um período de dez anos. Os valores estimados pelo simulador foram consideravelmente superiores aos valores verificados por pesquisas anteriores e aos valores previstos para serem redistribuídos em Goiás no âmbito pelo Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica e de Valorização dos Profissionais da Educação (FUNDEB) em 2012. Igualmente, os custos totais das redes de ensino analisadas apontaram a necessidade de maior aporte de recursos para garantir a oferta de ensino com os parâmetros de qualidade utilizados neste trabalho e que os municípios investigados devem investir mais de 30% da receita corrente em educação básica. Desse modo, o SIMCAQ pode constituir uma ferramenta para auxiliar o processo de tomada de decisão dos gestores, uma vez que facilita a análise de cenários de custos e investimentos para fazer face às metas do planejamento educacional. / This paper aims at (a) developing a model to estimate the costs, the necessary investments and the consequent budgetary impact in order to guarantee the right to education in quality conditions in basic education public systems for population in mandatory school age (4 to 17 years old) and for population out of the mandatory school age who have not concluded basic schooling and who wish to exercise the right to education; (b) based on the model, developing the prototype of a cost simulator for planning basic education public systems in quality conditions (SIMCAQ) with the intention of guiding the development of a computational system; and (c) applying the prototype to real cases. The literature review which analyses the path of the planning in the Brazilian public sector and especially in the educational sector presented numerous evidence of absence or failure in established goals cost prediction. This aspect is considered as one of the main reasons why part of Brazilian governmental plans resulted in discontinuities and frustrated goals. In line with this, the literature also shows that the experiences regarding planning and calculations of Brazilian public services are recent and scarce, which complicates the measurement of financial contribution necessary to cope with the actions proposed in the plans. Within this context three factors justify these research efforts: (a) the need to subsidize the educational plans with values estimation necessary to achieve objectives and short, medium, and long-term goals; (b) the need to estimate the cost per student necessary to guarantee the minimum pattern of teaching education in public schools; and (c) the need to implement cost analysis systems to reduce disparities of the costs effectively practiced in schools so as to ensure the equalization of educational opportunities and the equality of access conditions and school permanence. Then, to achieve the proposed objectives, we developed a quantitative research of exploratory-descriptive character. We created a conceptual model to estimate the costs of the adequacy process of a teaching system to \"parameters of quality conditions\" during a determined period of time. In the same way, we formulated, from the model, a SIMCAQ prototype using 66 electronic spreadsheets related by formulas and logical operators according to the logical project which described the five stages of information flow. We applied the prototype to three towns in the state of Goiás. They are towns of different sizes and present public teaching systems with distinct characteristics. The application showed that SIMCAQ can estimate demands for enrolment, teachers, and school building infrastructure, etc. per housing location (urban / rural) and per teaching stages according to the predetermined parameters of quality. Besides, the prototype calculated the value of cost per student per year for each stage for a period of ten years. The values estimated by the simulator were reasonably superior to the values found in previous researches and to the values which are supposed to be redistributed within the state of Goiás by the Fund for the Maintenance and Development of Basic Education (FUNDEB) for 2012. In the same way, the total costs of the teaching systems we analyzed pointed the need for greater financial resources in order to guarantee that the offered teaching meets the parameters of quality presented in this paper. Also we concluded that the towns must invest more than 30% of its current income in basic education. Thereby, the SIMCAQ can be seen as a tool to help managers in the process of decision making, once it facilitates the analysis of cost and investment scenarios to cope with educational planning goals.

Este trabalho visa (a) desenvolver um modelo para estimar os custos, os investimentos necessários e o consequente impacto orçamentário para a garantia do direito à educação em condições de qualidade nos sistemas públicos de educação básica para a população em idade escolar obrigatória (4 a 17 anos) e para a população fora da faixa etária obrigatória que não concluiu a escolarização básica e deseja exercer o direito à educação; (b) desenvolver, com base no modelo, o protótipo de um simulador de custos para planejamento de sistemas públicos de educação básica em condições de qualidade (SIMCAQ) a fim de orientar o desenvolvimento de um sistema computacional; e (c) a aplicação do protótipo a casos reais. A revisão da literatura que analisa a trajetória do planejamento no setor público brasileiro e, especialmente, no setor educacional, apresentou inúmeras evidências de ausência ou falhas na previsão dos custos das metas estabelecidas. Este aspecto é considerado como um dos principais motivos pelo qual parte dos planos governamentais brasileiros resultou em descontinuidades e metas frustradas. Em consonância com esta realidade, a literatura também mostra que as experiências quanto ao planejamento e apuração dos custos dos serviços públicos brasileiros são recentes e escassas, o que dificulta o dimensionamento do aporte financeiro necessário para fazer face às ações propostas nos planos. Neste contexto, três fatores justificam os esforços desta pesquisa: (a) a necessidade de subsidiar os planos educacionais com estimativas de valores necessários para consecução de objetivos e metas de curto, médio e longo prazo; (b) a necessidade de estimar o custo por aluno necessário para garantir um padrão mínimo de qualidade do ensino nas escolas públicas; e (c) a necessidade de implantar sistemas de análise de custos para reduzir as disparidades do custo efetivamente praticado nas escolas como forma de assegurar a equalização de oportunidades educacionais e a igualdade de condições para o acesso e permanência na escola. Sendo assim, para a consecução dos objetivos propostos, foi realizada uma pesquisa com abordagem quantitativa de caráter exploratório e descritivo. Foi desenvolvido um modelo conceitual para estimar os custos do processo de adequação de uma rede de ensino a \"parâmetros de condições de qualidade\" durante determinado período de tempo. Igualmente, a partir do modelo, foi elaborado um protótipo do SIMCAQ utilizando 66 planilhas eletrônicas relacionadas por fórmulas e operadores lógicos segundo o projeto lógico que descreveu as cinco etapas do fluxo de informações. A aplicação do protótipo a três municípios goianos de portes distintos e redes públicas de ensino com características diversas mostrou que o SIMCAQ consegue realizar estimativas da demanda por matrículas, professores e infraestrutura dos prédios escolares, etc. por localização de moradia (urbano / rural) e por etapas de ensino conforme parâmetros de qualidade pré-estabelecidos. Além disso, o protótipo calculou o valor do custo-aluno-ano para cada etapa por um período de dez anos. Os valores estimados pelo simulador foram consideravelmente superiores aos valores verificados por pesquisas anteriores e aos valores previstos para serem redistribuídos em Goiás no âmbito pelo Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica e de Valorização dos Profissionais da Educação (FUNDEB) em 2012. Igualmente, os custos totais das redes de ensino analisadas apontaram a necessidade de maior aporte de recursos para garantir a oferta de ensino com os parâmetros de qualidade utilizados neste trabalho e que os municípios investigados devem investir mais de 30% da receita corrente em educação básica. Desse modo, o SIMCAQ pode constituir uma ferramenta para auxiliar o processo de tomada de decisão dos gestores, uma vez que facilita a análise de cenários de custos e investimentos para fazer face às metas do planejamento educacional. / This paper aims at (a) developing a model to estimate the costs, the necessary investments and the consequent budgetary impact in order to guarantee the right to education in quality conditions in basic education public systems for population in mandatory school age (4 to 17 years old) and for population out of the mandatory school age who have not concluded basic schooling and who wish to exercise the right to education; (b) based on the model, developing the prototype of a cost simulator for planning basic education public systems in quality conditions (SIMCAQ) with the intention of guiding the development of a computational system; and (c) applying the prototype to real cases. The literature review which analyses the path of the planning in the Brazilian public sector and especially in the educational sector presented numerous evidence of absence or failure in established goals cost prediction. This aspect is considered as one of the main reasons why part of Brazilian governmental plans resulted in discontinuities and frustrated goals. In line with this, the literature also shows that the experiences regarding planning and calculations of Brazilian public services are recent and scarce, which complicates the measurement of financial contribution necessary to cope with the actions proposed in the plans. Within this context three factors justify these research efforts: (a) the need to subsidize the educational plans with values estimation necessary to achieve objectives and short, medium, and long-term goals; (b) the need to estimate the cost per student necessary to guarantee the minimum pattern of teaching education in public schools; and (c) the need to implement cost analysis systems to reduce disparities of the costs effectively practiced in schools so as to ensure the equalization of educational opportunities and the equality of access conditions and school permanence. Then, to achieve the proposed objectives, we developed a quantitative research of exploratory-descriptive character. We created a conceptual model to estimate the costs of the adequacy process of a teaching system to \"parameters of quality conditions\" during a determined period of time. In the same way, we formulated, from the model, a SIMCAQ prototype using 66 electronic spreadsheets related by formulas and logical operators according to the logical project which described the five stages of information flow. We applied the prototype to three towns in the state of Goiás. They are towns of different sizes and present public teaching systems with distinct characteristics. The application showed that SIMCAQ can estimate demands for enrolment, teachers, and school building infrastructure, etc. per housing location (urban / rural) and per teaching stages according to the predetermined parameters of quality. Besides, the prototype calculated the value of cost per student per year for each stage for a period of ten years. The values estimated by the simulator were reasonably superior to the values found in previous researches and to the values which are supposed to be redistributed within the state of Goiás by the Fund for the Maintenance and Development of Basic Education (FUNDEB) for 2012. In the same way, the total costs of the teaching systems we analyzed pointed the need for greater financial resources in order to guarantee that the offered teaching meets the parameters of quality presented in this paper. Also we concluded that the towns must invest more than 30% of its current income in basic education. Thereby, the SIMCAQ can be seen as a tool to help managers in the process of decision making, once it facilitates the analysis of cost and investment scenarios to cope with educational planning goals.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and identify possible relationships between academic achievement, as measured by high school graduation rate and ACT composite scores of individual school districts within the state of Tennessee, and the per-pupil expenditure of each district. Research was conducted to determine whether a significant difference existed in academic achievement measures (high school graduation rate, ACT composite score) among school districts in the state of Tennessee that were classified as above average, average, and below average in relation to their per-pupil expenditure (PPE) in the 2013-2014, 2014-2015, and 2015-16 school years. Ex post facto data were collected from the Tennessee Department of Education website. All pertinent school district information reported appeared on the Tennessee State Report Card website. This publicly reported and available data were collected by accessing the Tennessee State Report Card website. The researcher recorded data related to each school district that reported data in all three of the following categories: per-pupil expenditure, graduation rates, and ACT composite scores. This study examined the relationship of graduation rates to per-pupil expenditure in the 2013-2014, 2014-2015, and 2015-2016 school years. The results indicated that the high school graduation rates during the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 school year were not significantly affected by per-pupil expenditure. However, significance was found regarding high school graduation rates in the 2015-2016 school year (p =.016). There was a significant difference in the means between the bottom-third (93.537%) and the top-third (90.422%) of per-pupil expenditure levels during the 2015-2016 school year, with the top-third having significantly higher graduation rates. This study also examined the relationship of ACT composite score to per-pupil expenditures in the 2013-2014, 2014-2015, and 2015-2016 school years. The results for all of the research questions indicated that the ACT composite score during all years was not significantly affected by per-pupil expenditure.

Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich modelltheoretisch mit drei Themenbereichen aus dem Feld der Bildungsforschung. Das erste Kapitel behandelt die Existenz von Studiengebühren. Bei der persönlichen Entscheidung für oder gegen ein Studium sind Studiengebühren ein Nachteil, vor allem, wenn dafür kein Angebot in Form von besseren Studienbedingungen existiert. Andererseits ist das Studium nicht nur eine finanzielle Entscheidung, sondern kann auch Nutzen in anderer Form wie Status oder Prestige bedeuten. Wenn der Status negativ von der Anzahl der Absolventen abhängt, könnte es von Vorteil sein, die Menge an Studenten künstlich durch Studiengebühren zu reduzieren. Es wird ein Modell präsentiert, in dem in einem statischen Gleichgewicht wohlhabendere und fähigere Studenten für höhere Studiengebühren stimmen, um die Absolventenzahl zu verknappen und den Status zu erhöhen. Das darauffolgende Kapitel enthält eine Erweiterung eines Signaling-Modells zur Notenvergabe. Das ursprüngliche Modell kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass Noteninflation unausweichlich ist, da gute Noten der Schule keine Kosten verursachen. Es existiert aber in der Realität ein gegenläufiger Effekt: Noteninflation hat Einfluss auf die Reputation einer Schule und führt daher bei zukünftigen Absolventen zu einer Erwartungsanpassung der Arbeitgeber. Die Erweiterung des Modells zeigt, dass Noteninflation mit Reputation verringert oder sogar vermieden werden kann. Im letzten Kapitel wird ein Modell präsentiert, das den Einfluss eines separierenden Schulsystems und eines Gesamtschulsystems auf die akademische Leistung abbildet. Es wird zwischen einer Anfangsfähigkeit eines Schülers unterschieden, die hauptsächlich durch die Familienherkunft bestimmt wird, und der Lernfähigkeit eines Schülers. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass die Leistung schlechterer Schüler in der Gesamtschule steigen kann, selbst wenn es keine Synergieeffekte zwischen guten und schlechten Schülern gibt. Der Effekt entsteht, da die Gesamtschule einen Kompromiss im Anspruchsniveau finden muss, welcher höher ist als das Anspruchsniveau in der separierten, schlechteren Klasse. Wenn die schlechteren Schüler die größere Lernfähigkeit besitzen, erhöht sich in der Gesamtschule sogar die Durchschnittsleistung aller Schüler.

Die Geschichte der Beziehungen zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten und der UNESCO ist seit Gründung der UN-Sonderorganisation von Spannungen geprägt. Diese kulminierten im Austritt der USA aus der UNESCO mit Wirkung vom 31.12.1984. Im Gegensatz zur rechtlichen Dimension des Austritts war die politische Dimension höchst kontrovers. Es zeigte sich, dass ein generelles Unbehagen zu internationalen Organisationen generell und den Vereinten Nationen im Besonderen die Hauptrolle beim Austritt spielte. Die UNESCO spielt auf dem Gebiet der multilateralen Bildungsfinanzierung – neben anderen Organisationen – eine nicht zu unterschätzende Rolle. Neben anderen Problemen auf diesen Gebiet mit denen die UNESCO noch heute zu kämpfen hat, hatte daher der Austritt der Vereinigten Staaten negative Auswirkungen auf den Haushalt der UNESCO und somit auch den Teil der Bildungsfinanzierung.

Die Geschichte der Beziehungen zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten und der UNESCO ist seit Gründung der UN-Sonderorganisation von Spannungen geprägt. Diese kulminierten im Austritt der USA aus der UNESCO mit Wirkung vom 31.12.1984. Im Gegensatz zur rechtlichen Dimension des Austritts war die politische Dimension höchst kontrovers. Es zeigte sich, dass ein generelles Unbehagen zu internationalen Organisationen generell und den Vereinten Nationen im Besonderen die Hauptrolle beim Austritt spielte. Die UNESCO spielt auf dem Gebiet der multilateralen Bildungsfinanzierung – neben anderen Organisationen – eine nicht zu unterschätzende Rolle. Neben anderen Problemen auf diesen Gebiet mit denen die UNESCO noch heute zu kämpfen hat, hatte daher der Austritt der Vereinigten Staaten negative Auswirkungen auf den Haushalt der UNESCO und somit auch den Teil der Bildungsfinanzierung.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis II 1. Einleitung 1 2. Die Geschichte zwischen USA und UNESCO – Ein kurzer Abriss 2 3. Die Krise der UNESCO – Der Austritt der Vereinigten Staaten 5 a. Die politische Dimension 5 b. Die rechtliche Dimension 11 4. Die multilaterale Bildungsfinanzierung 11 a. Die multilaterale Bildungsfinanzierung und die UNESCO 12 b. Die multilaterale Bildungsfinanzierung und der US-Austritt aus der UNESCO 15 5. Konsequenzen des Austritts 15 6. Fazit und Ausblick 17 Literaturverzeichnis I