A presente tese de doutorado parte da indagação “quais as práticas educativas que se produzem na Igreja do Evangelho Quadrangular, no Bairro Pestano, localizado na Periferia da cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul”. Tem como objetivo central descrever, compreender e analisar essas práticas educativas. Os conceitos que fundamentam esse estudo são: Educação e trabalho, Periferia e Religião. Trata-se de estudo de caso de natureza qualitativa. Assumi como método o desenvolvimento da dialética marxiana. Para o objetivo proposto foram realizadas quatro entrevistas semi-estruturadas e registro em diário de campo com observação das diversas práticas que compõem a Igreja do Evangelho Quadrangular. Como resultado da pesquisa três práticas se destacam como centrais na análise: a Igreja, o Culto e a Célula. A Igreja, como espaço/território, instituição e também como um dos lugares de formação e educação do povo da periferia, sendo que todas as suas proposições estão alinhavadas por um instrumento: a bíblia, a qual é usada como uma “ferramenta” de evangelização desenvolvida no conjunto das práticas educativas que compõem as neopentecostais. A bíblia usada como uma verdade universal. A igreja também como espaço de dar testemunho, parte da pedagogia do exemplo. O Culto, espaço de cultuar as simbologias, espaço de educação e acolhimento. Local de encontro, de ser “escola”. E, a Célula, lugar de conhecer, acompanhar as pessoas, de construir relações sociais para fortalecer a família. O consumo ganha uma centralidade para responder as demandas necessárias do capital. A tese principal explicita que há uma conexão entre os neopentecostais e a reorganização do capital o que se materializa nas práticas educativas, pois é nelas que reside o processo educativo entre as Igrejas Neopentecostais e a produção de uma nova sociabilidade entre os sujeitos sociais no capitalismo. A Igreja teve que se reorganizar como o movimento do capital; a crise do capital também produziu uma crise na Instituição Igreja. O ascetismo, a renúncia, o auto- sacrifício, os velhos costumes, o desprezo pelos prazeres mundanos, enfim, as velhas roupas tiveram que ser deixadas, ou trocadas por uma nova roupagem, em que o consumo ganha uma centralidade, na qual se exacerba a relação de troca entre DEUS/IGREJA e seus fiéis. Nas práticas se concretizam as mudanças e nelas é que se operacionaliza o processo de formação humana necessário para responder às demandas necessárias do capital. Deste modo, estas práticas educativas religiosas neopentecostais contribuem para uma nova sociabilidade no movimento do capital em sua atual configuração. / The present doctoral dissertation starts from the wonder of “what educational practices are produced at Foursquare Gospel Church, in Pestano district, on the outskirt of Pelotas city, in Rio Grande do Sul state?”. It aims to describe, comprehend and analyze these educational practices. The concepts that based this study are: work and education, outskirts and religion. It is a qualitative case study. As methodology it is assumed the developing of the Marxian dialectics. To the proposed aim it was done four semi structured interviews and notes on the field diary, observing several practices that compound the Foursquare Gospel Church. As the research result three practices were seen as central in the analyses: the church, the worship and the cell. The church as place/territory, institution and also as a place of formation and people education on the outskirts, being all its propositions followed by an instrument: the bible, which is used as a “tool” to the evangelization developed and a set of educational practices that compound the Neopentecostals. The bible used as a universal truth. Place to give testimony as part of example pedagogy. The worship, place to adore symbols, place of education and welcoming. Place of meeting and of being a” school”. And the cells, as a place to know, accompany people and build relationship to strength families. The consumption assumes centrality to answer the needs and demands of the capital. The main thesis states that there is a connection between Neopentecostals and the capital reorganization and it is materialized in the educational practices, because on them, are the educational process between Neopentecostals and the production of a new sociability among the subjects in the capitalism. This way the Neopentecostal educational practices contribute to a new sociability in the capital movement in the actual configuration. The church had to be reorganized as a capital movement, because the crisis in the capital, also produced a crisis in the institution church. The old asceticism, renouncement and self-sacrifice, the old traditions, the disdain for the world pleasures, therefore, the old clothes had to be left, or changed by new ones, where the consumption earns a centrality, where is highlighted the relationship of exchanges with GOD/CHURCH and its churchgoers. In the practices are concretized the changes and on them are done the process of human formation needed to answer the needs and demands of the capital.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O intento deste estudo està em identificar as prÃticas educativas nÃo-formais e informais, transcorrentes no cotidiano ritual de um terreiro de Candomblà em Fortaleza. Percebendo o instante em que o fazer religioso se funde em prÃxis educativa, e que fazem do terreiro afro-brasileiro um espaÃo construtor de saberes, legitimado pela tradiÃÃo oral e pela memÃria ancestral. Trata-se, pois, de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de abordagem etnogrÃfica que usou como instrumento de construÃÃo dos dados o estudo de caso. Assim, o estudo teve acesso aos por menores que circundam uma tradiÃÃo religiosa ritual de milÃnios. As observaÃÃes, as anotaÃÃes em caderneta de campo, os registros imagÃticos, e as interlocuÃÃes concedidas pelos sujeitos da pesquisa: Sr. Lagos, MÃe Ilesà e Ogan Ibadan minudenciam um entendimento mais depurado a respeito das concepÃÃes das prÃticas religiosas e educacionais de um templo de CandomblÃ. Os resultados apresentados nesta pesquisa: O Ritual do Orà para Exu e o ritual do Ebà aparecem em detalhes, falas e situaÃÃes. O sacrifÃcio animal para Exu aqui à pensado enquanto totemismo, numa relaÃÃo totÃmica que se estabelece no ato de oferecer os animais por meio de imolaÃÃo sagrada aos OrixÃs. E o Ritual do Ebà se mostra em toda profundidade no caso do Sr. Lagos. Deste modo, os dois rituais se situam no estudo enquanto elementos de tradiÃÃo Iorubà e, sobretudo enquanto o momento que o terreiro produz educaÃÃo nÃo-formal. Ensinando fundamentos religiosos e perpetuando uma tradiÃÃo Ãgrafa.

A presente tese de doutorado parte da indagação “quais as práticas educativas que se produzem na Igreja do Evangelho Quadrangular, no Bairro Pestano, localizado na Periferia da cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul”. Tem como objetivo central descrever, compreender e analisar essas práticas educativas. Os conceitos que fundamentam esse estudo são: Educação e trabalho, Periferia e Religião. Trata-se de estudo de caso de natureza qualitativa. Assumi como método o desenvolvimento da dialética marxiana. Para o objetivo proposto foram realizadas quatro entrevistas semi-estruturadas e registro em diário de campo com observação das diversas práticas que compõem a Igreja do Evangelho Quadrangular. Como resultado da pesquisa três práticas se destacam como centrais na análise: a Igreja, o Culto e a Célula. A Igreja, como espaço/território, instituição e também como um dos lugares de formação e educação do povo da periferia, sendo que todas as suas proposições estão alinhavadas por um instrumento: a bíblia, a qual é usada como uma “ferramenta” de evangelização desenvolvida no conjunto das práticas educativas que compõem as neopentecostais. A bíblia usada como uma verdade universal. A igreja também como espaço de dar testemunho, parte da pedagogia do exemplo. O Culto, espaço de cultuar as simbologias, espaço de educação e acolhimento. Local de encontro, de ser “escola”. E, a Célula, lugar de conhecer, acompanhar as pessoas, de construir relações sociais para fortalecer a família. O consumo ganha uma centralidade para responder as demandas necessárias do capital. A tese principal explicita que há uma conexão entre os neopentecostais e a reorganização do capital o que se materializa nas práticas educativas, pois é nelas que reside o processo educativo entre as Igrejas Neopentecostais e a produção de uma nova sociabilidade entre os sujeitos sociais no capitalismo. A Igreja teve que se reorganizar como o movimento do capital; a crise do capital também produziu uma crise na Instituição Igreja. O ascetismo, a renúncia, o auto- sacrifício, os velhos costumes, o desprezo pelos prazeres mundanos, enfim, as velhas roupas tiveram que ser deixadas, ou trocadas por uma nova roupagem, em que o consumo ganha uma centralidade, na qual se exacerba a relação de troca entre DEUS/IGREJA e seus fiéis. Nas práticas se concretizam as mudanças e nelas é que se operacionaliza o processo de formação humana necessário para responder às demandas necessárias do capital. Deste modo, estas práticas educativas religiosas neopentecostais contribuem para uma nova sociabilidade no movimento do capital em sua atual configuração. / The present doctoral dissertation starts from the wonder of “what educational practices are produced at Foursquare Gospel Church, in Pestano district, on the outskirt of Pelotas city, in Rio Grande do Sul state?”. It aims to describe, comprehend and analyze these educational practices. The concepts that based this study are: work and education, outskirts and religion. It is a qualitative case study. As methodology it is assumed the developing of the Marxian dialectics. To the proposed aim it was done four semi structured interviews and notes on the field diary, observing several practices that compound the Foursquare Gospel Church. As the research result three practices were seen as central in the analyses: the church, the worship and the cell. The church as place/territory, institution and also as a place of formation and people education on the outskirts, being all its propositions followed by an instrument: the bible, which is used as a “tool” to the evangelization developed and a set of educational practices that compound the Neopentecostals. The bible used as a universal truth. Place to give testimony as part of example pedagogy. The worship, place to adore symbols, place of education and welcoming. Place of meeting and of being a” school”. And the cells, as a place to know, accompany people and build relationship to strength families. The consumption assumes centrality to answer the needs and demands of the capital. The main thesis states that there is a connection between Neopentecostals and the capital reorganization and it is materialized in the educational practices, because on them, are the educational process between Neopentecostals and the production of a new sociability among the subjects in the capitalism. This way the Neopentecostal educational practices contribute to a new sociability in the capital movement in the actual configuration. The church had to be reorganized as a capital movement, because the crisis in the capital, also produced a crisis in the institution church. The old asceticism, renouncement and self-sacrifice, the old traditions, the disdain for the world pleasures, therefore, the old clothes had to be left, or changed by new ones, where the consumption earns a centrality, where is highlighted the relationship of exchanges with GOD/CHURCH and its churchgoers. In the practices are concretized the changes and on them are done the process of human formation needed to answer the needs and demands of the capital.

Background: Clinical reasoning is the ability to reason as a clinical situation changes and is an essential component of competence in nursing practice. However, some traditional teaching and learning strategies do not always facilitate the development of the desired clinical reasoning skills in nursing students. Problem statement: Nurse educators at a military nursing college in Gauteng are predominantly utilising traditional teacher-centred teaching and learning strategies. The concern is that if students are predominantly taught by means of traditional teacher-centred strategies this may not contribute to the development of the desired clinical reasoning skills required for nursing practice. To improve educational practices to promote the development of student nurses' clinical reasoning skills, the researcher conducted an action research study. Aim: The aim of the study was to facilitate a process of change towards improving educational practices in order to promote the development of undergraduate student nurses' clinical reasoning skills. Methodology: Action research was used to conduct the research study by means of three phases. During Phase 1: the Baseline phase, data was collected by means of unstructured interviews with nurse educators and head of departments to explore and describe the challenges experienced by nurse educators in utilising alternative educational practices. During Phase 2: the Action Research Process phase, an action research group was established to co-construct an action plan to address the identified challenges. Four action research cycles each comprising four steps, namely plan, act, observe and reflect was implemented. Phase 3, the Evaluation of the Action Research Process phase, evaluated the outcomes of the action research process by means of the World Café data collection method. Qualitative data from Phase 2 was analysed using the steps outlined in Saldaña (2013). The activities conducted during the action research group workshops were recorded and minutes were kept. Data from the World Café was analysed using the creative hermeneutic data analysis method as suggested by Boomer and McCormack (2010). Findings: The challenges encountered by nurse educators were explored and the following four main themes emerged: educational practices; clinical learning environment; military learning environment; and role players in the teaching and learning environment. The challenges were prioritised by the action research group into four strategies: teaching, learning and assessment strategies; the clinical learning environment; continuous professional development; and support and selection of students and nurse educators. An action plan was co-constructed during Phase 2 by the action research group participants. The project was evaluated by the action research group as successful. The action research process contributed to the professional development of the nurse educators and resulted in the utilisation of more student-centred teaching, learning and assessment strategies. Conclusions: An action plan was developed to improve educational practices at the South African Military Health Service Nursing College. The researcher also developed a conceptual framework to promote clinical reasoning skills. Addressing nurse educator challenges in collaboration and empowering them with the means, opportunity and skill to utilise studentcentred teaching and learning strategies may contribute to the development of undergraduate student nurses' clinical reasoning skills. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Nursing Science / PhD / Unrestricted

Minority-girl education in China is a new field of research. This study seeks to explore into this field through reviewing and analyzing the available studies that have been done. This literature has been collected through searching library holdings, Computer Assisted Research Search, and online searching. The criteria against which the literature is to be reviewed and analyzed are in the form of questions and are divided into six categories of introduction, theoretical framework, method, results, discussion (conclusion/recommendations), and abstract or summary; so that all the aspects of a study can be examined. The research filed of minority-girl education in China is found to be improving. A summary of the current educational practices concerning minoirty-girl education in China and the challenges the minority-girl faces when it comes to education is made after the literature collected has been reviewed. Recommendations on future research orientations are made based on the findings.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Esta pesquisa objetiva investigar as prÃticas educativas e culturais dos usuÃrios de crack, por meio da biografia de um dependente dessa droga, enfocando os contextos e trajetÃrias que envolveram esse uso, relacionando fatos e determinantes socioculturais que colaboram na memÃria e histÃria de vida do sujeito biografado. Tem como aporte teÃrico abordagens teÃricas e diversos campos do conhecimento, como SaÃde, Sociologia e EducaÃÃo. Pelo fato de o sujeito biografado ser um morador de rua, o estudo foi realizado em vÃrios lugares, desde bares, churrascarias, residÃncia da famÃlia e atà mesmo nas proximidades das chamadas âbocas de fumoâ. Por se tratar de uma pesquisa qualitativa, a abordagem metodolÃgica à a histÃria de vida e a coleta dos dados à procedida com base na histÃria oral biogrÃfica, realizada por meio de entrevistas abertas e diÃrio de campo. Desta forma, a anÃlise dos dados està pautada nos conceitos e categorias centrais relacionados aos discursos do dependente de crack biografado. Na anÃlise da trajetÃria do uso de drogas nas falas de Bim Guerra, foi importante conhecermos aspectos que nos ajudaram a entender o porquà de as pessoas continuarem usando drogas, a despeito de toda sua negatividade e dos esforÃos empenhados em combater esse uso. Devem-se levar em consideraÃÃo os âdiferentes sujeitosâ e a subjetividade que os envolve quando fazem uso dessas substÃncias, assim como os diversos contextos culturais, educativo, fase de vulnerabilidade que cerca os adolescentes e permeiam essa realidade com base nos tÃpicos de estudo. Concluindo a anÃlise, foi percebido que embora nÃo afirmemos que o uso do crack seja uma prÃtica decorrente de outros tipos de drogas, nÃo podemos negar que a oportunidade de experiÃncia com outro tipo droga permita favorecer esta prÃtica. à essencial considerar nas falas de Bim Guerra a importÃncia do papel da famÃlia nas relaÃÃes de desenvolvimento comportamental/educacional no que diz respeito envolvimento com o uso de drogas. / Esta pesquisa objetiva investigar as prÃticas educativas e culturais dos usuÃrios de crack, por meio da biografia de um dependente dessa droga, enfocando os contextos e trajetÃrias que envolveram esse uso, relacionando fatos e determinantes socioculturais que colaboram na memÃria e histÃria de vida do sujeito biografado. Tem como aporte teÃrico abordagens teÃricas e diversos campos do conhecimento, como SaÃde, Sociologia e EducaÃÃo. Pelo fato de o sujeito biografado ser um morador de rua, o estudo foi realizado em vÃrios lugares, desde bares, churrascarias, residÃncia da famÃlia e atà mesmo nas proximidades das chamadas âbocas de fumoâ. Por se tratar de uma pesquisa qualitativa, a abordagem metodolÃgica à a histÃria de vida e a coleta dos dados à procedida com base na histÃria oral biogrÃfica, realizada por meio de entrevistas abertas e diÃrio de campo. Desta forma, a anÃlise dos dados està pautada nos conceitos e categorias centrais relacionados aos discursos do dependente de crack biografado. Na anÃlise da trajetÃria do uso de drogas nas falas de Bim Guerra, foi importante conhecermos aspectos que nos ajudaram a entender o porquà de as pessoas continuarem usando drogas, a despeito de toda sua negatividade e dos esforÃos empenhados em combater esse uso. Devem-se levar em consideraÃÃo os âdiferentes sujeitosâ e a subjetividade que os envolve quando fazem uso dessas substÃncias, assim como os diversos contextos culturais, educativo, fase de vulnerabilidade que cerca os adolescentes e permeiam essa realidade com base nos tÃpicos de estudo. Concluindo a anÃlise, foi percebido que embora nÃo afirmemos que o uso do crack seja uma prÃtica decorrente de outros tipos de drogas, nÃo podemos negar que a oportunidade de experiÃncia com outro tipo droga permita favorecer esta prÃtica. à essencial considerar nas falas de Bim Guerra a importÃncia do papel da famÃlia nas relaÃÃes de desenvolvimento comportamental/educacional no que diz respeito envolvimento com o uso de drogas. / This research aims investigating the educational and cultural practices from crack users, by the biography of a addict, focusing the contexts and paths that evolved this use, relating sociocultural facts and determinants which collaborate in the memory and life history of the biography subject. It has as theoretical contribution approaches from several authors and several fields of knowledge, as Healthy, Sociology and Education. By the fact the biography subject is a homeless, the study was accomplished in many places, from bars, steakhouses, the family residence, and even near the called âbocas de fumoâ. By treating this as a qualitative research, the methodological approach is the life history and the data collection is proceeded on the basis of the biographical oral history, accomplished by the open interview and field journal. In this way, the data analysis is guided in concepts and central categories related to the biography crack addictâs speech. In the pathâs analysis of drug using in the speech of Bin Guerra, it was important for us to know some aspects that helped to understand the reason why people still use drugs, despite all its negativity and the committed efforts to fight against this using. It must be considered the âdifferent subjectsâ and the subjectivity involved when they make use of these substances, as the diverse cultural, educative contexts, vulnerability phase that surrounds teenagers and permeates that reality based on the study topics. Concluding the analysis, it was noticed that even we cannot affirm that the crack use can become a practice resulted of other kinds of drugs, we cannot deny the experience opportunity with other kind of drug allows to favor this practice. It is essential to consider, in the speech of Bim Guerra, the importance of family role in the relation of behavior/educational development, concerning the involvement with the use of drugs. / This research aims investigating the educational and cultural practices from crack users, by the biography of a addict, focusing the contexts and paths that evolved this use, relating sociocultural facts and determinants which collaborate in the memory and life history of the biography subject. It has as theoretical contribution approaches from several authors and several fields of knowledge, as Healthy, Sociology and Education. By the fact the biography subject is a homeless, the study was accomplished in many places, from bars, steakhouses, the family residence, and even near the called âbocas de fumoâ. By treating this as a qualitative research, the methodological approach is the life history and the data collection is proceeded on the basis of the biographical oral history, accomplished by the open interview and field journal. In this way, the data analysis is guided in concepts and central categories related to the biography crack addictâs speech. In the pathâs analysis of drug using in the speech of Bin Guerra, it was important for us to know some aspects that helped to understand the reason why people still use drugs, despite all its negativity and the committed efforts to fight against this using. It must be considered the âdifferent subjectsâ and the subjectivity involved when they make use of these substances, as the diverse cultural, educative contexts, vulnerability phase that surrounds teenagers and permeates that reality based on the study topics. Concluding the analysis, it was noticed that even we cannot affirm that the crack use can become a practice resulted of other kinds of drugs, we cannot deny the experience opportunity with other kind of drug allows to favor this practice. It is essential to consider, in the speech of Bim Guerra, the importance of family role in the relation of behavior/educational development, concerning the involvement with the use of drugs.

Cette thèse aborde les représentations sociales du handicap et surtout de l’inclusion scolaire des enfants et adolescents en situation de handicap chez les enseignants. En effet, c’est à partir des représentations sociales et des pratiques qu’elles génèrent que l’inclusion scolaire est analysée. Mieux, l’analyse de l’inclusion scolaire est réalisée à travers le discours et les pratiques des enseignants. La recherche est menée au sein de douze écoles dont dix situées à Rome et deux à Cagliari dans la région de Sardaigne. Toutes ces écoles accueillent des élèves en situation de handicap et cherchent au mieux à respecter la singularité irréductible de chaque élève. Le recours à une triangulation des techniques de collecte des données (questionnaire, guide d’entretien, focus groupe et observation directe) a permis de saisir l’influence des représentations sociales sur les pratiques éducatives et les comportements individuels et collectives dans le sens de l’inclusion scolaire. L’investigation empirique réalisée établit une corrélation entre l’univers de la pensée (représentations sociales) et l’univers de l’action (pratiques éducatives). La perception que les enseignants se font du handicap et de l’inclusion scolaire a favorisé la mise en œuvre concrète de pratiques pédagogiques prenant en compte les besoins éducatifs spécifiques des élèves en situation de handicap. L’accueil et la prise en compte du handicap à l’école résultent d’une mutation tant dans le domaine des idées que celui de l’organisation et de la pratique pédagogique. Outre l’étude de l’inclusion scolaire à travers le dire et le faire des enseignants, nous avons aussi cherché à comprendre les rapports existants entre les acteurs impliqués dans la réalisation du projet d’inclusion. L’examen discursif et les observations de terrain révèlent que la collaboration entre enseignants, voire entre intervenants en inclusion reste encore un chantier de travail. En dépit des contradictions et des ambivalences observables, l’inclusion est considérée comme une plus-value pour tous et les enseignants interrogés sont bien acquis à sa cause. / This thesis deals with social representations of disability and mainly with school inclusion of children and teenagers living with disabilities in teachers’ practices. In fact, it is important to notice that this school inclusion is analysed from the social representations and the practices they bring about. Better, the analysis of school inclusion is made via the discourse and practices of teachers.The survey is conducted in twelve schools, ten of them located in Rome and the two others in Cagliari in the region of Sardinia. All these schools host students living with handicap and they seek to do their best to observe every student’s irreducible singularity. A resort to a triangulation of the techniques of data collection(questionnaire, interview guide, group focus and direct observation ) has been of great importance to us in grasping the true influence of social representations about the educational practices and the behaviours, individual as well as collective in the sense of school inclusion. This achieved empiric investigation establishes a link between the universe and the thought(social representations) in one hand, and the universe and the action(educational practices) on the other hand. The perception teachers make about handicap and school inclusion has engendered the concrete setting of pedagogic practices which take into account the specific educational needs of students living with disabilities. The welcome and way of dealing with disability at school result from a transformation both in the field of ideas and the organization of the pedagogic practice.Above the study of school inclusion via what teachers do and say, we have also tried to understand the existing links between the actors taking part in the realization of the project of inclusion. The discursive examination and the observations on the ground unveil that the collaboration between teachers , even between the different participants on the field of inclusion still requires a lot of doing. Despite the contradictions and ambivalences noticeable, inclusion is considered as a profit to all and the teachers interviewed are completely behind it.

A literatura contemporânea é abundante a respeito da importância da família para o desenvolvimento de crianças e adolescentes. Considerando a relevância da relação entre pais e filhos no processo de desenvolvimento, este estudo objetivou identificar a relação existente entre as práticas educativas parentais na percepção dos pais e dos filhos, bem como relacionar as práticas educativas parentais a problemas de saúde mental apresentados pelas crianças. Participaram do estudo dois grupos, sendo o primeiro composto por 21 crianças de 7 a 12 anos, com deficiência visual, e seus pais. O segundo grupo composto também por 21 crianças sem deficiência e seus pais, sendo este pareado ao primeiro grupo com relação a sexo, idade, figuras parentais, número de irmãos e classificação econômica. Trata-se de um estudo de comparação entre grupos, de corte transversal e de abordagem quantitativa. Foi realizada uma entrevista inicial com os pais, com a finalidade de coletar os dados das crianças, tais como: idade, sexo, se havia deficiências e/ou comprometimentos na saúde; dados da família, envolvendo a composição familiar; e, por último, a classificação econômica da família. Foi aplicado, na versão para pais e criança, o Inventário de Percepção Parental (PPI) (HAZZARD; CHRISTENSEN; MARGOLIN, 1983), para mensurar o comportamento dos pais nas práticas educativas, tanto na percepção dos filhos quanto na percepção dos próprios pais. Buscando indicadores da saúde mental das crianças, foi aplicado, na versão para pais, o Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades (SDQ) (GOODMAN, 1997). Foram feitas análises descritivas e correlacionais entre as variáveis estudadas (práticas educativas e saúde mental) e comparação entre os dois grupos de participantes, por meio de testes não paramétricos: Teste U de MannWhitney, Teste Exato de Fisher e Teste de Correlação de Spearman. Como resultado das correlações das percepções dos pais, mães e filhos quanto às práticas educativas, em ambos os grupos, destacaram-se os acordos nas avaliações que as crianças fizeram de seus pais (mães e pais) com as avaliações que pais e mães fizeram de si mesmos. Comparando os dois grupos, foi possível observar que, nos escores totais, apenas as respostas dos pais apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa. Assim, os pais das crianças com deficiência visual avaliaram-se de forma mais positiva que os outros pais; na soma negativa, apenas as respostas das mães encontraram diferença estatisticamente significativa. Assim, as mães de crianças sem deficiência visual avaliaram-se utilizando mais práticas coercitivas na educação de seus filhos. Com relação à saúde mental, a avaliação que os pais de ambos os grupos fizeram de seus filhos não mostrou diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Por outro lado, verificou-se que pais e mães tenderam a ver seus filhos, sejam eles com ou sem deficiência visual, com mais dificuldades do que seria esperado encontrar, segundo o instrumento utilizado. Os resultados em ambos os grupos, de modo geral, apontaram para a correlação entre práticas educativas parentais e saúde mental dos filhos, no sentido que, quanto melhores foram as práticas educativas, melhor foi o resultado relativo à saúde mental da criança / Contemporary literature is abundant about the importance of the family for the development of children and adolescents. Considering the relevance of the relationship between parents and children in the development process, this study aimed to identify the relation between parental educational practices and the perception of parents and children, as well as to relate parental educational practices to problems of mental health in children. The study involved two sample groups: the first group was composed of 21 children aged 7 to 12 years with visual impairment and their parents. The second group, composed of 21 non-visually impaired children and their parents, was paired with the first group regarding gender, age, parental figures, number of siblings and economic classification. This is a comparative, cross-sectional group study with a quantitative approach. An initial interview was conducted with the parents to collect the children\'s data (such as age, sex, if there were disabilities and / or health commitments), family data (including family composition) and finally the economic classification. The Parental Perception Inventory (PPI) (HAZZARD; CHRISTENSEN; MARGOLIN, 1983) was applied to parents and children to measure the perception of both about the behavior of parents in educational practices. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) (Goodman, 1997) was applied to parents to seek mental health indicators for children. Descriptive and correlational analyses were carried out between the variables studied (educational practices and mental health) and the two groups of participants were compared by means of non-parametric tests: the Mann-Whitney U test, the Fisher\'s exact test and Spearman\'s rank correlation coefficient. As a result of the correlations of the perceptions of parents and children regarding educational practices, in both groups stands out the agreement in the evaluations that the children made of their parents and the evaluations that parents made of themselves. Comparing the scores of the two groups, it was observed that only the responses of the fathers presented a statistically significant difference: fathers of children with visual impairment were evaluated more positively than the others. In the negative sum, only the mothers\' responses had a statistically significant difference: mothers of children without visual impairment said they used more coercive practices in the education of their children. Regarding mental health, the evaluation that parents of both groups made of their children did not show statistically significant differences. On the other hand, according to the instrument used, it was possible to identify that parents tended to see their children with more difficulties than what would be expected, whether or not they had visual disabilities. In general, the results in both groups showed the correlation between educational practices of the parents and the mental health of the children, in the sense that, the better the educational practices were, the better the result of the child\'s mental health

Introdução: As mudanças nas relações entre pais e filhos decorrentes das transformações pelas quais a família vem passando têm levado a um crescente questionamento sobre o papel dos pais na educação de seus filhos. Objetivo: Realizar um levantamento sistemático e revisão crítica da literatura referente a estilos e práticas parentais, buscando apontar diretrizes que possam ser orientadores para pesquisadores, profissionais e pais. Metodologia: Revisão sistemática integrativa da literatura. Definimos como questão norteadora O que tem sido estudado e publicado sobre estilo e práticas parentais que pode orientar pesquisadores, profissionais e pais? Estabelecemos como descritores parenting style AND parenting practices e SciELO, PsycINFO, Science Direct e Web of Science como bancos de dados. Optamos por artigos publicados em periódicos, desde o início do ano 2006 até o final de 2010 e estudos voltados para as práticas com crianças de 02 aos 12 anos. Após a obtenção do corpo da pesquisa ficamos com um total de 67 artigos na integra para serem analisados. Utilizando o programa Access criamos um banco de dados que permitiu análises do conjunto do material a partir de várias tabelas construídas automaticamente de acordo com a determinação do pesquisador. Foi realizado posteriormente um trabalho exaustivo de leitura dos artigos voltada para a análise das contribuições trazidas na temática. Resultados: Percebemos uma grande maioria de artigos (61,8%) oriundos dos Estados Unidos, um aumento no número das publicações no decorrer dos anos e trabalhos predominantemente quantitativos e transversais. O número amostral utilizado variou bastante, com uma maioria de artigos (60,3%) com até 200 participantes; quanto às crianças focalizadas, meninas e meninos aparecem com porcentagens praticamente iguais. No maior número de trabalhos (39,7%), os participantes eram as crianças e seus pais (pais e mães) e as pesquisas são realizadas principalmente nas escolas (50%). Encontramos na maioria dos artigos a caracterização da sua amostra tanto com relação ao fator socioeconômico (69,1%) como dos grupos étnicos (89,7%). Dentre os instrumentos o Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire é o mais utilizado (16%) e os autores mais citados foram Baumrind (1966, 1971), seguido por Maccoby e Martin (1983) e Darling e Steinberg (1983). Após várias leituras do material completo definimos três temas: a) conjunto de práticas que afetam o desenvolvimento (34% dos artigos); b) práticas educativas e saúde (28% dos artigos); c) contexto afetando as práticas parentais (38% dos artigos). A descrição do corpo reunido por tema permite apontar: a) é comum o uso de práticas parentais coercitivas, inclusive a punição física, sendo associada com problemas de adaptação, comportamento, ajustamento emocional e baixa autoestima; b) o aumento da obesidade infantil é foco de várias pesquisas, que sugerem que o uso de práticas inadequadas, relacionadas aos estilos autoritário, negligente e indulgente propicia a obesidade infantil; c) os treinamentos para pais foram impulsionados por questões diversas - deficiência de desenvolvimento, ajustamento comportamental e emocional da criança talentosa e/ou superdotada, crianças diagnosticadas com obesidade, ansiedade, problemas de aprendizagem, de comportamento e de conduta - e foram unânimes em constatar ótimos resultados para pais e filhos; d) vários estudos correlacionais enfocam as questões das diferenças relativas à culturas e etnias, sendo sugerido que o estilo parental autoritativo de Baumrind (1966), considerado como o mais adequado a partir de estudos com norte americanos descendentes de europeus, não poderia ser considerado desta forma em outros contextos. Conclusão: através da revisão sistemática integrativa percebemos que os estudos com foco nas práticas que afetam o desenvolvimento investigam continuamente as práticas disciplinares coercitivas, que as práticas relacionadas à saúde voltam-se para problemáticas e demandas atuais e que a tipologia dos estilos parentais de Baumrind vem sendo questionada e investigada para melhor utilização em diversas culturas e etnias. / Introduction: Families have changed, and, therefore, so have parent-child relationships. This has raised constant questions regarding the parents role in their childrens education. Goal: Perform a systematic search and critical review of the literature on parenting styles and practices, aiming at pointing out guidelines to assist researchers, psychologists, and parents. Method: Integrative systematic literature review. We used the following guiding question What has been studied and published on parenting styles and practices that could guide researchers, psychologists, and parents? We chose parenting style AND parenting practices as keywords, and SciELO, PsycINFO, Science Direct and Web of Science as databases. We chose journal articles published between early 2006 and late 2010, and studies on practices with children aged 2 to 12 years. The complete body of research comprised 67 full-text articles to be analyzed. We used Microsoft Access to create a database that permitted to perform group analyses of the material from several tables created automatically and according to the researchers preference. Later, an exhaustive reading of the articles was performed aimed at analyzing their contributions. Results: We realized that the vast majority of the articles (61.8%) were originally from the United States, and that the number of publications has increased over the years, mostly quantitative and cross-sectional studies. The sample size ranged considerably, with most articles (60.3%) working with 200 participants or less; as to the children involved, boys and girls appear with virtually the same participation. The larger part of the studies (39.7%) had children and their parents for participants, and was usually (50%) performed at school. We observed that most articles characterized the sample regarding socioeconomic factors (69.1%) as well ethnic groups (89.7%). The Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire is the most often used (16%) instrument, and the most cited authors were Baumrind (1966, 1971), followed by Maccoby and Martin (1983), and Darling and Steinberg (1983). After reading the material several times, we defined three themes: a) set of practices that affect child development (34% of articles); b) educational practices and health (28% of articles); c) context affecting parenting practices (38% of articles). The description of the body of research grouped according to the theme shows that: a) coercive parenting practices are common, including physical punishment, and they are associated with problems involving adjustment, behavior, emotional adjustment, and low self-esteem; b) several focus on the increasing rates of childhood obesity, which suggest that inadequate practices, related with authoritarian, negligent and indulgent styles promote childhood obesity; c) parent training programs were motivated by several different issues impaired development, behavioral and emotional adjustment of talented and/or gifted children, children diagnosed with obesity, anxiety, and learning, behavior, and conduct disorders and were unanimous in reporting excellent results for parents and children; several correlational studies focus on issues regarding cultural and ethnical differences, suggesting that the authoritarian parenting style proposed by Baumrind (1966), considered the most appropriate according to studied with North-Americans of European descent, could not be considered as such in different contexts. Conclusion: through an integrative systematic review we realized that studies focused on practices affecting child development continuously investigate coercive disciplinary practices, that health practices aim at current issues and demands, and that the typology of Baumrinds parenting styles is being questioned and investigated to improve its use among different cultures and ethnicities.

This research focuses on how educators are using openly accessible sources of knowledge and open-source tools in ways that impact their pedagogical designs. Using a phenomenological approach with self-identifying open education practitioners, I explore how open educational practices (OEP) are being actualized in formal higher education and impacting learning design. Specifically, I examine how educators are bringing elements of openness into their everyday teaching and learning practice using educational technologies. I draw upon Giddens (1986) structuration theory, further developed for use in technology adoption research most notably by DeSanctis and Poole (1994) and Orlikowski (2000). This approach positions technologies as being continually socially constructed, interpreted, and put into practice. In an organizational context, the use of technology is intrinsically linked with institutional properties, rules and norms, as well as individual perceptions and knowledge. The findings suggest that OEP represents an emerging form of learning design, which draws from existing models of constructivist and networked pedagogy. Open technologies are being used to support and enable active learning experiences, presenting and sharing learners work in real-time, allowing for formative feedback, peer review, and ultimately, promoting community-engaged coursework. By designing learning in this way, faculty offer learners an opportunity to consider and practice developing themselves as public citizens and develop the knowledge and literacies for working with copyright and controlling access to their online contributions, while presenting options for extending some of those rights to others. Inviting learners to share their work widely, demonstrates to them that their work has inherent value beyond the course and can be an opportunity to engage with their community. Dataset available: https://doi.org/10.5683/SP2/CA77BB / Graduate