Few studies were reported in the literature of researchers investigating variables affecting the operation or effectiveness of athletics at HBCUs. This study was designed to identify variables that athletic directors perceived would determine the athletic program's potential for effectiveness in the current NCAA Division I-AA and Division II structure. A questionnaire instrument containing 66 closed-ended items and a comment section was used to collect data. Fifty-eight positive, closed-response statements in nine categories were organized on a 5-point Likert scale. Another category of eight closed-response items were organized on a 3-point scale. Findings of the investigation included variables that were perceived to determine the effectiveness of football and basketball athletic programs. The following categories of variables were perceived to determine the effectiveness of athletics at HBCUs with Division I-AA football and basketball programs: revenue/funding and its influence, gender equity, NCAA policies and their influence, academics, the student-athlete, diversity, and the expertise of the athletic director. Data were analyzed through descriptive and nonparametric inferential statistics to describe and report findings. For the question, "Do athletic directors at HBCU Division I-AA and non Division I-AA football institutions differ in the proportion of their perceptions of the important variables that influence program effectiveness and the potential for program survival?," the researcher found that directors did not differ in their perceptions of variables that influence program effectiveness. Other findings that resulted from application of the Chi-square test were as follow: 1. Statistically significant differences were not found with respect to age, gender, or institutional size for any category of variables. 2. Statistically significant differences were not found with respect to years of experience for variable categories except for the influence of NCAA policies on football and basketball programs. 3. A statistically significant difference was found for the opinions of all participants on the influence of NCAA policies on football and basketball programs. Participants‟ comments were analyzed for similar themes and supported that the variables associated with revenue/funding and revenue generating determined the program‟s effectiveness. Participants also commonly acknowledged that tutorials and other support services for student-athletes influenced program effectiveness. These results may be useful to athletic directors and others engaged in planning for the sustainability of athletics at HBCUs.

With the increasing use of the computer and the Internet in the training sector, there are constant debates about the effectiveness of e-learning versus traditional face-to-face (FTF) education since the early 1990s. However, limited empirical studies have been conducted for this purpose in the field of Continuing Professional Education (CPE), on which the flexibility in time and place of e-learning have made and will potentially make a greater impact. Even fewer such studies were situated in a non-academic context for professions other than nursing or healthcare. Moreover, the learners‟ voice is often absent in the debates. This exploratory study was designed to a) obtain professionals‟ perceptions concerning the effectiveness of online versus FTF CPE courses from two pedagogical aspects of adult learning: professional knowledge and practice development and technology context link, and b) assess if professionals‟ perceptions varied as a function of their sociocultural and professional contexts. Self-reported perception data were collected through an online survey. Professionals (n=399) from Texas Engineering Extension Service (TEEX) participated in the study. The professional units where the participants worked included Fire Service, Utilities and Public Work, Homeland Security, Safety and Health, Public Safety and Security, Technology, and Search and Rescue. Exploratory factor analysis (Principle Component Analysis), descriptive statistics, t-tests, multivariate analysis and ANOVAs were run for the purpose of data analysis. It was found that the professionals who participated in the study (a) perceived that online CPE courses were less effective in enhancing their professional knowledge and practice development when compared to traditional FTF CPE courses; (b) perceived that online CPE courses were more effective in linking what they had learned to technology contexts that they were in; (c) perceived that online CPE courses were less effective than FTF courses in general; (d) who were female perceived online CPE courses‟ ability in improving their professional knowledge and practice less negatively than male participants; and (e) who were firefighters favored the online CPE courses compared to professionals from the other units in TEEX, while the professionals from Safety and Health were most negative about the effectiveness of online CPE courses. The responses to the two open-ended questions provided information on the measures recommended by surveyed professionals to improve the effectiveness of online and FTF CPE courses.

At the new knowledge economy era, knowledge and human have become the important asset in the enterprise. The enterprise looks upon knowledge management and e-leaning as important development. Progressing in information technology, it provides the best environment to permit enterprise putting much of knowledge and resource in internet. Internet can spread rapidly without limit and reduce the learning time and distance, as less as we can not feel the time and distance exist. E-learning is very important in educational discipline of enterprise and should be a learning fashion in future. In the commercial competition environment that we pay much attention to cost and performance, enterprise must reduce learning cost and enhance learning effectiveness for e-learning development in the enterprise. The purpose of this study is to understand the relationship among of self-directed learning readiness, computer attitude and e-learning effectiveness. The procedures of this study are to adopt the literature analysis and empirical study. First, to build the theoretical basis we must analyze the relative and practical research of the elder learner of domestic and foreign scholars, including reference of the theory and relative practical research of the e-learning, learning effectiveness, self-directed learning readiness and computer attitude. Second, we developed the research questionnaire according to the theoretical basis. Our study object is the employees who participate in e-learning at Taiwan Power Company and we attain the 401 effective samples. Putting the data into the statistical analysis, we induce the research result. Finally, according to the research result we achieve the following eight important conclusions. First, business employees who spent much time on surveying internet every week have higher self-directed learning readiness. Second, with the different individual varies such as less age, higher education degree, fewer service seniority, spending much time on surveying internet every week, the computer attitude is higher. Third, there are no difference for the trainers who have different individual varies on e-learning effectiveness. Fourth, both of the self-directed learning readiness and computer attitude are positive relations for the trainers. Fifth, both of the self-directed learning readiness and e-learning effectiveness are positive relations for the trainers. Sixth, both of the computer attitude and e-learning effectiveness are positive relations for the trainers. Seventh, continuing to love learning of self-directed learning readiness is the most predictable to the computer attitude for the trainers. Eighth, independant learning of self-directed learning readiness is the most predictable to the e-learning effectiveness for the trainers.

The main purpose of the study is to research influences on the principal¡¦s leadership and the school effectiveness of the principal-selecting system of elementary schools in Kaohsiung City. The study is divided into three sections. The first issue is focused not only on investigating the fundamental theories about the principal-selecting systems, leadership and the school effectiveness, but also on analyzing some related empirical researches. Second, the efforts are concentrated on finding out the current status and the variation of the principal¡¦s leadership and the school effectiveness. Therefore, we will realize the changes and examine the correlations among the two variables and the principal-selecting system. Finally, the concrete conclusions combined with records and results of my research will be devoted to consider about improving the school effectiveness and the principal¡¦s leadership. The approach is the Questionnaire-method with stratified sampling randomly. Based on the results from studied reports and recommendations from experts in this field, an analyzing tool with high reliabilities has been developed, titled ¡§A questionnaire for exploring the influences of existing principal-selecting system on the principle¡¦s leadership style and the school effectiveness.¡¨ A total of 600 teachers from 86 elementary schools responded the questionnaire, in a population of 36 public elementary schools in Kaohsiung City. Of them, 466 valid copies, approximately 97%, are collected. Data was analyzed with computers by traditional or state-of- the-art statistic methods, such as Arithmetic Mean, Standard Deviation, T-test, One-way ANOVA, and Pearson Product-moment Correlation. Main findings obtained from the study are as follows: 1. The elementary principle¡¦s leadership style approximately is conformed with the transformational and transactional leadership as the principal-selecting system have been brought into force. 2. Teachers realize the principle¡¦s leadership style from many views because of differences among their educational background, sex, and function. 3. After taking the principal-selecting system effect, the elementary principle¡¦s leadership style and the school effectiveness are improving. 4. Therefore, the quality of teaching is improving better than other parts of the school effectiveness. 5. Besides, teachers respectively recognize the school effectiveness through some different basic variables. 6. In conclusion, the principle¡¦s leadership style is related positively to the school effectiveness. According to analysis of records and results of researches, the above-mentioned issues will be suggested for concern to the educational administrators, the elementary principles, and correlative researchers in the future.

¡§How to empower the community¡¨ is the most important element to advance the performance of the community development affairs in Taiwan. To encourage the community people to care about their community public affairs and to solve their problems by themselves is the major aims of community renaissance. During 2002-2005, the Council for Cultural Affairs of the Executive Yuan had a program to empower community people. Four regional empowerment centers were appointed to execute this program. The main purpose of this study are: (1) to assess the training effectiveness of the empowerment project; (2) to explore what the factors may affect the training effectiveness of community empowerment; and (3) to evaluate the trainees¡¦ satisfaction during the training periods. In order to achieve the above three purposes, this study developed a questionnaire of community empowerment evaluation by reviewing literatures and interviewing the executives of the program. All of the four regional trainees targeted as a sample that attended this program. It adopted self- evaluation by trainees, and applied SPSS10.0 statistics software to analyze it. The results of this study revealed five indications: 1.The program was successful in strengthening community empowerment after the training courses. 2.What status people serve in their community is the only individual factor which will affect the effectiveness. 3.Personality and encouragement are also the factors will affect the effectiveness. 4.By the factor analysis, this study distinguished personality into two factors, including enthusiastic amicability and motivation. 5.There is a positive relationship between the residents¡¦ satisfaction and effectiveness.

Background: The presence of calcified deposits in the coronary arteries has become established as a marker of coronary atherosclerosis. Design and Setting: Single medical center observational study. Study objective: 1) To determine the sensitivity and specificity of coronary calcium by cinefluoroscopy (CF) and to validate the reliability of CF in the angiographic detection of > 50% coronary artery stenosis. 2) To assess the financial benefit of adding CF-determined coronary calcium into the self-paid executive physical examination items. 3) To evaluate whether an algorithm using CF to assess coronary calcium has potential as an initial cost-effective testing pathway for diagnosis of > 50% coronary artery stenosis. Methods: Between November 1, 2004 and April 25, 2005, 333 patients who underwent angiography for diagnosis of and determine the extent of coronary artery disease were enrolled in the study. All patients received CF to determine presence or absence of calcium in the coronary artery system prior to selective angiography. Sensitivity and specificity were then obtained to confirm CF as a reliable non-invasive test for diagnosing > 50% coronary artery stenosis. Direct cost, total cost and estimated profit were calculated with and without the cost of cardiac catheterization laboratory at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, which has an average of 475 patients/month who undergo self-paid executive physical examinations. Direct cost, total cost and estimated loss of coronary calcium by electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) were calculated for the acquisition of an EBCT machine by Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. A test model was applied to examine the costs and cost-effectiveness of the following diagnostic modalities: the traditional treadmill exercise (TMET); stress thallium and positron emission tomography (THALLIUM); coronary calcium by EBCT calcium score > 0 and > 168; and, coronary calcium by CF for diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) as a function of pretest likelihood (i.e., prevalence) of disease. Results: Two hundred fifty three men and 80 women were enrolled in this study (mean age, 63.9+11.4 years; age range, 35-90 years). Sensitivity and specificity of CF in the detection of patients with angiographically coronary artery stenosis >50% were 96% and 86%, respectively. The profit accrued from implementing the CF test at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, including the cost of the cardiac catheterization laboratory, was NT$329/patient. At 475 patients per month, this test will produce revenue of NT$156,275/month or NT$1,875,300/year. The profit achieved by implementing the CF test at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, excluding the cost of the cardiac catheterization laboratory was NT$838.7/patient, or NT$398,382.5/month and NT$4,780,590/year. Conversely, implementing the EBCT test will cost Chang Gung Memorial Hospital NT$ 1,124,990/month or NT$ 13,499,880/year. With disease prevalence at < 0.7, CF examination was the most cost-efficient initial diagnostic testing pathway. However, for the group with prevalence at 1.0, the highest group, initial angiography with no prior non-invasive testing was the most cost-effective strategy for diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease. Conclusion: 1) Calcium detection with CF is a highly sensitive and moderately specific test, and a simple, inexpensive, and safe technique for identifying CAD. 2) Instituting CF as a screening test for self-paid executive physical examinations would result in considerable profit for the hospital. Conversely, establishing an EBCT program will produce a substantial financial loss. 3) For patients evaluated for obstructive CAD, a test pathway utilizing CF to detect coronary artery calcium as an initial non-invasive test minimized direct costs and maximized cost-effectiveness. Cinefluoroscopy has been neglected as a noninvasive technique for diagnosis of coronary stenosis and is sufficiently promising to warrant increased clinical use.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness & influence of paternalistic leadership on top management team. Finally, we want to understand which element of the paternalistic leadership has effective influence on echelon team effectiveness. And the adaptability of paternalistic leadership model on echelon team leading. This study is according to 840 effective cases from 120 echelon teams belong to primary schools in the country, installed 6 team members completely. It is adopted SPSS FOR WINDOWS as the tool for sampling data in descriptive statistic and examination the correlated coefficient Cronbach¡¦s £\ of all variables. Relativity analysis is used to analyze the relationship among all variables. Block regression analysis is used to examine the predictability of team effectiveness in each element of paternalistic leadership and the paternalistic leadership model. The results are present in below. 1. The elements, benevolence and moral, have significantly positive prediction on echelon team effectiveness, including team performance, team commitment, team cooperation & leading satisfaction . 2. The authoritarianism has significantly negative expectation on echelon team effectiveness excluding team performance. 3. The paternalistic leadership model has significantly prediction on echelon team effectiveness. 4. In paternalistic leadership model, authoritarianism hasn¡¦t negative reaction on team performance & team commitment. Keywords: team leadership, paternalistic leadership, echelon team, team effectiveness

In the recent few years, players of financial industry in Taiwan have developed wealth management business in full swing because of the optimistic aspects for the future revenue. Financial advisors provide the suggestions for saving investments, asset allocation and tax deduction which can help clients achieve their financial goals. Based on personal criteria play essential roles in this battle. They not only need to search for the potential customers but also sell varied kinds of financial products to them. Thus, financial advisors become popular positions in latter days. This research studied the training transfer of effectiveness for financial advisors in the F bank and there were 176 effective questionnaires returned. The reliability test, T-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson of Correlation and Multiple Regression Analysis were instructed as methods of research in this study. The results were stated as followed¡G 1.The training transfer of effectiveness is different because the financial advisors¡¦ ages, seniorities, tenures and positions are varied. 2.The training transfer of effectiveness is indifferent when the financial advisors¡¦ gender, marriage, education background, related financial experience and the investment target. 3.The characteristics of trainees, the design of training and working environment are positively correlated to the training transfer of effectiveness. 4.The characteristics of trainees, the design of training and working environment is able to predict the training transfer of effectiveness.

Under the wave of globalization and liberalization, all enterprises face vigorous competition. The enterprises must adjust their resources and strategy to survive. Human resource is the most valuable and prominent property to a company.The recruit is the foundation of all the Human ResourceManagement. Quality Human Resource can increase the total benefits of the enterprise. And corporate reputation is recognized as a critical factor of competitive advantage for firms in the labor market.The recruiting effective in the process is very important. The purpose of this study was to examine the possible impact of the corporate reputation¡Brecruiting channel¡Brecruiting effective and view on organizational attractiveness. Therefore, this research bases on the survey of the High Tech Company in Taiwan.By statistic analysis method get some findings as follows: 1.Corporate reputation, Recruit channel are significant affect to Recruit effectiveness. 2.Corporate reputation, Recruit channel are significant affect to Organizational attractiveness. 3.Corporate reputation, Recruit channel, Recruit effectiveness, Organizational attractiveness are significant affect to different character of Corporate.

Under the impact of the trend of globalization, enterprises face a more complicated and competitive external business environment than before. For the reason, the organization has to find out a business model which can react to any change in the environment and the market and which can reduce cost and establish a humungous niche. In such a background, an advanced information technology and an Internet communication application conjoin with the organizational demand; therefore, Virtual Team, a new type of teamwork system, is brought forth. Whether a team is virtual or traditional, it doubtlessly consists of people; however, without mutual-cooperation, the group cannot work efficiently and is arduous to accomplish a target. Apparently, there are various factors influencing the efficiency of a team. Among them, the most critical factors are leadership and team process. This study is to discuss what types of leadership should adopt to make their members cohere and then to be a competent company. The questionnaire of Virtual Team was sampled from the groups related to Information. Firstly, the author referred to the related documents to find out the factors connected to leadership versus a team, and then interviewed six managers experienced at Virtual Team to distinguish the relationships from factors. The author, furthermore, built a research framework and analyzed it in Partial Least Square. The result demonstrates that an increase on the members¡¦ participation and humanistic leadership make positive impacts on the team process of Virtual Team including communication & interaction, cooperation and conflict reconciliation. The team process, moreover, is the critical factor to affecting team efficiency.