This study concerned the effect of ethanol on cardiac activity and brain respiration in chick embryos. Ethanol dosages tested ranged from 1.0 mg to 4.0 mg/g weight. Each experiment lasted at least 150 minutes. Cardiac activity in terms of total waveform energies was integrated and printed out for plotting and analysis. The embryonic heart rates were simultaneously determined from physical graph tracings. The embryonic brain respiration was measured using a differential microrespirometer. The effect of ethanol on cardiac activity was one of slight (10 to 13), but statistically significant (p<.05) rate depression. The brain slices exhibited a marked, immediate, and irreversible decrease (39 to 89%) in oxygen consumption at both ethanol dosages. The data indicated that chick embryonic brain tissues were more susceptible to alcohol effects than cardiac tissue. Therefore, the mental abnormalities seen in the offspring of alcoholic mothers may be more cerebral in nature than cardiovascular.

abstract: Positive alcohol outcome expectancies (AOEs) are consistent longitudinal predictors of later alcohol use; however, exclusion of solitary drinking contexts in the measurement of AOEs may have resulted in an underestimation of the importance of low arousal positive (LAP) effects. The current study aimed to clarify the literature on the association between AOEs and drinking outcomes by examining the role of drinking context in AOE measurement. Further, exclusion of contextual influences has also limited understanding of the unique effects of AOEs relative to subjective responses (SR) to alcohol. The present study addressed this important question by exploring relations between AOEs and SR when drinking context was held constant across parallel measures of these constructs. Understanding which of these factors drives relations between alcohol effects and drinking behavior has important implications for intervention. After conducting confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and tests of measurement invariance for the AOE and SR measures, 4 aims collectively examined the role of context in reporting of AOEs (Aims 1 and 2), the extent to which context specific AOEs uniquely relate to drinking outcomes (Aim 3), and the importance of context effects on correspondence between AOEs and SR (Aim 4). Results of Aims 1 and 2 demonstrated that participants are imagining contexts when reporting on measures of AOEs that do not specify the context, and found significant mean differences in high and low arousal positive AOEs across contexts. Contrary to the hypotheses of Aim 3, context-specific AOEs were not significantly associated with drinking behavior. Results of Aim 4 indicated that while LAP AOEs for both unspecified and solitary contexts were associated with LAP SR in a solitary setting, unspecified context AOEs had a stronger relation than the solitary context AOEs. No significant relations between high arousal positive (HAP) AOEs and HAP SR emerged. The findings suggest that further investigation of the relation between context-specific AOEs and drinking outcomes/SR is warranted. Future studies of these hypotheses in samples with a wider range of drinking behavior, or at different stages of alcohol involvement, will elucidate whether mean level differences in context specific AOEs are important in understanding alcohol related outcomes. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Psychology 2016

Alcohol is a psychoactive drug, licit, accept , and no stigmatized by society, consumed by 80% of the population. Being responsible for death of 3.2% of world population. Particularly during childhood and adolescence alcohol use is associated with increased susceptibility to physical illness, mental, social, legal and the increasing abuse and dependence during the adulthood . Since that the World Health Organization points to alcohol as the drug of choice among children and adolescents is necessary for the prevention of alcohol use should be considered in school. Aiming at assessing the conceptions of adolescents about alcohol use and compare them with the scientific information coming from a literature review to provide information to educators that the issue be discussed in the classroom, a study was conducted in two high schools in Santa Mariano Rio Grande do Sul Pupils of the first, second, third, middle schools, 15 to 18 years old. The research approach is qualitative and quantitative. There were three questions: 1 - Write down what comes to mind when thinking about alcohol. 2 - What are the harm of alcohol you know? 3-What are the benefits of alcohol you know? The data was then a content analysis. Recording units were deployed (meaningful units) which were grouped by affinity (emerging category). There was great acceptance in the use of alcohol for the pursuit of pleasure, euphoria, relaxation, joy and celebration and little knowledge of the risks to the user's health, family relations, the community and legal problems. These data show that students' conceptions are far from scientific concepts, reinforcing the importance of prior assessment of them. With regard to Education for Health, this study considers that the use of alcoholic beverages is a very important theme that should be part of cross-cutting themes in schools, entered the National Curricular Parameters (PCN). This knowledge about the effects of alcohol should be discussed in school with students and educators in order to change previous conceptions, building new knowledge and modifying behavior. / O álcool é uma droga psicoativa, licita, aceita e pouco estigmatizada pela sociedade e consumida por 80% da população. Sendo responsável pela morte de 3,2% da população mundial. Particularmente na infância e na adolescência o uso do álcool está relacionado com maior predisposição à doenças físicas, mentais, problemas sociais, legais e ao aumento do uso abusivo e dependência durante a vida adulta.Tendo em vista que a Organização Mundial de Saúde aponta o álcool como a droga de escolha entre crianças e adolescentes é necessário que a prevenção do uso de bebidas alcoólicas seja considerada na escola. Tendo como objetivo avaliar as concepções dos adolescentes sobre o uso de bebidas alcoólicas e compará-las com as informações científicas, obtendo assim informações para que o tema seja discutido em sala de aula, foi realizado um estudo em duas escolas de ensino médio da cidade de Santa Maria no Rio Grande do Sul. Neste estudo participaram alunos do 1º, 2º, e 3º ano do ensino médio, de 15 a 18 anos de idade. A pesquisa teve uma abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. Foram feitas três questões abertas : 1-Escreva o que lhe vem à mente quando pensa em bebidas alcoólicas. 2- Quais os malefícios das bebidas alcoólicas que você conhece? 3-Quais os benefícios das bebidas alcoólicas que você conhece? Os dados passaram por uma análise de conteúdo. Foram destacadas unidades de registro (unidades significantes) as quais foram agrupadas por afinidade (categorias emergentes). Observou-se muita aceitação no uso do álcool para busca do prazer, da euforia, relaxamento, alegria e confraternização e pouco conhecimento dos riscos para a saúde do usuário, para as relações familiares, para a comunidade e de problemas legais. Estes dados mostram que o as concepções dos alunos estão distantes de conceitos científicos, reforçando a importância da avaliação prévia das mesmas. No que se refere à Educação para a Saúde, este estudo considera que o uso de bebidas alcoólicas é um tema de grande relevância, que deve fazer parte dos temas transversais nas escolas, inseridos nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN). Estes conhecimentos sobre os efeitos das bebidas alcoólicas devem ser discutidos na escola com alunos e educadores, a fim de modificar as concepções prévias, construindo um novo conhecimento e modificando o comportamento.

Darbe nagrinėjama alkoholio vartojimo problemų turinčių asmenų gyvenimo kokybės kitimas atsižvelgiant į tai, kokius gydimo metodus jie pasirenka šiai problemai spręsti. Didžiausias dėmesys skiriamas AA grupių įtakai gyvenimo kokybei ir jos kitimui. Ši problematika Lietuvoje mažai tyrinėta, tačiau dėl alkoholio vartojimo masto Lietuvoje ir pasaulyje yra pakankamai aktuali. Darbe buvo iškeltas tikslas ištirti AA grupių įtaką alkoholio vartojimo problemų turinčių asmenų gyvenimo kokybės kitimui. Darbo tikslui pasiekti analizuota alkoholio vartojimo problemų turinčių asmenų lankiusių ir nelankiusių anoniminių alkoholikų grupes gyvenimo kokybė, jos kitimas ir vertybių bei gydymo metodo įtaka jai. Manoma, kad alkoholio vartojimo problemų turinčių asmenų, lankiusių anoniminių alkoholikų grupes, gyvenimo kokybė pagerėjo labiau, palyginus su tais kurie tų grupių nelankė arba buvo viena-du kartus ir daugiau nelankė. Darbo tikslui pasiekti naudota PSO gyvenimo kokybės klausimynas (WHOQOL-BREF; angl. The World Health Organization Quality of Life – Bref, 1996), gyvenimo vertybių įvertinimas pagal Goštautą A, Javtoką Z, Žagminą K. (2001) ir gydymo metodo įvertinimas sudarytas pačios darbo autorės. Tyrime dalyvavo aliejų lyčių, nuo 18 iki 69 m. amžiaus, įvairios šeiminės, užimtumo, profesinės padėties ir išsilavinimo, šiuo metu besigydantys lankydami AA grupę, Minesotos programą ir medikamentiniu gydymusi, asmenys. Tyrimas parodė, kad asmenų, nepriklausomai nuo lyties, kurie turi problemų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This Paper deals with changing quality of life of the people with alcohol problems, depending on what treatment methods they choose to tackle this problem. The main focus is made on the impact of AA groups to quality of life and the changes thereof. This problem has been little researched in Lithuania; however, due to the consumed alcohol level in Lithuania and world widely this issue is sufficiently relevant. The objective of the Paper is to examine the impact of AA groups to the change of the quality of life of people who have alcohol-consuming problems. For the purpose of the Objective the quality of life and of the people with alcohol-consuming problems who attended AA groups and who not attended AA groups and the change of their quality of life were analysed, as well as the values and the impact of treatment methods on it were explored. It is estimated that the quality of life of the people with alcohol-consuming problems, who attended alcoholics anonymous groups, improved more in comparison with those who did not attend these groups or those visited them once or twice and did not attend them constantly. In order to reveal the Objective of the Paper, the WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF; in Eng. The World Health Organization Quality of Life – Bref, 1996), the evaluation of the life values according to Goštautas A, Javtokas Z, Žagminas K. (2001) and the evaluation of treatment method, composed by the author herself, were used. The research included persons... [to full text]

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Background: Prenatal alcohol consumption is one of the leading preventable causes of birth defects, including fetal alcohol syndrome and learning disabilities. Although there is strong evidence of the benefits of screening and alcohol brief interventions (ABIs) in reducing hazardous and harmful drinking among the primary care population, evidence of its effectiveness with the antenatal care population is limited. Nevertheless, the Scottish Government is incorporating an alcohol screening and ABI programme as part of the routine antenatal care provided to women in a bid to protect the health and safety of the unborn child and improve subsequent health and developmental outcomes. This research therefore seeks to increase understanding of the factors that are likely to influence the effectiveness of this recently implemented programme. It also aims to explore the extent to which contemporary issues such as change in guidelines regarding alcohol consumption during pregnancy influences perceptions and attitudes, and the possible implications of these on the screening and ABI delivery. Methods: The study described in this thesis employed a realistic evaluation methodology. Realistic evaluation is a theory-driven approach to investigating social programmes. It is concerned with hypothesising, testing and refining programme theories by exploring the interaction of contexts, mechanisms and outcomes. To identify the relevant screening and ABI programme theories, two separate systematic reviews, a critical review and four face-to-face interviews were undertaken with health policy implementers. The findings were used to construct context, mechanism and outcomes propositions. The propositions were then tested by conducting individual interviews with seventeen pregnant women and fifteen midwives, a further six midwifery team leaders were involved in a focus group discussion. A thematic approach using a hybrid of inductive and deductive coding and theme development informed the qualitative analysis. Results: In the context of uncertainties regarding the threshold of drinking that causes fetal harm, pregnant women reported that screening assessment helped them to reflect on their drinking behaviour and facilitate behaviour change. For women who drank at hazardous and harmful levels before attending the booking appointment, screening and ABI may be helpful in terms of eliciting behaviour change. However, they may not be very beneficial in terms of reducing harm to the fetus as it has been found that drinking during the first trimester poses the most risk to the fetus. Training and resources provided to midwives as part of the screening and ABI programme were found to be facilitating mechanisms that midwives indicated improved their skills and confidence. However, most of the midwives had not subsequently employed the motivational interviewing skills required for the ABI delivery, as many of the pregnant women reported that they reduced or abstained from alcohol consumption once pregnancy was confirmed. The outcome noted was that midwives confidence decreased leading to missed opportunities to appropriately deliver the ABI to eligible women. The small numbers of women being identified for ABI meant midwives rarely delivered the ABI. This negatively influenced midwives attitudes as they then accorded ABI low priority in their workload. Other disenabling mechanisms noted to be hampering the implementation of the screening and ABI initiative included midwives contending with competing priorities at the booking appointments, and the lack of adequate rapport between midwives and pregnant women at the booking appointment to discuss alcohol issues appropriately, leading to women providing socially desirable responses to screening questions. Conclusions: The findings of this study has generated greater explanations of the working of the screening and ABI programme in antenatal care setting and has provided transferable lessons that can be used by others intending to implement similar programmes in other settings.

The diploma thesis deals with the theme of negative effects (forms of risk behaviour) at elementary schools pupils in Český Krumlov and mentions valid legilslation in the field of the risk behaviour primary prevention at school-compulsory choldren and youngsters. The theoretical part describes chosen socially-pathologic effects, the system of primary prevention and MŠMT legislation and other ministries as well in the field of risk behaviour prevention, as well as preventive aktivity of the institutions and organizations in the area of the city of Český Krumlov according to valid laws. The diploma thesis in the practical part includes empirical research performed at chosen elementary schools in Český Krumlov among teachers mapping their experience with the most frequent risk behaviour forms of pupils and further their knowledge and valid legislation usage inthe field of preventation both at schools and duringafter-school activities.