Submitted by Nara Lays Domingues Viana Oliveira (naradv) on 2015-08-05T19:25:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RosangelaBerschEngCivil.pdf: 4573683 bytes, checksum: bcd59ec2871283c130461a507acc1ace (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-05T19:25:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RosangelaBerschEngCivil.pdf: 4573683 bytes, checksum: bcd59ec2871283c130461a507acc1ace (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-03 / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / A cristalização de sais é uma patologia importante e freqüentemente observada em alvenarias. No entanto é ainda uma das patologias menos compreendidas. O objetivo deste trabalho é justamente avaliar o impacto da florescência de sais solúveis em corpos-de-prova cerâmicos desenvolvidos com lodo de fosfatização. Para tanto, foram moldados corpos-de-prova com 0; 2,5% e 5% (em peso) de lodo, os quais foram sinterizados a temperatura de 750ºC, 850ºC, 950ºC e 1050ºC. Os corpos-de-prova foram divididos em dois grupos, dos quais um foi mantido sob temperatura e umidade controladas e o outro, submetido a ciclos de molhagem e secagem. Os grupos foram ensaiados em 1, 30, 110 e 180 dias. Foram submetidos à análise de imagem (através de Lupa binocular, software gráfico e microscopia eletrônica de varredura), absorção de água por capilaridade, porosimetria por intrusão de mercúrio e resistência à flexão. Para análise química e das fases presentes, foram realizadas análises via difração de raios-x, fluorescência de raios-x e espectrometria de emissão atômica. Os resultados indicam a presença de alumínio, silício, cálcio, potássio, enxofre, ferro e manganês, dos quais se destaca a combinação entre o enxofre e cálcio. Desta forma, a gipsita é tida como provável responsável pelos sais solúveis, cujos depósitos foram encontrados sob variada extensão e intensidade, predominado nos corposde-prova com adição de lodo. A variação da porosidade e a aparente diminuição do coeficiente de absorção capilar ao longo dos ensaios podem ser associadas aos processos de solubilização e recristalização da gipsita. No tempo de ciclagem estudado, o fenômeno não apresentou influência na resistência mecânica dos corpos-de-prova. / The crystallization of salts is an important and frequently observed pathology in masonry. However, it is still one of the least understood pathologies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of florescence of soluble salts in ceramic blocks developed with phosphate sludge. For this purpose, blocks were molded with 0, 2.5% and 5% of phosphate sludge, which were sintered at temperatures of 750°C, 850°C, 950°C and 1050 ° C. The blocks were divided into two groups, one of which was kept under controlled temperature and humidity and the other was subjected to wetting and drying cycles. The groups were tested at 1, 30, 110 and 180 days. They were subjected to image analysis (binocular magnifying glass, graphic software and scanning electron microscopy), capillary water absorption, mercury intrusion porosimetry and flexural strength. The methods, x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence and emission spectrometry, were used to investigate the phase and chemical composition. The results indicate the presence of aluminum, silicon, calcium, potassium, sulfur, iron and manganese, among which stands out the combination of sulfur and calcium. Thus, the gypsite is considered to be likely responsible for the soluble salts, whose deposits were found in varying extent and intensity, prevailing in the blocks with addition of waste. The variation in porosity and the apparent decrease in the coefficient of capillary absorption along the tests may be associated with the processes of solubilization and recrystallization. In cycling time studied, the phenomenon did not influence the mechanical strength of specimens.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CelinaMOLMpdf.pdf: 4472262 bytes, checksum: 97155ddc7b087b9fcfe3f9151a0b8996 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-22 / The red ceramic industry is recognized as of major importance in Piau? State. The State capital, Teresina, is the greatest producer of this material ( production about 18 million peaces), which is used mainly for masonry sealing blocks. One of the most frequent problems in this kind of products is the efflorescence. This work has the main objective of studying the influence of gypsum addition on non-glazed tiles, by using the local industry production standards. The raw materials were characterized by FRX, DRX, TGA, DTA and AD. Extruded test specimens were made with the addition of 1, 3 and 5% of gypsum in the ceramic paste, burned at 850oC, 950oC and 1050oC and submitted to further technological tests and microestrutural analysis by the scanning electron microscope. In order to accelerate the aging of bodies of evidence, they were immersed in successive water baths and posterior drying. The reference ceramic paste showed tendency to efflorescence formation after drying and consolidated efflorescence after burning, but no affecting the technological results / A ind?stria de cer?mica vermelha ? refer?ncia no Estado do Piau?. Constitui o maior p?lo produtor localizado na capital, Teresina, com produ??o m?dia mensal de 18 milh?es de pe?as, principalmente, de telhas cer?micas. Uma das principais patologias observadas nesse tipo de produto ? o surgimento de efloresc?ncias. Este trabalho visa estudar a influ?ncia da gipsita no surgimento de efloresc?ncias em telhas cer?micas n?o esmaltadas, utilizando padr?es de produ??o da ind?stria local. As mat?rias-primas foram caracterizadas por fluoresc?ncia de raios-X, an?lise mineral?gica por difra??o de raios-X, ensaios t?rmicos e determina??o de sais sol?veis em sulfatos. Foram confeccionados corpos-de-prova por extrus?o, adicionando-se percentuais de 1%, 3% e 5% de gipsita ? massa cer?mica, queimados a 850oC, 950oC e 1050oC. Ap?s sinteriza??o, os corpos-de-prova foram submetidos a ensaios tecnol?gicos e caracteriza??o microestrutural. Para acelerar o envelhecimento, os corpos-de-prova foram submetidos a sucessivos banhos de imers?o em ?gua e posterior secagem. As amostras com adi??o de 1% e 3% de gipsita n?o apresentaram efloresc?ncia ap?s queima. As amostras com adi??o de 1% e 3% de gipsita conduzem a resultados tecnol?gicos satisfat?rios ap?s queima a 950oC, por?m a gipsita n?o reagente aflora ? superf?cie dos corpos-de-prova logo ap?s a primeira imers?o em ?gua.Os corpos-de-prova com 5% de gipsita apresentaram efloresc?ncia de secagem que se consolidou ap?s queima. Os resultados demonstram que o sulfato de c?lcio, oriundo da gipsita, provoca o surgimento de efloresc?ncia

Dans une ferme d'élevage de bar (Dicentrarchus labrax) du sud de la mer du Nord, de fortes mortalités de bar coïncident régulièrement avec l'efflorescence phytoplanctonique printanière. Le rôle du phytoplancton dans ces mortalités a donc été étudié : un suivi saisonnier (février-novembre 2012) a permis de définir les communautés phytoplanctoniques en présence et, la diversité et la toxicité du genre Pseudo-nitzschia. Ainsi, trois espèces potentiellement toxiques ont été identifiées (P. delicatissima, P. pungens, P. fraudulenta) en association avec des concentrations élevées d'acide domoïque (jusqu'à 229 pg. mL-¹). Au cours d'une expérience d'exposition (45 jours), les effets délétères de P. delicatissima sur les juvéniles de bar ont été étudiés. Si un stress d'exposition a été observé via la surproduction de mucus par l'épithélium branchial, cela n'a pas eu d'incidence sur la condition ni la physiologie des poissons. Les mortalités seraient donc davantage liées à un effet de communautés. Cette hypothèse a été testée en utilisant le pouvoir de filtration des moules (Mytilis edulis) en amont des bassins d'élevage. Cela a permis de limiter l'ampleur de l'efflorescence phytoplanctonique printanière. En conséquence, les poissons élevés dans l'eau filtrée avaient de meilleures conditions, croissance et rapport ARN:ADN que ceux élevés dans l'eau de mer non filtrée. Ce travail souligne la nécessité de généraliser le suivi des communautés phytoplanctoniques afin d'identifier les espèces délétères et leur dynamique et de développer des outils de mitigation permettant d'atténuer l'impact des efflorescences phytoplanctoniques sur l'aquaculture. / For several years, mass mortalities of farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) have coincided with phytoplankton spring blooms in the southern North Sea. Since these mortalities could not be explained by classical finfish diseases, phytoplankton noxious effects have been suspected and investigated. A seasonal survey allowed the identification of potentially deleterious phytoplankton species giving particular attention to the Pseudo-nitzschia genus. Three potentially toxic Pseudo-nitzschia species were identified (P. delicatissima, P. pungens, P. fraudulenta) and their presence was related to both domoic acid concentrations and phytoplankton communities. P. delicatissima being dominant over spring and presenting toxic and physical features compatible with fish mortality, a laboratory exposure experiment was carried out. Although gills irritations (mucus overproduction) revealed an exposure stress, no effect on sea bass condition nor on physiological performances was demonstrated. This suggest that phytoplankton community as a whole rather than single species should be involved in fish mortalities. This third hypothesis was tested using mussels (Mytilus edulis) as seawater filters upstream from the rearing tanks to dampen the phytoplankton spring bloom and estimate its impact on fish. Indeed, fish had better condition , growth and RNA:DNA ratio when reared in filtered seawater than in natural seawater. This work highlights the need to develop phytoplankton monitoring in fish farms so as to identify potentially deleterious species and understand their dynamics. It also demonstrates that new mitigation tools should be developed to prevent phytoplankton impacts on farmed fish.

Esta Tese trata da investigação do efeito da nanoestruturação sobre algumas propriedades espectroscópicas de óxido de ferro(III), um dos mais importantes pigmentos vermelhos usados em bens culturais, o que foi conduzido por meio do estudo da cor de pigmentos de hematita (α-Fe2O3). A formação de eflorescências em duas pinturas (têmpera sobre tela e mural) foi também investigada visando compreender o papel da composição química e de fatores ambientais no desencadeamento de processos de degradação. Pigmentos naturais e sintéticos (cores de vermelho à púrpura) com morfologia definida foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de reflectância difusa (RD) no UVVIS-NIR, espectroscopia Raman (radiações excitantes em 532 nm, 632,8 nm, 785 nm e 1064 nm) e SEM-EDS. Alterações nas propriedades ópticas de hematitas com morfologias diferentes e após tratamento térmico foram correlacionadas com as alterações observadas nos espectros de RD no UV-VIS-NIR (principalmente abaixo de 500 nm e acima de 800 nm) e nos espectros Raman. Os resultados obtidos permitiram excluir o tamanho de partícula como fator determinante da cor de pigmentos de hematita, um argumento bastante usado na literatura ainda atualmente. Com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de equipamentos Raman miniaturizados, frequentemente empregados em investigações de bens culturais, espectros Raman de Fe2O3 amorfo obtidos em equipamento Raman portátil foram comparados com resultados obtidos em equipamentos de bancada. A necessidade do uso de maior potência de laser para compensar o pior desempenho desses equipamentos foi considerada como um fator importante para as alterações observadas nos espectros registrados. Esse fato é mais grave quando se emprega radiação de maior energia (532 nm), que pode afetar o espectro mesmo com potências mais baixas. A pintura Barco com bandeirinhas e pássaros (têmpera, 1955) de Alfredo Volpi, pertencente ao Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo (MAC-USP), que apresentava sinais de eflorescências em sua superfície, foi analisada dentro do período de 3 anos em diferentes campanhas de amostragem. Os materiais coletados foram analisados por microscopia Raman, SEM-EDS e microscopia óptica. Os resultados indicaram que o material eflorescente apresentava natureza proteica, provavelmente proveniente da camada pictórica (têmpera), da camada de preparação (gelatina) ou de proteínas associadas a microorganismos (biodeterioração). Foi ainda considerada a hipótese da migração de aglutinante proteico da base de preparação da pintura para sua superfície como um fator inicial que poderia ter levado ao posterior surgimento de microorganismos na superfície da obra. As eflorescências salinas presentes na pintura mural da Sala do Trono do Palácio Nacional de Mafra, Portugal (séc. XVIII XIX) foram analisadas por microscopia Raman, µ-FTIR, µ-XRD, microscopia óptica, análise microbiológica, e identificadas como CaCO3, provavelmente formados devido à alta umidade verificada na região degradada da pintura. Fungos do gênero Cladosporium e Penicillium, usualmente associados à presença de fissuras e destacamentos, foram identificados nesta mesma região da pintura.Os resultados obtidos a partir dos estudos de casos das pinturas demonstraram a importância da parceria entre museus e órgãos públicos com laboratórios de pesquisa para a implementação de tecnologia dedicada ao monitoramento ambiental e detecção de processos de degradação em estágios iniciais. / This thesis presents the investigation of nanostructuration effects on some spectroscopic properties of iron oxides, one of the most important red pigments found in cultural heritage objects, which was conducted by studying the color of hematite pigments (α-Fe2O3). Two different paintings (tempera on canvas and mural painting) showing signs of efflorescence were investigated aiming to contribute to the understanding of the role played by microenvironment chemical composition and environment factors in triggering degradation processes. Natural and synthetic pigments (red to purple colors) with a defined morphology, were characterized by UV-VIS-NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy (532 nm, 632.8 nm, 785 nm and 1064 nm) and SEM-EDS. Changes in the optical properties of hematite with different morphologies and after heat treatment were correlated with the changes observed in the diffuse reflectance spectra (observed below 500 nm and above 800 nm) and in the Raman spectra. This allowed the particle size to be excluded as the main factor to affect the color of hematite pigments. In order to evaluate the performance of miniaturized Raman equipment, frequently used in cultural property investigations, amorphous Fe2O3 Raman spectra obtained with portable Raman equipment were compared with results from benchtop equipment. The need to use higher laser power to compensate for the poorer performance of these devices was considered as an important factor for the changes observed in the recorded spectra. This fact is more significant when using higher energy radiation (532 nm), which can affect the spectrum even at lower powers. The painting \"Barco com banderinhas e pássaros\" (tempera, 1955) by Alfredo Volpi, belonging to the Museum of Contemporary Art of the University of São Paulo (MACUSP), which showed signs of efflorescence on its surface, was analyzed during 3 years in different campaigns to sampling efflorescent material. The collected materials were analyzed using Raman microscopy, SEM-EDS and optical microscopy. The results indicated that the efflorescent material had a protein nature, probably from the pictorial layer (tempering), the preparation layer (gelatin) or proteins associated with microorganisms (biodeterioration). Nevertheless the results suggest that protein binder migration from the paint preparation layer to the surface may have occurred, which could possibly have led to the subsequent proliferation of microorganisms. The saline efflorescence presented in the mural painting of the Throne Room of the National Palace of Mafra, Portugal (18th-19th century) was analyzed using Raman microscopy, µ-FTIR, µ-XRD, UV-VIS optical microscopy and microbiological analysis. Saline efflorescence was identified as calcium carbonate, which was probably formed due to the moisture in the microenvironment of the degraded region. Fungi of the genus Cladosporium and Penicillium, usually associated to the presence of fissures and detachments, were identified in the same region of the painting. The results obtained from the case studies of the paintings demonstrated the importance of collaborations between museums and public agencies with research laboratories for the implementation of technology dedicated to environmental monitoring and detection of early stages of degradation processes.

Esta Tese trata da investigação do efeito da nanoestruturação sobre algumas propriedades espectroscópicas de óxido de ferro(III), um dos mais importantes pigmentos vermelhos usados em bens culturais, o que foi conduzido por meio do estudo da cor de pigmentos de hematita (α-Fe2O3). A formação de eflorescências em duas pinturas (têmpera sobre tela e mural) foi também investigada visando compreender o papel da composição química e de fatores ambientais no desencadeamento de processos de degradação. Pigmentos naturais e sintéticos (cores de vermelho à púrpura) com morfologia definida foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de reflectância difusa (RD) no UVVIS-NIR, espectroscopia Raman (radiações excitantes em 532 nm, 632,8 nm, 785 nm e 1064 nm) e SEM-EDS. Alterações nas propriedades ópticas de hematitas com morfologias diferentes e após tratamento térmico foram correlacionadas com as alterações observadas nos espectros de RD no UV-VIS-NIR (principalmente abaixo de 500 nm e acima de 800 nm) e nos espectros Raman. Os resultados obtidos permitiram excluir o tamanho de partícula como fator determinante da cor de pigmentos de hematita, um argumento bastante usado na literatura ainda atualmente. Com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de equipamentos Raman miniaturizados, frequentemente empregados em investigações de bens culturais, espectros Raman de Fe2O3 amorfo obtidos em equipamento Raman portátil foram comparados com resultados obtidos em equipamentos de bancada. A necessidade do uso de maior potência de laser para compensar o pior desempenho desses equipamentos foi considerada como um fator importante para as alterações observadas nos espectros registrados. Esse fato é mais grave quando se emprega radiação de maior energia (532 nm), que pode afetar o espectro mesmo com potências mais baixas. A pintura Barco com bandeirinhas e pássaros (têmpera, 1955) de Alfredo Volpi, pertencente ao Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo (MAC-USP), que apresentava sinais de eflorescências em sua superfície, foi analisada dentro do período de 3 anos em diferentes campanhas de amostragem. Os materiais coletados foram analisados por microscopia Raman, SEM-EDS e microscopia óptica. Os resultados indicaram que o material eflorescente apresentava natureza proteica, provavelmente proveniente da camada pictórica (têmpera), da camada de preparação (gelatina) ou de proteínas associadas a microorganismos (biodeterioração). Foi ainda considerada a hipótese da migração de aglutinante proteico da base de preparação da pintura para sua superfície como um fator inicial que poderia ter levado ao posterior surgimento de microorganismos na superfície da obra. As eflorescências salinas presentes na pintura mural da Sala do Trono do Palácio Nacional de Mafra, Portugal (séc. XVIII XIX) foram analisadas por microscopia Raman, µ-FTIR, µ-XRD, microscopia óptica, análise microbiológica, e identificadas como CaCO3, provavelmente formados devido à alta umidade verificada na região degradada da pintura. Fungos do gênero Cladosporium e Penicillium, usualmente associados à presença de fissuras e destacamentos, foram identificados nesta mesma região da pintura.Os resultados obtidos a partir dos estudos de casos das pinturas demonstraram a importância da parceria entre museus e órgãos públicos com laboratórios de pesquisa para a implementação de tecnologia dedicada ao monitoramento ambiental e detecção de processos de degradação em estágios iniciais. / This thesis presents the investigation of nanostructuration effects on some spectroscopic properties of iron oxides, one of the most important red pigments found in cultural heritage objects, which was conducted by studying the color of hematite pigments (α-Fe2O3). Two different paintings (tempera on canvas and mural painting) showing signs of efflorescence were investigated aiming to contribute to the understanding of the role played by microenvironment chemical composition and environment factors in triggering degradation processes. Natural and synthetic pigments (red to purple colors) with a defined morphology, were characterized by UV-VIS-NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy (532 nm, 632.8 nm, 785 nm and 1064 nm) and SEM-EDS. Changes in the optical properties of hematite with different morphologies and after heat treatment were correlated with the changes observed in the diffuse reflectance spectra (observed below 500 nm and above 800 nm) and in the Raman spectra. This allowed the particle size to be excluded as the main factor to affect the color of hematite pigments. In order to evaluate the performance of miniaturized Raman equipment, frequently used in cultural property investigations, amorphous Fe2O3 Raman spectra obtained with portable Raman equipment were compared with results from benchtop equipment. The need to use higher laser power to compensate for the poorer performance of these devices was considered as an important factor for the changes observed in the recorded spectra. This fact is more significant when using higher energy radiation (532 nm), which can affect the spectrum even at lower powers. The painting \"Barco com banderinhas e pássaros\" (tempera, 1955) by Alfredo Volpi, belonging to the Museum of Contemporary Art of the University of São Paulo (MACUSP), which showed signs of efflorescence on its surface, was analyzed during 3 years in different campaigns to sampling efflorescent material. The collected materials were analyzed using Raman microscopy, SEM-EDS and optical microscopy. The results indicated that the efflorescent material had a protein nature, probably from the pictorial layer (tempering), the preparation layer (gelatin) or proteins associated with microorganisms (biodeterioration). Nevertheless the results suggest that protein binder migration from the paint preparation layer to the surface may have occurred, which could possibly have led to the subsequent proliferation of microorganisms. The saline efflorescence presented in the mural painting of the Throne Room of the National Palace of Mafra, Portugal (18th-19th century) was analyzed using Raman microscopy, µ-FTIR, µ-XRD, UV-VIS optical microscopy and microbiological analysis. Saline efflorescence was identified as calcium carbonate, which was probably formed due to the moisture in the microenvironment of the degraded region. Fungi of the genus Cladosporium and Penicillium, usually associated to the presence of fissures and detachments, were identified in the same region of the painting. The results obtained from the case studies of the paintings demonstrated the importance of collaborations between museums and public agencies with research laboratories for the implementation of technology dedicated to environmental monitoring and detection of early stages of degradation processes.

Un problema común en las paredes del primer piso es la presencia constante de eflorescencias, que es un desperdicio de sal polvoriento, frecuentemente blanco como la tiza. Esto sucede cuando un ambiente húmedo (suelo sulfatado) disuelve las sales de calcio del concreto y migran a la superficie por capilaridad. Ahora bien, un fenómeno como este podría ser fatal para la construcción, debido a la degradación del material y también para la salud humana. Hoy en día, la gente repara estas apariciones blancas, pero tienden a reaparecer. Por ello, el cemento MS se utiliza para evitar que esto ocurra, pero para ambientes muy agresivos los aditivos son la mejor opción, salvo por su precio. Es por ello que en esta investigación se produjeron y analizaron cilindros de concreto y vigas de mortero de 2 diseños. Estaban compuestos por agregado fino y grueso, cemento MS y emulsión asfáltica (aditivo bituminoso) al 0%, 10%, 20% y 30% del peso del cemento. Ensayos como la resistencia a la compresión, absorción capilar y la exposición acelerada a sulfatos fueron fundamentales para probar la viabilidad de la propuesta, es decir, la cantidad óptima de emulsión. Además, se concluyó que las muestras con 10% y 20% de emulsión asfáltica pueden ser funcionales para fines estructurales (cimentaciones) y no estructurales (recubrimientos), debido a la resistencia a la compresión alcanzada y en comparación con las tradicionales tiene mejor defensa contra los sulfatos. / A common issue on the first-floor walls is the constant presence of efflorescence which is a dusty salt waste, frequently white like chalk. This happens when a humid environment (sulfated soil) dissolves calcium salts of concrete and migrate to the surface by capillarity. Now, a phenomenon like this could be fatal for the construction due to material demotion and also for human health. Nowadays, people repair these white things but they tend to reappear. There for, MS cement is used to prevent this to occur, but for highly aggressive environments additives are the best option, except for its price. That is why in this research, concrete cylinders and mortar beams of 2 designs were produced and analyzed. They were made up of fine and coarse aggregate, MS cement and asphalt emulsion (bituminous additive) of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% by weight of the cement. Experiments like compressive strength and accelerated exposure to sulfates were fundamental to prove the viability of the proposal, ergo the optimum amount of emulsion. Furthermore, it was concluded that samples with 10% and 20% of asphalt emulsion can be functional for structural (foundations) and non-structural (overlays) purposes because of the reached compressive strength and compared to traditional ones it has better defense against sulfates.

First distinguished from other sedimentary successions in 1928, the Entrada Sandstone has been the subject of numerous studies. The western extent of the formation was initially described as laterally continuous "earthy" red beds, and categorized as sub- to supratidal marine-influenced sediments. Recent workers have reexamined the sedimentary facies hosted by the Entrada Sandstone, and findings suggest purely terrestrial depositional environments. Several outcrops of the upper Entrada hosted peculiar sedimentary features, including undulatory and convex-upward, parallel-laminated bedforms, reminiscent of hummocky cross-stratification- unexpected features in a terrestrial environment. The purpose of this study was to collect detailed outcrop measurements of these and other facies present in the upper Entrada Sandstone and to place them in context within a regional sedimentary system. Measured section data was analyzed and divided into sixteen primary facies based on textures, features, bedforms, grain size, and other characteristics. Surfaces were also noted and described. Each facies and surface was recognized to have developed under specific depositional or flow conditions, including eolian, paleosol, and fluvial subcritical, critical, supercritical, and waning flow. Primary facies were grouped into observed and interpreted facies associations. A depositional environment was then assigned to each facies association. These environments included sabkha, overbank splay/paleosol, distal terminal splay, and hyper-distal terminal splay. Ancient analogs were found in the Blomidon, Skagerrak, and Ormskirk Formations, which have been described as dryland fluvial systems that terminated onto saline mudflats (sabkhas). Modern analogs were found in the central Australian continent, in the form of fluvial terminal splays in ephemeral Lakes Eyre and Frome. The sedimentary system of the upper Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Swell is interpreted as an interfingering fluvial terminal splay and inland sabkha system. These are marked by a wide array of sedimentary structures representing stark extremes, from hyperarid to flash flooding conditions. During arid conditions, the only source of water was evaporative pumping of a high water table. During the rare occasions when surface water flowed through the system, flash flooding events produced the highest stage of supercritical flow described in geological literature. The succession of these facies reveals allogenic and autogenic processes active at the time of deposition, including episodes of tectonic uplift and fluvial avulsions.

This diploma thesis is focused on the description and summary of existing knowledge about vibro-pressed concrete products with treated surface with protective coating, that is hardering by ultravioled and infrared radiation. The theoretical part describes the production of vibro-presses products, possible wayt of finishing the surface including the description of the most commonly used materials and the methods of application and hardering of protrctive coating on the surface. Another point of the theoretical part is creating of lime efflorescence on the concrete surface and their subsequent disappearance. The experimental part of the thesis is ficused on obtaining information about the properties of the modified pavements by these techologies and comparing the acquired properties with the charakteristice of the reference pavements that do not have any protective coating on their surface.

This diploma thesis is focused on studying the influence of different types of surface treatments on vibropressed product. The main goal is to characterize surface treatments consisting of application of surface coatings that are hardened by infrared or ultraviolet radiation. Theoretical part gives specifications already known methods for surface finishing. Briefly describes selected types of prefabricated concrete parts and specificate the requirements for these products. It also describes used test methods. The experimental part was aimed at establishing the effectiveness of changing properties concrete products by adding coatings on their surface. This was achieved by testing the properties of concrete paving blocks with modified surfaces and testing of reference blocks that did not have any surface treatment followed by mutual comparison of the results.

The possibility of using high-frequency electromagnetic radiation in the construction sector is a common knowledge. Various experiments have been carried out to dry construction materials, or even to destroy biotic pests. However, the majority of these experiments have been executed in laboratory conditions. It means they have been carried out under exact limiting conditions, often very far off those conditions in real building practice. Therefore, this dissertation aims at exploring the possibility of utilizing microwave technology in drying and heating of construction materials, in disposing of biotic pests and sterilizing building materials under real conditions in building practice. The thesis will explain that microwaves are a term given to a part of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation is based on the principle that the radiated energy is absorbed by water molecules present in moist building material. In the mass of the irradiated material, the radiated energy is transformed into thermal energy, where a so-called “motion” of water molecules occurs with the energy then being transformed into kinetic energy. The microwave technology itself offers a very wide range of use, which can be easily achieved, thus making the technology available to use in the future. Part of the experiments and the necessary measurements, too, has been carried out on selected types of building materials in the premises of the Faculty of Civil Engineering of Brno University of Technology. They have been executed under conditions which most closely correspond to the conditions in real buildings. Part of the experiments and the necessary measurements were carried out on particular constructions, by the so-called in situ method. As stated in the conclusion of the dissertation, laboratory measurements and the in situ measurements differ considerably in some cases.